<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><xml><records><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">C.M. Brasier</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The biosecurity threat to the UK and global environment from international trade in plants</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plant Pathology</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">biosecurity</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">forests</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">invasive pathogens</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">natural ecosystems</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">PLANT diseases</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">plant health</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3059.2008.01886.x</style></url></web-urls></urls><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></number><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Blackwell Publishing Ltd</style></publisher><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">57</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">792–808</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Native plant communities, woodlands and landscapes in the UK and across the world are suffering from pathogens introduced by human activities. Many of these pathogens arrive on or with living plants. The potential for damage in the future may be large, but current international regulations aimed at reducing the risks take insufficient account of scientific evidence and, in practice, are often highly inadequate. In this Letter I outline the problems and discuss some possible approaches to reducing the threats.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>10</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Butler, EJ</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bud rot of coconut and other palms</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Report of Imperial Botanical Conference</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1924</style></year></dates><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">145-147</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hartig, R.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Beschadigung der Nadelhozsaatbeete durch Phytophthora omnivora (Fagi). (Damage in conifer seed beds by Phytophthora omnivora [Fagi]</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forstwissenschaftliches Centralblatt</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1883</style></year></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">27</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">593-596</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">T. Jung</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Beech decline in Central Europe driven by the interaction between Phytophthora infections and climatic extremes</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forest Pathology</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">04/2009</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/efp.2009.39.issue-2/issuetoc</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">39</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">73 - 94</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;During the past decade, and in particular after the wet year 2002 and the dry year 2003, an increasing number of trees and stands of European beech (&lt;em&gt;Fagus sylvatica&lt;/em&gt; L.) in Bavaria were showing symptoms typical for &lt;em&gt;Phytophthora&lt;/em&gt; diseases: increased transparency and crown dieback, small-sized and often yellowish foliage, root and collar rot and aerial bleeding cankers up to stem heights of &amp;gt;20&amp;nbsp;m. Between 2003 and 2007 134 mature beech stands on a broad range of geological substrates were surveyed, and collar rot and aerial bleeding cankers were found in 116 (86.6%) stands. In most stands the majority of beech trees were declining and scattered or clustered mortality occurred. Bark and soil samples were taken from 314 trees in 112 stands, and 11 &lt;em&gt;Phytophthora&lt;/em&gt; species were recovered from 253 trees (80.6%) in 104 stands (92.9%). The most frequent species were &lt;em&gt;P. citricola&lt;/em&gt;, &lt;em&gt;P. cambivora&lt;/em&gt; and &lt;em&gt;P. cactorum&lt;/em&gt;. Primary &lt;em&gt;Phytophthora&lt;/em&gt; lesions were soon infected by a series of secondary bark pathogens, including &lt;em&gt;Nectria coccinea&lt;/em&gt;, and wood decay fungi. In addition, infected trees were often attacked by several bark and wood boring insects leading to rapid mortality. Bark necroses were examined for their probable age in order to determine whether the onset of the current &lt;em&gt;Phytophthora&lt;/em&gt; epidemic was correlated to rainfall rates recorded at 22 Bavarian forest ecosystem monitoring stations. A small-scale survey in nine Bavarian nurseries demonstrated regular infestations of all beech fields with the same range of &lt;em&gt;Phytophthora&lt;/em&gt; species. The results indicate that (1) &lt;em&gt;Phytophthora&lt;/em&gt; species are regularly associated with beech decline and may also be involved in the complex of ‘Beech Bark Disease’, (2) excessive rainfalls and droughts are triggering the disease, and (3) widespread &lt;em&gt;Phytophthora&lt;/em&gt; infestations of nursery stock might endanger current and future silvicultural projects aiming on the replacement of non-natural conifer stands by beech dominated mixed stands.&lt;/p&gt;</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></issue></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A. Vannini</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Breccia, M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bruni, N.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tomassini, A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A.M. Vettraino</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Behaviour and survival of Phytophthora cambivora inoculum in soil-like substrate under different water regimes</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forest Pathology</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0329.2012.00768.x</style></url></web-urls></urls><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Blackwell Publishing Ltd</style></publisher><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">no–no</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Phytophthora cambivora&lt;/em&gt; is a soil-borne pathogen responsible for root and collar rot of woody species including &lt;em&gt;Castanea&lt;/em&gt; spp., on which it causes Ink disease. &lt;em&gt;P. cambivora&lt;/em&gt; does not produce chlamydospores, and the prevalence of a single mating type in nature limits the production of oogonia and oospores. Thus, survival of &lt;em&gt;P. cambivora&lt;/em&gt;, in the absence of suitable hosts, relies mainly on sporangia, zoospores and mycelium. However, inoculum survival in soils or substrates represents a major factor in disease epidemics and is probably dependant on environmental factors. The aim of this article was to study the behaviour of &lt;em&gt;P. cambivora&lt;/em&gt; in a peat-based substrate (PbS) in the absence of a host, under controlled conditions, and by varying the substrate water regimes. Total inoculum in the substrate was quantified by qPCR, using customized rDNA primer sets, whilst zoospores were quantified after elution, and their vitality was determined by a specific staining procedure. Inoculum infectivity was assessed using chestnut root baits. Results indicated that during the initial 48 h after infestation (matric potential, pF 1.2; 70% water content), the inoculum level increased producing microsporangia and mycelium before decreasing, regardless of the water regime applied. The number of free zoospores increased over a period of (maximum) 7 days after substrate inoculation. Vitality of zoospores declined to 45% at day 18, with no statistical differences amongst water regime treatments. Both rDNA and zoospore number increased in flooded samples at day 23, illustrating the vitality of the inoculum. Inoculum was able to infect chestnut root baits up to 45 days at pF 1.2 and 3.5, before and after flooding, but at pF 6.3, only in the absence of flooding. Although based on experiments carried out in microcosms, these results highlight an unexpected resistance of &lt;em&gt;P. cambivora&lt;/em&gt; zoospores to environmental constraints. Furthermore, the infectivity ability of the inoculum to survive in PbS over time even in the absence of the host adds relevance to the risk of movement of soil and substrates associated with plant trading worldwide.&lt;/p&gt;</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Weste, G.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Marks, CG</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The biology of Phytophthora cinnamomi in Australian forests</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Annual Review of Phytopathology</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1987</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev.py.25.090187.001231</style></url></web-urls></urls><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">{ANNUAL REVIEWS INC}</style></publisher><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">{4139 EL CAMINO WAY, PO BOX 10139, PALO ALTO, CA 94303-0139}</style></pub-location><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">25</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">207-229</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Review</style></work-type></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Widmer, Timothy L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dodge, Stephen C.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bioassay Conditions for Infection of Pinus radiata Seedlings with Phytophthora pinifolia Zoospores</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plant Disease</style></secondary-title><short-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plant Disease</style></short-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2015</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jan-09-2015</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://apsjournals.apsnet.org/doi/10.1094/PDIS-12-14-1306-RE</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">99</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1204 - 1209</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Phytophthora pinifolia&lt;/em&gt; is known to cause a devastating disease on Monterey pine in Chile. Although this pathogen is not yet present in the United States, there is reason for concern. The main source of Monterey pine genetic material is found in California and there is potential for other important tree species to be hosts. The study presented here was conducted to develop a method to produce zoospores and determine optimal conditions for infection to be used in future host range studies. Abundant zoospores were produced when agar plugs containing &lt;em&gt;P. pinifolia&lt;/em&gt; mycelia were ground into suspension prior to transfer in a solution of carrot broth. These zoospores then were used to inoculate Monterey pine seedlings under various conditions. Infected plants displayed necrotic crowns and stems, often resulting in wilting of the seedling. Consistent infection occurred when seedlings were wounded by trimming needles prior to inoculation and exposure of inoculated seedlings to constant dew for 5 days. Dew chamber temperature (15, 20, or 25°C) did not affect the infection rate. Information obtained from this study will be useful in screening other hosts for susceptibility to &lt;em&gt;P. pinifolia&lt;/em&gt; infection.&lt;/p&gt;</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">9</style></issue></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">J. Zeijlemaker, F. C.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Black-Butt Disease of Black Wattle Caused by Phytophthora nicotianae var. parasitica</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Phytopathology</style></secondary-title><short-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Phytopathology</style></short-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1971</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jan-01-1971</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://doi.org/10.1094/phyto-61-144 </style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">61</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">144</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Inoculation experiments show that the black-butt disease of Black Wattle (&lt;em&gt;Acacia mearnsii&lt;/em&gt;), cultivated for the high-quality tannins in its bark, appears to be caused by &lt;em&gt;Phytophthora nicotianae&lt;/em&gt; var. &lt;em&gt;parasitica.&lt;/em&gt; Two syndromes of the disease can be distinguished. The first takes the form of spreading mottled lesions, possibly related to infection by zoospores, and the second of tongues of diseased bark, originating from the penetration of mycelium.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></issue></record></records></xml>