<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><xml><records><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Waipara, N.W.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hill, S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hill, L.M.W.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hough, E.G.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Horner, I.J.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Surveillance methods to determine tree health, distribution of kauri dieback disease and associated pathogens</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Plant Protection</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2013</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.nzpps.org/nzpp_abstract.php?paper=662350</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">66</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">235–241</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;Kauri dieback is a pest issue that is increasingly affecting kauri forests. A water and soilborne pathogen, Phytophthora taxon Agathis (PTA), has been identified as a causal agent of kauri dieback at multiple locations, particularly within Auckland and Northland. In 2008, a passive surveillance and adaptive management programme was initiated to manage the disease across the natural range of kauri. Surveys were initially undertaken to determine the distribution and rate of spread of kauri dieback on private land in the Auckland region. Methods to evaluate and monitor overall tree health, disease symptoms and other potential contributing factors were developed. Diagnostic sampling was undertaken to isolate and identify pathogens associated with kauri dieback. Along with PTA, other Phytophthora species and environmental stress were frequently associated with symptoms at over 400 properties inspected. Further management is now required to develop control tools and mitigate further spread.&lt;/p&gt;</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>10</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Keith Walters</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Claire Sansford</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">David Slawson</style></author></authors><secondary-authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Susan J. Frankel</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">John T. Kliejunas</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Katharine M. Palmieri</style></author></secondary-authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Phytophthora ramorum and Phytophthora kernoviae in England and Wales—Public Consultation and New Programme</style></title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">04/2010</style></date></pub-dates></dates><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station.</style></publisher><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Santa Cruz, California</style></pub-location><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-GTR-229</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6-14</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wang, T.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Zhao, W.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Qi, R.-D.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">First Report of Phytophthora tentaculata Causing Stem and Root Rot on Celery in China</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plant Disease</style></secondary-title><short-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plant Disease</style></short-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2014</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jan-03-2014</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://apsjournals.apsnet.org/doi/abs/10.1094/PDIS-06-13-0592-PDN</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">98</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">421 - 421</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;Celery (&lt;em&gt;Apium graveolens&lt;/em&gt;) is an important vegetable in China. In August 2012, about 20 to 70% declining plants with root and basal stem rot were observed in Bengbu, Anhui Province, China. Typical symptoms included large dark brown to black water-soaked lesions near the soil line of stems. As the disease progressed, lesions girdled the stem, and plants became brown, wilted, and eventually died. A &lt;em&gt;Phytophthora&lt;/em&gt;-like organism was consistently isolated from symptomatic tissues on a selective medium, P&lt;sub&gt;5&lt;/sub&gt;ARP. Resultant isolates were identified as &lt;em&gt;Phytophthora&lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt; tentaculata&lt;/em&gt; based on their morphological features and rDNA sequence. Sporangia, chlamydospores, hyphal swellings, and oospores were produced on V8 agar. Sporangia were ovoid to pyriform, 28.5 to 52.5 × 21.5 to 40.6 μm, average 35.3 × 29.8 μm, with one or occasionally two papillae. Chlamydospores were spherical, 21.3 to 30.2 μm in diameter, average 25.7 μm. The isolates were homothallic, and one or occasionally two paragynous antheridia were attached to the global oogonia (24 to 39 μm in diameter, average 29.5 μm). The internal transcribed spacer region of rDNA was amplified with primer pair ITS1/ITS4 for one isolate (1), and the sequence (GenBank Accession No. KF501392) showed &amp;gt;99% similarity with those &lt;em&gt;P. tentaculata&lt;/em&gt; isolates deposited in GenBank (AJ854302.1). Pathogenicity was confirmed by inoculating Shijihuangqin, a local cultivar of celery, with isolate PT12081. The isolate was cultivated on V8 agar at 25°C for 5 to 7 days to produce sporangia. Five 2-month-old, disease-free celery were drench-inoculated with 10 ml of a suspension of 2 × 10&lt;sup&gt;4&lt;/sup&gt; zoospores/ml, and five control plants per pot were treated with sterile water. There were four pots for each of the inoculated and non-inoculated treatments, and the experiment was repeated twice. All plants were maintained at 25°C for 10 days. Symptoms similar to those observed in the field developed 7 days after inoculation. Ten days later, five plants wilted and two or three died in each pot inoculated with PT12081, but the control plants remained symptomless. &lt;em&gt;P. tentaculata&lt;/em&gt; was consistently re-isolated from the symptomatic plants. &lt;em&gt;P. tentaculata&lt;/em&gt; has been reported to infect &lt;em&gt;Chrysanthemum&lt;/em&gt; spp., &lt;em&gt;Delphinium ajacis&lt;/em&gt;, &lt;em&gt;Verbena&lt;/em&gt; spp., and &lt;em&gt;Origanum vulgare&lt;/em&gt; (2,3). To our knowledge, this is the first report of Phytophthora blight caused by &lt;em&gt;P. tentaculata&lt;/em&gt; on celery in China.&lt;/p&gt;</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></issue></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Waterhouse, Grace M.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Taxonomy in Phytophthora</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Phytopathology</style></secondary-title><short-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Phytopathology</style></short-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1970</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1970</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">60</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1141</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">7</style></issue></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Waterhouse, G. M.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Key to the species of Phytophthora de Bary.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mycological Papers</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1963</style></year></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">92</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1-22</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>10</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Webber,Joan</style></author></authors><secondary-authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Goheen, E. M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Susan J. Frankel</style></author></secondary-authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Management of P. kernoviae and P. ramorum in southwest England.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Phytophthoras in Forests and Natural Ecosystems.</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year></dates><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service Pacific Southwest Research Station</style></publisher><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Monterey, California</style></pub-location><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">General Technical Report PSW-GTR-221</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">177-183</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Webber, JF</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mullett, M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">C.M. Brasier</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dieback and mortality of plantation Japanese larch (Larix kaempferi) associated with infection by Phytophthora ramorum</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Disease Reports</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://dx.doi.org/10.5197/j.2044-0588.2010.022.019</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">22</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">19</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;The invasive pathogen&lt;em&gt; Phytophthora ramorum&lt;/em&gt; is the cause of ’sudden oak death’, a dieback and mortality of more than one million live-oak and tanoak trees along 1500 km of near-coastal native forest in California and Oregon since 1995 (Rizzo &lt;em&gt;et al&lt;/em&gt;., 2002; Frankel, 2008). &lt;em&gt;P. ramorum&lt;/em&gt; has also spread across Europe , mainly within the ornamental nursery trade. From 2003 onwards it was found infecting rhododendron and woodland trees outside nurseries in Britain (Brasier &lt;em&gt;et al&lt;/em&gt;., 2004) and has recently spread to native &lt;em&gt;Vaccinium &lt;/em&gt;swards (P. Beales, personal communication). Until now, tree infections in Britain have been comparatively few (&amp;lt;100), mostly foliage or stems of Fagaceae (&lt;em&gt;Fagus, Nothofagus, Quercus &lt;/em&gt;and &lt;em&gt;Castanea&lt;/em&gt;) in the vicinity of infected &lt;em&gt;Rhododendron&lt;/em&gt; in south west England (Webber, 2008). In August 2009 extensive dieback and mortality was observed in mature (25-30 m tall) and juvenile plantation Japanese larch, &lt;em&gt;Larix kaempferi,&lt;/em&gt;at multiple sites in south west England (Figs. 1, 2). Symptoms included black or purple discoloured needles (Fig. 3), aborted bud flush, wilting and senescence of dwarf shoots and needle loss. Affected trees often had copious resin bleeding on the trunk, branches and side shoots plus dieback of branches and sometimes of the entire crown. Phloem lesions were often present under resinous outer bark. These usually had deep pink to maroon-red margins, older lesion areas being rusty-brown to cinnamon brown.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;When symptom-bearing needles were surface-sterilised in 70% ethanol for 30 seconds or small pieces of older phloem lesion were plated onto &lt;em&gt;Phytophthora &lt;/em&gt;selective medium (Brasier &lt;em&gt;et al.&lt;/em&gt;, 2005), &lt;em&gt;P. ramorum&lt;/em&gt; was obtained from 25-40% of the samples. Identity was confirmed by sequencing of ITS rDNA regions (GenBank Accession No. HQ010359). &lt;em&gt;P. ramorum&lt;/em&gt; was not obtained from the pink-maroon lesion margins. Pathogenicity of a &lt;em&gt;P. ramorum&lt;/em&gt; isolate from &lt;em&gt;L. kaempferi&lt;/em&gt; was tested by dipping 15 cm long &lt;em&gt;L. kaempferi &lt;/em&gt;shoots into a zoospore suspension and damp chamber incubating for 12h light/12h dark cycle at 18°C. On half the shoots all needles were wounded by tip cutting. After seven days each needle was categorised as blackened, browned/brown bands, chlorotic or green, surface sterilised and plated onto selective medium. Both unwounded and wounded blackened needles yielded &lt;em&gt;P. ramorum&lt;/em&gt; at high frequency (Table 1)&lt;em&gt;.&lt;/em&gt; When needles were mounted in lactic acid cotton blue and viewed 24 h later, sporangia and occasionally chlamydospores were observed on the surfaces with an exceptional 2685 sporangia counted on one unwounded needle (Fig. 4).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;P. ramorum&lt;/em&gt; has so far been isolated from &lt;em&gt;L. kaempferi &lt;/em&gt;at 68 currently known plantations where symptoms are present in southwest England . In May 2010 larch plantations with similar symptoms were discovered in south Wales and &lt;em&gt;P. ramorum&lt;/em&gt; has again been isolated at multiple sites. Overall an estimated 2400 ha or c. 0.6 million mature larch have been affected to date. A large area of juvenile larch is also affected. This is the first widespread and lethal damage caused by &lt;em&gt;P. ramorum&lt;/em&gt; to a conifer and the first to a commercial plantation tree. Adjacent to some affected larch sites in southwest England , secondary infection of &lt;em&gt;Fagus sylvatica&lt;/em&gt;, &lt;em&gt;Nothofagus obliqua&lt;/em&gt;, &lt;em&gt;Castanea sativa&lt;/em&gt;, &lt;em&gt;Betula pendula&lt;/em&gt;, &lt;em&gt;Rhododendron ponticum&lt;/em&gt;, &lt;em&gt;Tsuga heterophylla&lt;/em&gt; and &lt;em&gt;Pseudotsuga menziesii&lt;/em&gt; is also occurring, apparently as result of the high levels of &lt;em&gt;P. ramorum&lt;/em&gt; inoculum produced from larch foliage.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Webber, JF</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A.M. Vettraino</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">T.T. Chang</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bellgard, S.E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">C.M. Brasier</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A. Vannini</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Isolation of Phytophthora lateralis from Chamaecyparis foliage in Taiwan</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forest Pathology</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0329.2011.00729.x</style></url></web-urls></urls><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Blackwell Publishing Ltd</style></publisher><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">no–no</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;Summary Following the discovery in 2008 of &lt;em&gt;Phytophthora lateralis&lt;/em&gt; in forest soil under old-growth yellow cedar (&lt;em&gt;Chamaecyparis obtusa&lt;/em&gt; var. &lt;em&gt;formosana&lt;/em&gt;) in north-east Taiwan, further sampling was undertaken in the same region. Soil, root and symptomatic foliage samples were collected from five separate sites where &lt;em&gt;C.&amp;nbsp;obtusa&lt;/em&gt; was the dominant species in cloud forests at ca.&amp;nbsp;1800–2500&amp;nbsp;m. Soil and fine root samples were baited with cedar needles; both direct isolation and cedar needle baiting were used on foliage samples. &lt;em&gt;Phytophthora lateralis&lt;/em&gt; was obtained from soil at three of the sites, but only from three of the 27 soil samples overall. Only one of 25 root samples yielded the pathogen, and this was associated with infested soil. Three foliage samples with symptoms visible as dark brown to black frond tips also yielded &lt;em&gt;P.&amp;nbsp;lateralis&lt;/em&gt;; these came from two different sites. This is the first record of &lt;em&gt;P.&amp;nbsp;lateralis&lt;/em&gt; infecting the foliage of &lt;em&gt;C.&amp;nbsp;obtusa&lt;/em&gt;. Moreover, when some of the symptomatic &lt;em&gt;Chamaecyparis&lt;/em&gt; foliage segments were incubated, sporangia of &lt;em&gt;P.&amp;nbsp;lateralis&lt;/em&gt; formed on the necrotic tissues, sometimes in the axils of needle segments. The study provides evidence that &lt;em&gt;P.&amp;nbsp;lateralis&lt;/em&gt; has both a soil/root infecting phase and an aerial or foliar infecting phase in Taiwan, which is consistent with its unusual combination of water-dispersed (non-papillate) and aerially dispersed (caducous) sporangia. It also demonstrates the importance of investigating the biology, aetiology and ecological behaviour of &lt;em&gt;Phytophthoras&lt;/em&gt; in their native, endemic environments.&lt;/p&gt;</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Weir, B. S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Paderes, E. P.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Anand, N.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Uchida, J. Y.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pennycook, S. R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bellgard, S. E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Beever, R. E.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A taxonomic revision of Phytophthora Clade 5 including two new species, Phytophthora agathidicida and P. cocois</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Phytotaxa</style></secondary-title><short-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Phytotaxa</style></short-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2015</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10/2015</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://biotaxa.org/Phytotaxa/article/view/phytotaxa.205.1.2</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">205</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">21</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;div class=&quot;page&quot; title=&quot;Page 1&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;layoutArea&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;column&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10.000000pt; font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-style: italic;&quot;&gt;Phytophthora &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10.000000pt; font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT';&quot;&gt;Clade 5 is a very poorly studied group of species of oomycete chromists, consisting of only two known species &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10.000000pt; font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-style: italic;&quot;&gt;P. castaneae &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10.000000pt; font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT';&quot;&gt;(≡ &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10.000000pt; font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-style: italic;&quot;&gt;P. katsurae, nom. illegit&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10.000000pt; font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT';&quot;&gt;.) and &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10.000000pt; font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-style: italic;&quot;&gt;P. heveae &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10.000000pt; font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT';&quot;&gt;with most isolates from East Asia and the Pacific Islands. However, isolates of two important disease-causing chromists in Clade 5, one of kauri (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10.000000pt; font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-style: italic;&quot;&gt;Agathis australis&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10.000000pt; font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT';&quot;&gt;) in New Zealand, the other of coconut (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10.000000pt; font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-style: italic;&quot;&gt;Cocos nucifera&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10.000000pt; font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT';&quot;&gt;) in Hawaii, poorly match the current species descriptions. To verify whether these isolates belong to separate species a detailed morphological study and phylogenetic analysis consisting of eight genetic &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10.000000pt; font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT';&quot;&gt;loci was conducted. On the basis of genetic and morphological differences and host specificity, we present the formal &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10.000000pt; font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT';&quot;&gt;description of two new species in Clade 5, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10.000000pt; font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-style: italic;&quot;&gt;Phytophthora agathidicida sp. nov&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10.000000pt; font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT';&quot;&gt;. and &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10.000000pt; font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-style: italic;&quot;&gt;Phytophthora cocois sp. nov&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10.000000pt; font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT';&quot;&gt;. To clarify the typification of the other Clade 5 species, an authentic ex-holotype culture of &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10.000000pt; font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-style: italic;&quot;&gt;Phytophthora castaneae &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10.000000pt; font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT';&quot;&gt;is designated and &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10.000000pt; font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPS'; font-style: italic;&quot;&gt;P. heveae &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10.000000pt; font-family: 'TimesNewRomanPSMT';&quot;&gt;is lectotypified and epitypified. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wen-Hsiung, KO</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wang, SY</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ann, PJ</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The possible origin and relation of Phytophthora katsurae and P. heveae, discovered in a protected natural forest in Taiwan</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Botanical Studies</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://ejournal.sinica.edu.tw/bbas/content/2006/3/Bot473-07/</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">47</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">273-277</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">When a total of 531 soil samples collected from 1976 to 2000 from various locations distributed in every county on the island of Taiwan was assayed, sixteen isolates of &lt;em&gt;Phytophthora katsurae&lt;/em&gt; and nine isolates of &lt;em&gt;P. heveae&lt;/em&gt; were recovered from three and four counties, respectively. &lt;em&gt;Phytophthora katsurae&lt;/em&gt; and &lt;em&gt;P. heveae&lt;/em&gt; were isolated from a protected natural forest located atop a hill at Lenhuachih without higher land within the range of vision, suggesting that both species are indigenous to Taiwan. &lt;em&gt;Phytophthora katsurae&lt;/em&gt; is distinguished from the similar &lt;em&gt;P. heveae&lt;/em&gt; by its verrucose oogonial wall. The number of protrusions produced by the Taiwanese isolates of &lt;em&gt;P. katsurae&lt;/em&gt; varied greatly ranging from 2 to 23 per oogonium, indicating the unsteadiness of this taxonomical characteristic. Oogonia produced by isolates of &lt;em&gt;P. katsurae&lt;/em&gt; obtained from Hawaii contained very few protrusions. Moreover, most oogonia produced by two of these isolates did not have any protrusions and were indistinguishable from those produced by P. heveae. Results suggest the development of &lt;em&gt;P. heveae&lt;/em&gt; directly from &lt;em&gt;P. katsurae&lt;/em&gt; by loss of oogonial protrusions. The high level of ITS sequence similarity between &lt;em&gt;P. heveae&lt;/em&gt; and &lt;em&gt;P. katsurae&lt;/em&gt; in comparison with their relationships to other &lt;em&gt;Phytophthora&lt;/em&gt; species tested also support the possibility of the recent development of one species from the other species.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Werres, Sabine</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rainer Marwitz</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">WA Man_In’t_veld</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">De Cock, AWAM</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Peter J.M. Bonants</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">De Weerdt, M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Karin Themann</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Elena Ilieva</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Robert P. Baayen</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Phytophthora ramorum sp. nov., a new pathogen on Rhododendron and Viburnum</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mycological Research</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2001</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B7XMR-4RS3YCS-4/2/9f9142119aa3952d3dbc8811be4860bb</style></url></web-urls></urls><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10</style></number><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">105</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1155 - 1165</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;Since 1993, a hitherto unidentified &lt;em&gt;Phytophthora&lt;/em&gt; species has been found associated with twig blight disease in Rhododendron and, sporadically, Viburnum. The morphology and growth characteristics of fourteen isolates from Germany and the Netherlands were investigated, together with their breeding system, the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions of the ribosomal DNA, amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) fingerprints, and isozyme profiles, which were compared to those of a number of outgroup species. Morphologically the isolates are characterized by abundant production of chlamydospores and elongate, ellipsoid, deciduous sporangia with a short pedicel, in which they resemble &lt;em&gt;P. palmivora&lt;/em&gt;. However, sporangia were semi-papillate, chlamydospores were much larger and cardinal temperatures much lower than those of &lt;em&gt;P. palmivora&lt;/em&gt;. Oogonia with amphigynous antheridia and plerotic oospores were produced in dual cultures with an A2 mating type strain of &lt;em&gt;P. cryptogea&lt;/em&gt;. ITS1 and ITS2 sequences of the unidentified species were closest to those of &lt;em&gt;P. lateralis&lt;/em&gt;, but differed in three and eight nucleotides respectively from the latter species. AFLP fingerprints and isozyme patterns of malate dehydrogenase (MDH-2) and malic enzyme (MDHP) showed that the isolates formed a homogeneous group, distinct from all examined outgroup species, including &lt;em&gt;P. lateralis&lt;/em&gt;. It was concluded that they represent a new &lt;em&gt;Phytophthora&lt;/em&gt; species, described here as &lt;em&gt;P. ramorum&lt;/em&gt; sp. nov. In pathogenicity tests all isolates of &lt;em&gt;P. ramorum&lt;/em&gt; were pathogenic to Rhododendron.&lt;/p&gt;</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Weste, G.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Marks, CG</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The biology of Phytophthora cinnamomi in Australian forests</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Annual Review of Phytopathology</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1987</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev.py.25.090187.001231</style></url></web-urls></urls><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">{ANNUAL REVIEWS INC}</style></publisher><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">{4139 EL CAMINO WAY, PO BOX 10139, PALO ALTO, CA 94303-0139}</style></pub-location><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">25</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">207-229</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Review</style></work-type></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Weste, G.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Impact of Phytophthora species on native vegetation of Australia and Papua New Guinea.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Australasian Plant Pathology</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1994</style></year></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">23</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">190-209</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>6</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">White, T.J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bruns, T.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lee, S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Taylor, J.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">PCR Protocols amplification and direct sequencing of fungal ribosomal RNA genes for phylogenetics</style></title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1990</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/B9780123721808500421</style></url></web-urls></urls><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Elsevier</style></publisher><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">315 - 322</style></pages><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">9780123721808</style></isbn><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Widmer, Timothy L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dodge, Stephen C.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bioassay Conditions for Infection of Pinus radiata Seedlings with Phytophthora pinifolia Zoospores</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plant Disease</style></secondary-title><short-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plant Disease</style></short-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2015</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jan-09-2015</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://apsjournals.apsnet.org/doi/10.1094/PDIS-12-14-1306-RE</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">99</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1204 - 1209</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Phytophthora pinifolia&lt;/em&gt; is known to cause a devastating disease on Monterey pine in Chile. Although this pathogen is not yet present in the United States, there is reason for concern. The main source of Monterey pine genetic material is found in California and there is potential for other important tree species to be hosts. The study presented here was conducted to develop a method to produce zoospores and determine optimal conditions for infection to be used in future host range studies. Abundant zoospores were produced when agar plugs containing &lt;em&gt;P. pinifolia&lt;/em&gt; mycelia were ground into suspension prior to transfer in a solution of carrot broth. These zoospores then were used to inoculate Monterey pine seedlings under various conditions. Infected plants displayed necrotic crowns and stems, often resulting in wilting of the seedling. Consistent infection occurred when seedlings were wounded by trimming needles prior to inoculation and exposure of inoculated seedlings to constant dew for 5 days. Dew chamber temperature (15, 20, or 25°C) did not affect the infection rate. Information obtained from this study will be useful in screening other hosts for susceptibility to &lt;em&gt;P. pinifolia&lt;/em&gt; infection.&lt;/p&gt;</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">9</style></issue></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Widmer, TL</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Survival of Phytophthora kernoviae oospores, sporangia, and mycelium</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">07/2011</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?seq_no_115=259635</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">41S</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">15-23</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;Interpretive Summary: A recently discovered plant pathogen has been found to attack many different hosts including rhododendrons and beech trees in the United Kingdom and New Zealand. Although not currently known to exist in the United States, it is a pathogen of concern due to its destructive nature and threat to valuable hosts in the U.S. This pathogen produces different propagules for spread and survival of which very little is known. This study was done to learn how long these propagules can survive at different temperatures. Results show that one propagule type can survive buried in sand for up to a year at moderate temperatures but declines rapidly when exposed for increased periods of time as temperatures increase. In addition, this pathogen is able to persist and produce survival propagules in sand with very minimal nutrients. These results provide information to regulatory agency personnel and scientists to develop guidelines that help in limiting the spread of this pathogen. Technical Abstract: &lt;em&gt;Phytophthora kernoviae&lt;/em&gt; is a pathogen recently found only in the U.K. and New Zealand. &lt;em&gt;Phytophthora kernoviae&lt;/em&gt;, not known to produce chlamydospores, is homothallic and produces abundant oospores and sporangia. This study was conducted to examine long-term survival of oospores, sporangia, and mycelium buried in sand at different temperatures. Viability of oospores embedded onto 20-µm-mesh screens and buried in sand at 4, 10, 20, and 30C was measured over time by staining with tetrazolium bromide solution. For one isolate, viability was 82, 81, 79, and 58% and 86, 75, 82, and 78% for the other isolate at 4, 10, 20, and 30C, respectively, after 1 year. The infection potential of the oospores was checked by removing additional embedded screens and placing on rhododendron leaf disks. No necrosis was observed on leaf disks exposed to oospores buried for 1 year at 30C. However, necrosis was observed on leaf disks at the other temperatures after the same time. Oospores exposed 6 h at 50C and 24 h at 40 and 50C were less viable than controls and did not germinate. To study survival of sporangia and mycelium, sand was infested only with sporangia or mycelium from four isolates, incubated at different temperatures, and plated on &lt;em&gt;Phytophthora&lt;/em&gt;-selective medium over time. All isolates reacted in the same manner with populations generally declining within 1 week but then remaining steady over time. Soil extractions of the infested sand showed that over time sporangia and oospores formed at all temperatures except at 30C. This demonstrates that &lt;em&gt;P. kernoviae&lt;/em&gt; oospores can persist in sand for long periods of time at different temperatures, which could be a significant factor in spread of this pathogen.&lt;/p&gt;</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Timothy L. Widmer</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Phytophthora kernoviae oospore maturity, germination, and infection</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fungal Biology</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Viability stain</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B9879-508K88P-1/2/e35155432b3146cdabc05226a599fa75</style></url></web-urls></urls><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">8</style></number><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">114</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">661 - 668</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;Limited information is known on the basic biology of the recently described &lt;em&gt;Phytophthora kernoviae&lt;/em&gt; that produces homothallic oospores. In this study, different &lt;em&gt;P. kernoviae&lt;/em&gt; isolates were used to investigate oospore maturity, germination, and infection. All isolates produced oospores in V8 broth at 20†$ınfty$C in the dark by 6†d. Oospores also formed at 10 and 15†$ınfty$C, but did not form at 25 and 28†$ınfty$C. Continuous light inhibited oospore production of some isolates but had no negative effect on others. Maturation time of the oospores, as noted by germination and staining with tetrazolium bromide, was not much different among the isolates between 2 and 14 weeks. Oospore germination was optimal at 18 and 20†$ınfty$C, and did not occur at 5, 25, and 30†$ınfty$C. Oospore germination under continuous light was higher than in the dark, but individual isolates showed variable results. &lt;em&gt;Rhododendron&lt;/em&gt; leaf disks inoculated with oospores and maintained in the dark at 20†$ınfty$C were necrotic after 1 week, while those kept under continuous light did not develop necrosis. The percentage of leaf disks infected with &lt;em&gt;P. kernoviae&lt;/em&gt; was lower in the leaves exposed to continuous light (40†%) compared to those kept in the dark (100†%).&lt;/p&gt;</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">T. L. Widmer</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">N. Shishkoff</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">S. C. Dodge</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Infectivity and inoculum production of Phytophthora ramorum on roots of eastern United States oak species</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plant Disease</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">11/2012</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-12-11-1024-RE</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">96</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1675-1682</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;Little is known about colonization of roots of trees by &lt;em&gt;Phytophthora ramorum&lt;/em&gt;. We examined zoospore concentration and exposure time needed to infect six &lt;em&gt;Quercus&lt;/em&gt; (oak) species and the inoculum produced from their roots. Sprouted acorns, exposed to zoospores (3,000/ml) for different times and transplanted to potting soil, were susceptible to infection within 1 h of exposure but root weights were not impacted after 4 weeks (&lt;em&gt;P&lt;/em&gt; = 0.952). Roots of &lt;em&gt;Quercus prinus&lt;/em&gt; seedlings, inoculated with sporangia, had 0.6 to 3.2% colonization of the total root mass after 5 months. Neither root lesions nor obvious root sloughing were observed. Inoculum threshold levels were tested by exposing radicles to varying zoospore concentrations for 24 h. Results showed that radicle infection occurred even at 1 zoospore/ml. To test inoculum production, roots were inoculated with sporangia and transplanted into pots. Periodically, samples of runoff were collected and plated on selective medium. Afterward, root segments were plated to calculate percent colonization. After 16 and 35 days, root colonization and inoculum production from oak was lower than that of &lt;em&gt;Viburnum tinus&lt;/em&gt;, a positive control. This study shows that &lt;em&gt;P. ramorum&lt;/em&gt; is able to infect sprouted oak acorns and produce secondary inoculum, which may be important epidemiologically.&lt;/p&gt;</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>32</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Adam B Wing</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Field validation of laboratory tests used in screening Port-Orford-cedar for resistance to Phytophthora lateralis</style></title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2005</style></year></dates><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mastersphd</style></work-type></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Winton, L. M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hansen, E.M.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Molecular diagnosis of Phytophthora lateralis in trees, water, and foliage baits using multiplex polymerase chain reaction.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forest Pathology</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">PHYTOPHTHORA diseases</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">PLANT diseases</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">polymerase chain reaction</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2001</style></year></dates><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></number><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">31</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">275 - 283</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;A polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based protocol for detection of &lt;em&gt;Phytophthora lateralis&lt;/em&gt; in plant tissues and water is described. Base-pair (bp) deletions in both of the ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions in &lt;em&gt;P. lateralis&lt;/em&gt; were used to design complementary PCR primer sequences that amplify a 738 bp fragment only if &lt;em&gt;P. lateralis&lt;/em&gt; DNA is present in the sample. Universal control primers based on conserved sequences of the nuclear ribosomal small subunit are included in a multiplexed reaction, providing an internal check on the procedure. The universal primers amplify an approximately 550 bp fragment that is common to plants, protists, and true fungi. The procedure reliably detects &lt;em&gt;P. lateralis&lt;/em&gt; in cedar stem tissues and in roots. Positive reactions were obtained with as few as 200 &lt;em&gt;P. lateralis&lt;/em&gt; zoospores in water. (English) [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]&lt;/p&gt;</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">S. Woodward</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A. Vannini</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Werres, S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">W. Oßwald</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bonants, P.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">T. Jung</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">COST action FP0801 - established and emerging phytophthora: Increasing threats to woodland and forest ecosystems in Europe</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/4375/</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">41S</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">7–13</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;With the rapidly growing international trade in plants and ongoing impacts of climate change, impacts of plant pathogens in the genus &lt;em&gt;Phytophthora&lt;/em&gt; are increasing, threatening the biodiversity and sustainability of European forest ecosystems. Through the European Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST) framework Action FP0801, scientists and disease-control experts are working on &lt;em&gt;Phytophthora&lt;/em&gt; in forest ecosystems with the overall aim of increasing understanding of the biology and ecology of &lt;em&gt;Phytophthora&lt;/em&gt; species with potential to cause damage to European forestry. This knowledge will be used in the development of effective control and management protocols for the problems caused. Outcomes of the Action will be promoted in an effort to increase knowledge and awareness of the problem by disseminating information to end-users and authorities in the forestry sector, and to the general public. Four interrelated working groups have been established to (i) examine the ways in which &lt;em&gt;Phytophthora&lt;/em&gt; species spread into and within Europe; (ii) determine how phytophthoras kill woody plants and elucidate mechanisms for host resistance; (iii) disseminate state-of-the-art rapid molecular diagnostic techniques, and (iv) seek sustainable protocols for management and control of the diseases. The project is expected to increase understanding of threats to forest ecosystems by &lt;em&gt;Phytophthora&lt;/em&gt;, improve the ability to rapidly detect phytophthora in environmental samples, and provide sustainable management solutions to the diseases caused by these destructive organisms.&lt;/p&gt;</style></abstract></record></records></xml>