Phytophthora nicotianae
Phytophthora nicotianae Breda de Haan (= Phytophthora parasitica Dastur) has a long history as a pathogen of plants. It was first described in 1896, and has a broad host range (Erwin and Ribeiro 1996). In black wattle (Acacia mearnsii De Wild.), it causes a disease called gummosis. It was reported in 1971 in South Africa (Zeiljemaker 1971) and in 2005 in Brazil (Santos et al. (2005). In Brazil, gummosis of black wattle is also caused by P. boehmeriae Sawada (Santos et al., 2006) and P. frigida Maseko, Coutinho & Wingfield (Alves at al., 2016). In South Africa, other agents are P. boehmeriae and P. meadii McRae (Roux and Wingfield, 1997). Gummosis disease is characterized by necrotic bark lesions of varying sizes, with or without exudation of gum. Lesions are located in the collar and in the basal region of the trunk (Santos et al., 2001). In Brazil, evaluation of commercial plantations showed the incidence of gummosis to be over 20% (Santos and Luz, 2007).
Noncaducous sporangium showing ovoid shape and papillate condition. (upper from Fitopatol. bras. 2005, lower from Q-bank: www.q-bank.eu, Henk Brouwer (CBS-KNAW, Utrecht, The Netherlands)
Sporangia formed in 10% nonsterile soil extract are papillate, persistent, and predominately ovoid, measuring 56.0 x 35.0 to 33.3 x 24.5 μm (average: 42 x 29 μm) with a length-breadth ratio of 1.4:1. Chlamydospores are terminal or intercalary in the mycelium, with a diameter of 25.4 to 40.3 μm (average of 33.0 μm). P. nicotianae is heterothallic and isolates from both the A1 and A2 compatibility groups are recovered. Oospores measure 23-38 μm in diameter (average: 29 μm). The antheridia are amphygynous (Santos et al., 2005).
Left: Globose chlamydospore (Fitopatol. bras. 2005).
Right: Oogonia. Photo from Q-bank: www.q-bank.eu, Henk Brouwer (CBS-KNAW, Utrecht, The Netherlands).
Phytophthora nicotianae is placed in Clade 1 (Kroon et al., 2012).
Genus wide phylogeny for Phytophthora using four mitochondrial loci (cox2, nad9, rps10 and secY; 2,373 nucleotides)(Martin, Blair and Coff
Cultures of P. nicotianae on carrot agar medium (CA) are petaloid, with dense and cottony aerial mycelium; colonies have diffuse edges. The optimum temperature for mycelial growth is between 24 and 32°C, and no growth occurs at 36°C (Santos et al., 2005).
P. nicotianae after 7 days at 24 degrees on V8 (left) and PDA (right). From Q-bank: www.q-bank.eu, Henk Brouwer (CBS-KNAW, Utrecht, The Netherlands)
P. nicotianae is similar to P. frigida in various morphological characteristics, including persistent, papillate and ovoid sporangia, amphigynous antheridia, and heterothallism. Isolates of both species do not sporulate on solid media (Santos et al. 2005, Alves et al. 2016). However, they can be separated by molecular analysis, as P. frigida is in Clade 2 and P. nicotianae is in Clade 1 (Kroon et al. 2012). P. nicotianae can be differentiated morphologically from P. boehmeriae and P. meadii. P. boehmeriae is homothallic, produces caducous sporangia with short pedicels (<5 μm), and does not grow at 32°C (Santos et al., 2006). P. meadii also produces deciduous sporangia, on medium-length pedicels (18 μm) (Gallegly and Hong 2008).
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