<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><xml><records><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gadgil, P.D.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Phytophthora heveae, a pathogen of kauri</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1974</style></year></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">59-63</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gagnon, Marie-Claude</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bergeron, Marie-Josée</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hamelin, Richard C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Grünwald, Niklaus J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bilodeau, Guillaume J.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Real-time PCR assay to distinguish Phytophthora ramorum lineages using the cellulose binding elicitor lectin (CBEL) locus</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Canadian Journal of Plant Pathology</style></secondary-title><short-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Canadian Journal of Plant Pathology</style></short-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2014</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mar-07-2014</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/07060661.2014.924999</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">36</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">367 - 376</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Phytophthora ramorum&lt;/em&gt; is a pathogenic oomycete that causes sudden oak death in the Western USA and sudden larch death in the UK. Until recently, three genetically divergent clonal lineages of &lt;em&gt;P. ramorum&lt;/em&gt; were known (EU1, NA1 and NA2), named according to the continent on which they were first detected. In 2009, a fourth lineage named EU2 was discovered in the UK. Sequencing and microsatellite genotyping revealed that the EU2 lineage is genetically distinct from all other lineages. Allele-specific oligonucleotide-PCR (ASO-PCR) assays using real-time PCR were developed in this study, allowing for the identification of the EU2 lineage. Also, a combination of ASO-PCR assays targeting the cellulose binding elicitor lectin (CBEL) locus was validated to rapidly identify all four lineages. Sequencing of the CBEL locus revealed eight single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that distinguished EU2 from the other three lineages. Two ASO-PCR assays were developed from these SNPs, providing the ability to rapidly identify EU2 individuals relative to EU1, NA1 and NA2 individuals. These new assays were combined with two existing assays targeting the same locus to allow rapid and simple identification of all four lineages. Blind tests performed on a panel of representative samples revealed diagnostic profiles unique to each lineage. These markers can be used with diseased field samples, making them well suited for routine procedures in diagnostic laboratories to identify &lt;em&gt;P. ramorum&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></issue></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>6</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gallegly, M. E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hong, Chuanxue</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Phytophthora: identifying species by morphology and DNA fingerprints</style></title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year></dates><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">American Phytopathological Society (APS Press)</style></publisher><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">St. Paul, MN</style></pub-location><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">158</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;This book presents morphological (chapter 1) and DNA fingerprint (chapter 2) keys to various &lt;em&gt;Phytophthora&lt;/em&gt; species, as well as a section that combines morphological details and DNA fingerprints for 59 &lt;em&gt;Phytophthora&lt;/em&gt; species (chapter 3). Tabulated data on host range and geographic origin are included.&lt;/p&gt;</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gallego, F. J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Perez de Algaba, A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fernandez-Escobar, R.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Etiology of oak decline in Spain</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">European Journal of Forest Pathology</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1999</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1439-0329.1999.00128.x</style></url></web-urls></urls><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Blackwell Publishing Ltd</style></publisher><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">29</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">17–27</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;In different areas of Extremadura, Western Spain, soil samples were taken at the bottom of holm oak (&lt;em&gt;Quercus ilex&lt;/em&gt;) trees that were showing decline symptoms. Half of each sample was sterilized, and acorns were sown in both sterilized and nonsterilized soil samples. The resulting seedlings were used as baits for the isolation of fungi. Seedlings growing on the natural, nonsterilized substrate were characterized by having a lower vegetative growth than the ones growing on the sterilized soil samples, and most of them died. &lt;em&gt;Phytophthora cinnnamomi&lt;/em&gt; was consistently isolated from their roots. &lt;em&gt;Fusarium oxysporum&lt;/em&gt; was also isolated as well as different species of &lt;em&gt;Pythium&lt;/em&gt;, although to a lesser extent. Pathogenicity tests were performed on holm oak seedlings with five different isolates of &lt;em&gt;P. cinnamomi&lt;/em&gt;, with &lt;em&gt;F. oxysporum&lt;/em&gt;, &lt;em&gt;Pythium&lt;/em&gt; and with a mixture of the three fungi. All the inoculated seedlings with &lt;em&gt;P. cinnamomi&lt;/em&gt; developed root rot and grew slowly, and 35.7% of them died up to the end of the experiments. &lt;em&gt;P. cinnamomi&lt;/em&gt; was consistently isolated from their roots, indicating that this fungus is the causal agent of holm oak decline. However, &lt;em&gt;F. oxysporum&lt;/em&gt; caused similar symptoms on oak seedlings as &lt;em&gt;P. cinnamomi&lt;/em&gt;, and was isolated also from the roots, although its frequency was lower than that of &lt;em&gt;P. cinnamomi&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ganley, R.J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Williams, N.M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rolando, C.A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hood, I.A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dungey, H.S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Beets, P.N.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bulman, L.S.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Management of red needle cast, caused by Phytophthora pluvialis, a new disease of radiata pine in New Zealand</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Plant Protection</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2014</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.nzpps.org/nzpp_abstract.php?paper=670480</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">67</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">48–53</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;Ten years ago there were no known foliar diseases caused by &lt;em&gt;Phytophthora&lt;/em&gt; on pine trees worldwide. Since then two significant &lt;em&gt;Phytophthora&lt;/em&gt; diseases have emerged on radiata pine, one of which is only known in New Zealand. Red needle cast is a disease caused by the pathogen &lt;em&gt;Phytophthora pluvialis&lt;/em&gt;, which is thought to have originated from northwestern USA. This paper reviews the challenges the New Zealand forestry industry faces when dealing with this disease and evaluates the management options, such as chemical control, biological control and breeding programmes, being investigated to minimise its effect on forest productivity. The distribution of the pathogen in New Zealand and research that shows bark, logs and wood are free of the pathogen, therefore unlikely to pose biosecurity threats through trade in these products, are also outlined.&lt;/p&gt;</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Garbelotto, M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Harnik, T. Y.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Schmidt, D. J.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Efficacy of phosphonic acid, metalaxyl-M and copper hydroxide against Phytophthora ramorum in vitro and in planta</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plant Pathology</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">disease management</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">phenotypic variability</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quercus agrifolia</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sudden oak death</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Umbellularia californica</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3059.2008.01894.x</style></url></web-urls></urls><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Blackwell Publishing Ltd</style></publisher><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">58</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">111–119</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;The ability of metalaxyl-M, phosphonic acid in the form of phosphonate, and copper hydroxide to inhibit different stages in the life cycle of &lt;em&gt;Phytophthora ramorum&lt;/em&gt;, the causal agent of sudden oak death (SOD), was tested in vitro using 12 isolates from the North American forest lineage. In addition, experiments were conducted in planta to study the ability of phosphonic acid injections and metalaxyl-M drenches to control pathogen growth on saplings of California coast live oak (&lt;em&gt;Quercus agrifolia&lt;/em&gt;), and of copper hydroxide foliar sprays to control infection of California bay laurel (&lt;em&gt;Umbellularia californica&lt;/em&gt;) leaves. &lt;em&gt;Phytophthora ramorum&lt;/em&gt; was only moderately sensitive to phosphonic acid in vitro, but was highly sensitive to copper hydroxide. In planta experiments indicated the broad efficacy of phosphonic acid injections and of copper hydroxide sprays in preventing growth of &lt;em&gt;P. ramorum&lt;/em&gt; in oaks and bay laurels, respectively. Finally, although metalaxyl-M was effective in vitro, drenches of potted oak trees using this active ingredient were largely ineffective in reducing the growth rate of the pathogen in planta.&lt;/p&gt;</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Matteo M. Garbelotto</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Douglas J. Schmidt</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Phosphonate controls sudden oak death pathogen for up to 2 years.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">California Agriculture</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://ucanr.org/repository/cao/landingpage.cfm?article=ca.v063n01p10&amp;fulltext=yes#</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">63</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10-17</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;Since its emergence in the late 1990s, sudden oak death has killed mature oak trees and tanoaks in 14 California counties. Treatment options are now available to safeguard these trees from infection by &lt;em&gt;Phytophthora ramorum&lt;/em&gt;, the aggressive and exotic pathogen responsible for sudden oak death. We provide an update on current knowledge regarding this emergent disease in California, and present results from three controlled experiments of two chemical treatments to manage the disease in oaks and tanoaks. Phosphonate treatments, legally registered in California to control sudden oak death, were effective in slowing both infection and growth rates for at least 18 months. Conversely, an alternative method consisting of an azomite soil amendment and bark lime wash was always ineffective, and did not reduce either growth or infection rates.&lt;/p&gt;</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Garbelotto, Matteo</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Schmidt, Doug</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Popenuck, Tina</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pathogenicity and infectivity of Phytophthora ramorum vary depending on host species, infected plant part, inoculum potential, pathogen genotype, and temperature</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plant Pathology</style></secondary-title><short-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plant Pathol</style></short-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2021</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oct-19-2020</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://bsppjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/ppa.13297</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">70</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">287 - 304</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;A total of 25 ornamental plant species representing 10 families were inoculated using three genotypes, each representing one of the genetic lineages NA1, NA2, and EU1 of the pathogen &lt;em&gt;Phytophthora ramorum&lt;/em&gt;. Leaves were inoculated using suspensions with two zoospore concentrations and exposure at three temperatures, while stems were inoculated using agar plugs colonized by mycelia. Susceptibility was determined by measuring either the success of pathogen reisolation or lesion length caused by the pathogen. Infectivity was determined by counting sporangia in washes of inoculated leaves or stems. Results from all three pathogen genotypes combined were used to rank each of the 25 plant species for susceptibility and infectivity, while pooled results per genotype from all 25 hosts combined were employed for a preliminary comparison of pathogenicity and infectivity among genotypes. Statistical analyses showed that leaf results were affected by the concentration of zoospores, temperature, plant host, pathogen genotype, and by the interaction between host and pathogen genotype. Stem results were mostly affected by host and by the interaction between host and pathogen genotype. Hosts ranked differently when looking at the various parameters, and differences in rankings were also significant when comparing stem and leaf results. Differences were identified among the 25 hosts and the three pathogen genotypes for all parameters: results can be used for decision‐making regarding regulations or selection of plants to be grown where infestations by &lt;em&gt;P&lt;/em&gt;. &lt;em&gt;ramorum&lt;/em&gt; are an issue.&lt;/p&gt;</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></issue></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Garbelotto, M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Davidson, J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">K. Ivors</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Maloney, P.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hüberli, D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Koike, S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rizzo, D.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Non-oak native plants are main hosts for sudden oak death pathogen in California.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cal Ag</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2003</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://ucanr.org/repository/cao/landingpage.cfm?article=ca.v057n01p18&amp;abstract=yes</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">57</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">18-23</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;The finding of &lt;em&gt;Phytophthora ramorum&lt;/em&gt; — the pathogen that causes sudden oak death in four California native trees — on &lt;em&gt;rhododendron&lt;/em&gt; in Europe led us to hypothesize that its host range in California’s natural forests was much greater than previously suspected. In addition to the affected oak species, we have now identified an additional 13 species from 10 plant families that act as hosts for &lt;em&gt;P. ramorum&lt;/em&gt; in California. Our data indicates that nearly all of the state’s main tree species in mixed-evergreen and redwood-tanoak forests — including the coniferous timber species coast redwood and Douglas fir — may be hosts for &lt;em&gt;P. ramorum&lt;/em&gt;. The broad host range of &lt;em&gt;P. ramorum&lt;/em&gt;, the variability of symptoms among different hosts and the ability of the pathogen to disperse by air suggests that it may have the potential to cause long-term, landscape-level changes in California forests.&lt;/p&gt;</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Garbelotto, Matteo</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hayden, Katherine J.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sudden Oak Death: Interactions of the Exotic Oomycete Phytophthora ramorum with Naïve North American Hosts</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eukaryotic Cell</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://ec.asm.org/content/11/11/1313.abstract</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">11</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1313-1323</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;Ten years after a threatening and previously unknown disease of oaks and tanoaks appeared in coastal California, a significant amount of progress has been made toward the understanding of its causal agent &lt;em&gt;Phytophthora ramorum&lt;/em&gt; and of the novel pathosystems associated with this exotic organism. However, a complete understanding of the ecology and epidemiology of this species still eludes us. In part, our inability to fully understand this organism is due to its phylogenetic, phylogeographic, phenotypic, and epidemiological complexities, all reviewed in this paper. Most lines of evidence suggest that the high degree of disease severity reported in California is not simply due to a generalized lack of resistance or tolerance in naïve hosts but also to an innate ability of the pathogen to survive in unfavorable climatic conditions and to reproduce rapidly when conditions become once again favorable.&lt;/p&gt;</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Garbelotto, M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Huberli, D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Shaw, D.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">First report on an infestation of Phytophthora cinnamomi in natural oak woodlands of California and its differential impact on two native oak species</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plant Disease</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://apsjournals.apsnet.org/doi/abs/10.1094/PD-90-0685C</style></url></web-urls></urls><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></number><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">90</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">685-685</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Garbelotto, Matteo</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Katherine J. Hayden</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sudden Oak Death: interactions of the exotic oomycete Phytophthora ramorum with naïve North American hosts</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eukaryotic Cell</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://ec.asm.org/content/early/2012/09/18/EC.00195-12.abstract</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Early release</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;Ten years after a threatening and previously unknown disease of oaks and tanoaks appeared in coastal California, a significant amount of progress has been made towards the understanding of its causal agent &lt;em&gt;Phytophthora ramorum&lt;/em&gt; and of the novel pathosystems associated with this exotic organism. However, a complete understanding of the ecology and epidemiology of this species still eludes us. In part, our inability to fully understand this organism is due to its phylogenetic, phylogeographic, phenotypic, and epidemiological complexity, all reviewed in this paper. Most lines of evidence suggest the high disease severity reported in California is not simply due to a generalized lack of resistance or tolerance in na{\&quot;ıve hosts, but also to an innate ability of the pathogen to survive in unfavorable climatic conditions and to reproduce rapidly when conditions become once again favorable.&lt;/p&gt;</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Garbelotto, Matteo</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dovana, Francesco</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Schmidt, Douglas</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chee, Cameron</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lee, Chris</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fieland, Valerie</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ünwald, Niklaus J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Valachovic, Yana</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">First reports of Phytophthora ramorum clonal lineages NA1 and EU1 causing Sudden Oak Death on tanoaks in Del Norte County, California</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plant Disease</style></secondary-title><short-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plant Disease</style></short-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2021</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jan-18-2021</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://apsjournals.apsnet.org/doi/10.1094/PDIS-12-20-2633-PDN</style></url></web-urls></urls><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;A year of forest health surveys has led to the first detection of Phytophthora ramorum in Del Norte County followed by the first wildland detection of the EU1 clonal lineage (Grunwald et al. 2009) of this pathogen in California. In July 2019, leaves were sampled from two tanoaks (Notholithocarpus densiflorus) and 16 California bay laurels (Umbellularia californica) in Jedediah Smith State Park in Del Norte County, the northernmost coastal County of California. Leaves displayed lesions normally associated with Sudden Oak Death (SOD) caused by P. ramorum and were discovered during the citizen science-based survey known as SOD Blitz (Meentemeyer et al. 2015). Samples were surface sterilized using 75% Ethanol and plated on PARPH-V8 agar (Jeffers and Martin 1986). After plating, DNA was extracted and amplified using two P. ramorum-specific assays (Hayden et al. 2006, Kroon et al. 2004). Leaves from two tanoaks exhibiting twig die-back had typical SOD lesions along the midvein, gave positive PCR results and yielded cultures with colony morphology, sporangia and chlamydospores typical of the NA1 lineage of P. ramorum originally isolated in California from tanoaks and coast live oaks (Quercus agrifolia) (Rizzo et al. 2002). The ITS locus and a portion of the Cox-1 locus were sequenced from DNA extracts of each culture using primers DC6-ITS4 (Bonants et al. 2004) and COXF4N-COXR4N (Kroon et al. 2004), respectively. ITS sequences (GB MN540639-40) were typical of P. ramorum and Cox-1 sequences (GB MN540142-3) perfectly matched the Cox-1 sequence of the NA1 lineage (GB DQ832718) (Kroon et al. 2004). Microsatellite alleles were generated as described in Croucher et al. (2013) for the two Del Norte cultures and for eight P. ramorum cultures, representative of the four main multilocus genotypes (MLGs) present in California, namely c1 (Santa Cruz/Commercial Nurseries), c3 (San Francisco Bay Area), c2 (Monterey County), and c4 (Humboldt County) (Croucher et al. 2013). The two Del Norte MLGs were identical to one another and most similar to MLG c1, with a single repeat difference at a single locus. SSR results suggest the inoculum source may not be from Humboldt County, neighboring to the South, but from a yet unidentified outbreak, possibly associated with ornamental plants. Jedediah Smith State Park was surveyed for 12 months following the initial detection, however the pathogen has yet to be re-isolated in that location. In July 2020, SOD symptomatic leaves from two tanoak trees exhibiting twig cankers were collected 8 Km north of Jedediah Smith State Park, where three additional tanoak trees displayed rapidly browned dead canopies consistent with late stage SOD. Leaves were processed as above. Colonies from these samples produced chlamydospores and sporangia typical of P. ramorum on PARPH-V8 agar, but displayed a growth rate faster than that of NA1 genotypes and were characterized by aerial hyphae, overall resembling the morphology of EU1 lineage colonies (Brasier 2003). The EU1 lineage was confirmed by the perfect match of the sequence of a portion of the Cox-1 gene (GB MW349116-7) with the Cox-1 sequence of EU1 genotypes (GB EU124926). The EU1 clonal lineage has been previously isolated from tanoaks in Oregon forests, approximately 55 Km to the North (Grünwald et al. 2016), but this is the first report for California wildlands and will require containment and government regulations. It is unknown whether the EU1 strains in Del Norte County originated from Oregon forests or elsewhere.&lt;/p&gt;</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gardner, Judy Frances</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dick, Margaret Anne</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bader, Martin Karl-Friedrich</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Susceptibility of New Zealand flora to Phytophthora kernoviae and its seasonal variability in the field</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title><short-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">N.Z. j. of For. Sci.</style></short-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2015</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">12 November 2015</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.nzjforestryscience.com/content/45/1/23</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">45</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;div class=&quot;collapsible-content&quot;&gt;&lt;h4&gt;Background&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;line-height: 160%;&quot;&gt;The oomycete &lt;em&gt;Phytophthora kernoviae&lt;/em&gt; is known from the United Kingdom and the Republic of Ireland, where it is considered to be a recent invader, from Chile where it was only discovered in 2014, and New Zealand where records date back to 1953. As there is little information in New Zealand linking &lt;em&gt;P. kernoviae&lt;/em&gt; with plant disease, it may have been present for much longer and may be indigenous. Seasonal activity of &lt;em&gt;P. kernoviae&lt;/em&gt; in a site known to have infested soil was tested by isolation from soil and foliage of existing shrubs and the use of indicator plants. In greenhouse studies, the susceptibility of a range of indigenous plants to &lt;em&gt;P. kernoviae&lt;/em&gt; was tested via stem and foliar inoculation.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h4&gt;Methods&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;line-height: 160%;&quot;&gt;Soil, litter and understorey vegetation samples were collected for isolation of &lt;em&gt;P. kernoviae&lt;/em&gt; at monthly intervals for a year. Plants of &lt;em&gt;Rhododendron catawbiense&lt;/em&gt;, which is known to be susceptible to foliar and shoot infection, were placed in the stand as indicator species. In laboratory and greenhouse studies, stem and foliar inoculations of a selection of arborescent plants representing major groups within the New Zealand flora were carried out and compared with three exotic plants of known susceptibility.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h4&gt;Results&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;line-height: 160%;&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;Phytophthora kernoviae&lt;/em&gt; was not isolated from foliage of understorey plants at the study site, but it was recovered from soil and litter from April to November (autumn through spring) inclusive. Little disease developed on the &lt;em&gt;Rhododendron catawbiense&lt;/em&gt; indicator plants.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;line-height: 160%;&quot;&gt;All of the exotic, and most of the indigenous, species developed a lesion in response to stem inoculation. Stem lesions were more developed on exotic species than on indigenous hosts. In contrast, few species formed foliar symptoms. &lt;em&gt;Phytophthora kernoviae&lt;/em&gt; was recovered from asymptomatic tissue, stems and foliage, of a number of species.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h4&gt;Conclusions&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;line-height: 160%;&quot;&gt;Based on the results of the inoculations and the lack of historical records of disease of indigenous plants associated with &lt;em&gt;P. kernoviae&lt;/em&gt;, this oomycete does not appear to be a damaging pathogen of New Zealand’s indigenous flora. Although presence in the soil or litter was demonstrated at the study site, little disease developed on the indicator plants suggesting that at least part of the New Zealand population is of low pathogenicity to &lt;em&gt;R. catawbiense.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</style></abstract><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">23</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Garibaldi, A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gilardi, G.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gullino, M. L.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">First Report of Collar and Root Rot Caused by Phytophthora tentaculata on Witloof Chicory (Cichorium intybus ) in Italy</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plant Disease</style></secondary-title><short-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plant Disease</style></short-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jan-12-2010</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://apsjournals.apsnet.org/doi/abs/10.1094/PDIS-03-10-0206</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">94</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1504 - 1504</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;Witloof chicory (&lt;em&gt;Cichorium intybus&lt;/em&gt; L.) is an important crop in Italy where most of the crop is still produced in soil. In September 2009, chicory plants (cv. Pan di Zucchero) grown on a commercial farm in Tarquinia (central Italy) showed symptoms of a previously unknown disease. Symptoms, observed 20 days after transplanting, consisted of stunting, yellowing of leaves, and a crown and root rot. Affected plants turned brown, wilted, and eventually died. At the soil level, dark brown-to-black water-soaked lesions coalesced and often girdled the stem. All of the crown and root system was affected. At this location, the disease was severe and widespread, with 60% of observed plants being affected. A &lt;em&gt;Phytophthora&lt;/em&gt;-like organism was consistently isolated on a medium selective for oomycetes (4) after disinfestation of lower stem and root pieces of &lt;em&gt;C. intybus&lt;/em&gt; for 1 min in a solution containing 1% NaOCl. Tissue fragments of 1 mm&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; were excised from the margins of the root and crown lesions. The pathogen genus was identified as &lt;em&gt;Phytophthora&lt;/em&gt; based on morphological and physiological features. Sporangia were produced for identification by growing a pure culture for 15 days on modified V8 juice agar medium (Campbell V8 juice [200 ml], agar [15 g], CaCo&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; [0.5 g], and sterile water [800 ml]) under alternating light and dark (12/12 h). Sporangia were pyriform to ovoid, papillate, and measured 33.3 to 59.2 × 18.9 to 30.2 μm (average 39.9 × 25.8 μm). Chlamydospores developed in 28-day-old cultures and measured 21.3 to 30.2 × 19.5 to 29.7 μm (average 24.4 × 23.6 μm). Oogonia were globose and measured 26 to 41 μm (average 32.5 μm). Eighty percent of antheridia were paragynous. Amphyginous antheridia (15 to 20%) were also observed. Oospores were scarcely produced and measured 24 to 32 μm in diameter. The internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of rDNA of a single isolate was amplified using the primers ITS4/ITS6 and sequenced. BLAST analysis (1) of the 851-bp segment showed 100% homology with the sequence of &lt;em&gt;Phytophthora tentaculata&lt;/em&gt;. The nucleotide sequence has been assigned GenBank Accession No. GU949536. Pathogenicity of this isolate was confirmed by inoculating &lt;em&gt;C. intybus&lt;/em&gt; cv. Pan di Zucchero plants 20 days after transplant. The same isolate was grown for 15 days on a mixture of 70:30 wheat/hemp kernels and then 5 g/liter of the inoculum was mixed into a substrate containing a mixture of blond and black peat (15:85 vol/vol), pH 5.5. Five plants per 2-liter pot were transplanted and four replicates were carried out. Twenty noninoculated plants represented the control treatment. The trial was repeated. Plants were kept in two growth chambers at two temperatures (20 and 25°C). Symptoms similar to those observed in the field developed 7 days after inoculation. Twenty days later, 100 and 40% of the plants were dead at 25 and 20°C, respectively. Control plants remained symptomless. &lt;em&gt;P. tentaculata&lt;/em&gt; was consistently reisolated from symptomatic plants. To our knowledge, this is the first report of &lt;em&gt;P. tentaculata&lt;/em&gt; on &lt;em&gt;C. intybus&lt;/em&gt; in the world (&lt;a class=&quot;ext-link&quot; title=&quot;External link, opens new window&quot; href=&quot;http://nt.ars-grin.gov/fungaldatabases/index.cfm&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;http://nt.ars-grin.gov/fungaldatabases/index.cfm&lt;/a&gt;). &lt;em&gt;P. tentaculata&lt;/em&gt; was recently reported on lavender in Spain (2) and oregano in Italy (3). The economic importance of this disease is relatively low on most commercial farms.&lt;/p&gt;</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">12</style></issue></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gibbs, J. N.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Root disease of alder in Britain</style></title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1995</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2338.1995.tb01118.x/abstract</style></url></web-urls></urls><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">25</style></number><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">661–664</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gibbs, J. N.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lipscombe, M. A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Peace, A. J.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The impact of Phytophthora disease on riparian populations of common alder (Alnus glutinosa) in southern Britain</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">European Journal of Forest Pathology</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1999</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1439-0329.1999.00129.x</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">29</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">39–50</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;Summary In 1994 a survey was established to obtain information on &lt;em&gt;Phytophthora&lt;/em&gt; disease of common alder (&lt;em&gt;Alnus glutinosa&lt;/em&gt;) on the riverbanks of southern England and east Wales. Within an area of 70 000 km2 63 observation plots were set up on stretches of river over 8 m wide. Average alder densities varied widely in different parts of the survey area; from 0.7 to 22.2 trees per 100 m of river. From the density figures and data on the total length of rivers over 8 m wide within the survey area, it was estimated that there were approximately 585 000 alder trees growing on the banks of such rivers. In 1994 3.9% of the trees showed crown symptoms of &lt;em&gt;Phytophthora&lt;/em&gt; disease, and an additional 1.2% of trees were dead, although not all of these had been killed by &lt;em&gt;Phytophthora&lt;/em&gt;. The disease occurred widely through the survey area with an indication that the highest percentage of affected trees was to be found in the south-east of England. Subsequent surveys showed that the combined percentage of symptomatic and dead trees rose to 6.0% in 1995 and to 7.9% in 1996. In the latter year, for an alder population of 585 000 trees, this would correspond to 32 800 symptomatic and 13 500 dead trees. The percentage of trees showing symptoms was seven times as high in trees growing within 1 m of the riverbank as in trees growing between 1 and 10 m of the bank. An examination of the relationships between disease incidence and various indices of water pollution revealed a positive association with total oxidized nitrogen. These results are discussed in relation to the biology and possible origin of the disease.&lt;/p&gt;</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ginetti, Beatrice</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ragazzi, Alessandro</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Moricca, Salvatore</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">First Report of Phytophthora Taxon Walnut in Lombardy, North Italy</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plant Disease</style></secondary-title><short-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plant Disease</style></short-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2013</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">03/2014</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-07-13-0766-PDN </style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">98</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">424</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;The park Boscoincittà, Milan, North Italy (136 m a.s.l., 45º 29' 06&quot; N, 9º 5' 32&quot; E) has an area of 110 hectares and includes tree stands, wood clearings, trails and watercourses. Recently, common walnut (Jugland regia) trees in the park have begun to suffer from a progressive dieback that has caused roughly 90% mortality. Aerial symptoms were: stunted growth, loss of vigor, crown thinning and bark cankers with tarry exudates on the lower stem. The xylem tissue of trees showed large necrosis and flame-shaped discolouration below the bark. Since the dieback seemed caused by Phytophthora, samples were taken from 3 symptomatic trees and, by baiting, from the nearby soil and watercourses. Isolations from apple baits were carried out after a week. Isolations taken from tissue at the edge of active lesions of the trees were transferred on the selective medium V8A-PARPNH (1) and incubated at 24ºC. Cottony colonies appeared after 3 days and single hyphal tip derivatives were transferred to V8A for a further 4-7 days. Fragments (1 cm2) of mycelium of the subcultured colonies were then placed in filtered (Ø 0.22 μm nitrocellulose filters, Millipore) pond water. Three isolates were retrieved within 24 h, 2 from tree tissue and one from water. These produced ovoid, non-papillate sporangia (Fig A), thirty of which per isolate were measured. Sporangia averaged 52.5 ± 9.6 x 32.9 ± 4.7 µm (range 30.8 – 67 x 22.5 – 42.8) with a l:b ratio of 1.59 ± 0.19 (range 1.27 – 2.05), and exit pores of 11.1 ± 1.7 µm (range 7.31 – 14.21). External proliferation from previously emptied sporangia and hyphal swellings were observed on V8A. On V8A, colonies had optimal growth at 32°C (5.7 ± 0.8 mm d-1) with a maximum at 37°C. Colonies had a chrysanthemum-shaped, scanty fluffy aspect on PDA (Fig B). Isolates were identified as Phytophthora taxon walnut on the basis of macro- and micro-morphology and sequence information from the ITS-rDNA region, that was amplified with primers ITS6 and ITS4 (2) after DNA extraction with a commercial kit (Sigma Aldrich). A region of the cox1 gene of isolate B164 was also amplified with primers OomCoxILevup and Fm85mod (3) and sequenced (GenBank acc. no. KC291584) but this was irrelevant for identification purposes because that gene region has not been sequenced for other isolates of this taxon. A BLAST search in GenBank and the Phytophthora database revealed a 99% identity of the ITS-rDNA from our isolate B164 (GenBank acc. no. KC291550) with the P. taxon walnut isolate P532 (AF541910) (4). Inoculation trials were conducted on 10 detached leaves. A little lesion was produced with a sterile scalpel on the lower leaf surfaces and a 0.5 cm Ø agar plug was placed over the wounds. Necrotic lesions averaged 3.7±1.6 x 2.0±0.5 cm after 1 week of incubation at 20°C in the dark (Fig C). Control leaves showed no symptoms. Reisolations on V8-PARPNH agar confirmed P. taxon walnut as the causal agent. Members of the Phytophthora genus grouping with the P. taxon walnut in clade 6 are mainly reported as saprophytes or pathogens from riparian ecosystems and forests (4). This is the first report of P. taxon walnut from Italy. Since the oomycete proved in our growth trial to be distinctly thermophilic, we hypothesize that its spread is being favored by the rising temperatures observed during the last decades in the area.&lt;/p&gt;</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></issue></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ginetti, B.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Carmignani, S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ragazzi, A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Werres, S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Moricca, S.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Foliar Blight and Shoot Dieback Caused by Phytophthora ramorum on Viburnum tinus in the Pistoia Area, Tuscany, Central Italy</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plant Disease</style></secondary-title><short-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plant Disease</style></short-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2014</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">03/2014</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://apsjournals.apsnet.org/doi/abs/10.1094/PDIS-07-13-0767-PDN</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">98</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">423 - 423</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p class=&quot;first&quot;&gt;In spring 2013, pot-grown &lt;em&gt;Viburnum tinus&lt;/em&gt; plants shipped to an ornamental nursery in Pescia (Pistoia, central Italy, 287 m a.s.l., 43°54′0″ N, 10°41′0″ E) from another local nursery were found to bear disease symptoms. Symptoms included brown to black foliar lesions, later expanding into larger blotches; necrosis of the petioles; shoot wilting and folding; browning of the stems; and necrosis of the cambium. Infected leaves, shoots, and entire plants eventually died. Tissue samples (2 mm&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;) were cut at the edge of active lesions from tissue of the phloem, the xylem, and the leaves and plated on selective PARPNH V8 agar (V8A) (1). Rose-shaped and finely lobed cottony colonies arose in 2 to 3 days. Mono-hyphal colonies were isolated and transferred to V8A. Square colony pieces (1 cm&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;) from isolates SB05a and SB05b were placed in filtered pond water after 5 to 7 days. Semipapillate, caducous sporangia with a rounded or conical base were produced within 24 h, individually or in pairs, on each sporangiophore. Sporangia (&lt;em&gt;n&lt;/em&gt; = 30 per isolate) were examined: they were 56.2 ± 9.5 × 29.3 ± 4.3 μm (l:b ratio 1.9 ± 0.3). Exit pores averaged 7.0 ± 1.0 μm. Sporangia were ellipsoid (30%), lemon-shaped (28.3%), ovoid (20%), obovoid (16.7%), ampulliform (3.3%), or “peanut-like” (1.7%). Globose chlamydospores, borne intercalarly or terminally, were abundant on both V8A and carrot agar (CA), and were on average 54.7 ± 8.5 μm. Mono-hyphal isolates incubated for 7 days at 23°C were also transferred to CA, corn meal agar (CMA), malt extract agar (MEA), potato dextrose agar (PDA), and V8A. Colonies on these media were identical in shape and appearance to those described in previous reports (2,4). Isolates were identified as &lt;em&gt;Phytophthora ramorum&lt;/em&gt; Werres, De Cock &amp;amp; Man in't Veld (4) on the basis of colony type; size, the average l:b ratio and shape of sporangia; and the type and size of the chlamydospores. Isolates were found to be the A1 mating type by pairing them with &lt;em&gt;P. cryptogea&lt;/em&gt; BBA 63651 (mating type A2). PCR-amplification of the rDNA ITS region with specific primers Ph1/Ph4 (3) gave fragments of the expected size (GenBank Accession Nos. KF181162 and KF181163). A BLAST search of these ITS sequences in the database found that isolates of &lt;em&gt;P. ramorum&lt;/em&gt; were the closest phylogenetically with 100% homology (YQ653034 and HM004221). Pathogenicity tests were conducted on 16 detached &lt;em&gt;V. tinus&lt;/em&gt; leaves. A small cut was made aseptically on each of the leaf surfaces and a V8A disc (0.5 cm Ø) with mycelium was placed over the wounds. Control leaves received only sterile V8A discs. Inoculated and control leaves were incubated at 23°C in the dark. Necrotic areas (average 3.5 ± 1.3 cm&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;) arose on inoculated leaves after 6 days. Control leaves had no symptoms. Re-isolations on PARPNH V8A confirmed &lt;em&gt;P. ramorum&lt;/em&gt; as the causal agent. &lt;em&gt;P. ramorum&lt;/em&gt; was reported in Italy in 2003 on the exotic &lt;em&gt;Rhododendron yakushimanum&lt;/em&gt; (2). This is the first report of the pathogen on a native species (&lt;em&gt;V. tinus&lt;/em&gt;) in this country. The Pistoia area is important for nursery gardens and flowers. &lt;em&gt;P. ramorum&lt;/em&gt;, which probably arrived on infected plant material, could compromise the export/import trade in stock plants. For this reason, the plant protection services were promptly alerted and the infected plants were destroyed.&lt;/p&gt;</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></issue></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ginetti, B.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Carmignani, S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ragazzi, A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Moricca, S.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">PhytophthoraTaxon Pgchlamydo is a Cause of Shoot Blight and Root and Collar Rot of Viburnum tinus in Italy</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plant Disease</style></secondary-title><short-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plant Disease</style></short-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2014</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jan-10-2014</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://apsjournals.apsnet.org/doi/10.1094/PDIS-03-14-0282-PDN</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">98</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1432 - 1432</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;The quarantine pathogen &lt;em&gt;Phytophthora ramorum&lt;/em&gt; has recently been found on dying &lt;em&gt;Viburnum tinus&lt;/em&gt; in the nursery area of Pistoia, central Italy (43°56′0″ N, 11°1′0″ E) (3). As part of a surveillance program aimed at detecting &lt;em&gt;P. ramorum&lt;/em&gt; in this area, the &lt;em&gt;Phytophthora&lt;/em&gt; taxon Pgchlamydo was consistently found associated with symptomatic &lt;em&gt;V. tinus&lt;/em&gt;. The crowns of these plants were wilted, and some plants also showed root and collar rot and underbark necrosis. Water courses adjacent to the nursery with the infected &lt;em&gt;V. tinus&lt;/em&gt; were tested for the pathogen. Samples from seven symptomatic plants were placed on a selective V8A-PARPNH medium within 24 h from sampling. Tissue pieces (2 mm&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;) of 12 baits (apple fruits) exposed for a week in water bodies were plated on the same medium. Cottony colonies arose after 2 to 3 days of incubation at 23°C in the dark and were transferred to potato dextrose agar (PDA) in purity. Mycelial DNA was extracted with a commercial kit (Sigma-Aldrich). The rDNA ITS region and a portion of the mtDNA &lt;em&gt;cox&lt;/em&gt;1 gene were PCR-amplified and the amplicons digested with the restriction enzymes &lt;em&gt;Msp&lt;/em&gt;I and &lt;em&gt;Alu&lt;/em&gt;I (for the ITS region) and &lt;em&gt;Rsa&lt;/em&gt;I (for the &lt;em&gt;cox&lt;/em&gt;1 gene region). Isolates R7 from &lt;em&gt;V. tinus&lt;/em&gt;, and ES2M5, ES2M11, and ES1M12 from the water bodies belonged to the same taxon based on restriction analysis of both DNA regions coupled with ITS-rDNA sequence homology (GenBank Accession Nos. KJ396773 to 76). A BLAST search in GenBank found that all isolates had a 99% identity in the ITS-rDNA with the &lt;em&gt;Phytophthora&lt;/em&gt; ITS Clade 6 member &lt;em&gt;P.&lt;/em&gt; taxon Pgchlamydo. Sporangia produced after incubation in filtered pond water for 24 h were mostly ovoid (sometimes obpyriform), non-papillate, non-caducous. Some sporangia were emptied with external proliferation and had hyphal swellings. Thirty sporangia were measured and averaged 42.4 ± 6.2 × 29.9 ± 3.5 μm (range 30.0 to 56.1 × 22.5 to 38.0), with a length/width ratio of 1.4 ± 0.2 (1.2 to 2.0), and exit pores of 11.7 ± 1.5 μm (9.0 to 14.6). Optimum colony growth on V8A at 30°C was 4.4 ± 0.4 mm day&lt;sup&gt;–1&lt;/sup&gt;, and the maximum temperature for growth was 32°C. Inoculation on twigs of &lt;em&gt;Fagus sylvatica&lt;/em&gt; and &lt;em&gt;V. tinus&lt;/em&gt; produced necrotic lesions of 2.6 ± 0.5 cm (2.1 to 3.5) and 4.7± 0.5 cm (3.8 to 5.6) respectively after 3 weeks of incubation at 23°C in the dark. Inoculation on &lt;em&gt;V. tinus&lt;/em&gt; leaves resulted in lesions averaging 3.3 ± 1.1 × 2.1 ± 0.6 cm (range 2 to 5 × 1.5 to 3) after 2 weeks of incubation at 23°C in the dark. Control plant material showed no symptoms.The &lt;em&gt;Phytophthora&lt;/em&gt; taxon Pgchlamydo has been reported on several ornamental and woody species, including &lt;em&gt;Arctostaphylos&lt;/em&gt; sp., &lt;em&gt;Camellia&lt;/em&gt; spp., &lt;em&gt;Laurus nobilis, Buxus sempervirens, Rhododendron&lt;/em&gt; sp., &lt;em&gt;Arbutus unedo, Prunus&lt;/em&gt; sp., &lt;em&gt;Pseudotsuga&lt;/em&gt; sp., and &lt;em&gt;Sequoia sempervirens&lt;/em&gt;, in North America and Europe (1,2). This is the first report, to our knowledge, of this taxon on &lt;em&gt;V. tinus&lt;/em&gt; in Italy. &lt;em&gt;V. tinus&lt;/em&gt; is widely sold in European nurseries, and it is also one of the most common hosts of &lt;em&gt;P. ramorum&lt;/em&gt; (4). The fact that &lt;em&gt;V. tinus&lt;/em&gt; is a host for both oomycetes, and the two microorganisms induce a similar symptomology (wilt), might complicate the control efforts of the phytosanitary inspection services aimed at restricting &lt;em&gt;P. ramorum&lt;/em&gt; foci in Europe.&lt;/p&gt;</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10</style></issue></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ginetti, B.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Moricca, S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Squires, J. N.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cooke, D. E. L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ragazzi, A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jung, T.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Phytophthora acerina sp. nov., a new species causing bleeding cankers and dieback of Acer pseudoplatanus trees in planted forests in northern Italy</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plant Pathology</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">biosecurity</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Clade 2</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">invasive</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">nursery pathway</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">phylogeny</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Phytophthora citricola</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2013</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">08/2014</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ppa.12153</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">63</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">858–876</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;A severe dieback of &lt;em&gt;Acer pseudoplatanus&lt;/em&gt; trees was noticed in planted forest stands in northern Italy in 2010. Affected trees showed collar rot and aerial bleeding cankers along the stems, leading to crown dieback and eventually death. An unknown &lt;em&gt;Phytophthora&lt;/em&gt; species was consistently isolated from necrotic bark and xylem tissue and from rhizosphere soil. Based on its unique combination of morphological and physiological characters and phylogenetic analysis, this new taxon is here described as &lt;em&gt;Phytophthora acerina&lt;/em&gt; sp. nov. Phylogenetic analysis of ITS,&lt;em&gt; cox1&lt;/em&gt; and β-tubulin gene regions demonstrated that &lt;em&gt;P. acerina&lt;/em&gt; is unique and forms a separate cluster within the ‘&lt;em&gt;P.&amp;nbsp;citricola&lt;/em&gt; complex’, closely related to &lt;em&gt;P.&amp;nbsp;plurivora&lt;/em&gt;. &lt;em&gt;Phytophthora acerina&lt;/em&gt; is homothallic with smooth-walled oogonia, thick-walled, mostly aplerotic oospores with a high abortion rate, paragynous antheridia, and persistent, morphologically variable semipapillate sporangia. Four to 5-week-old cultures produced globose to subglobose, appressoria-like and coralloid hyphal swellings and characteristic stromata-like hyphal aggregations. Optimum and maximum temperatures for growth are 25°C and 32°C, respectively. Genetic uniformity of all 15 studied isolates and the apparent absence of this species in the extensive surveys of nurseries, forests and seminatural ecosystems conducted in the previous two decades across Europe indicate a recent clonal introduction to northern Italy. Under-bark inoculation tests demonstrated high aggressiveness of &lt;em&gt;P.&amp;nbsp;acerina&lt;/em&gt; to &lt;em&gt;A.&amp;nbsp;pseudoplatanus&lt;/em&gt; indicating that this pathogen might be a serious risk to maple plantations and forests in Europe.&lt;/p&gt;</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></issue></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>10</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Goheen, E. M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Frankel, S.J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Goheen, E. M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Frankel, S.J.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Proceedings of the fourth meeting of the International Union of Forest Research Organizations (IUFRO) Working Party 07.02.09</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fourth Meeting of the International Union of Forest Research Organizations (IUFRO) Working Party 07.02.09</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.iufro.org/science/divisions/division-7/70000/70200/70209/</style></url></web-urls></urls><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station</style></publisher><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Monterey, California</style></pub-location><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">334 p</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;The fourth meeting of the International Union of Forest Research Organizations (IUFRO) Working Party S07.02.09, Phytophthoras in Forests and Natural Ecosystems provided a forum for current research on &lt;em&gt;Phytophthora&lt;/em&gt; species worldwide. Seventy-eight submissions describing papers and posters on recent developments in &lt;em&gt;Phytophthora&lt;/em&gt; diseases of trees and natural ecosystems in Europe, Australasia, and the Americas are included. Research topics covered are &lt;em&gt;Phytophthora&lt;/em&gt; biodiversity, ecology, epidemiology, management, and host- pathogen interactions.&lt;/p&gt;</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Goheen, E. M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hansen, E.M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kanaskie, A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">McWilliams, M.G.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Osterbauer, N.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sutton, W.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sudden oak death caused by Phytophthora ramorum in Oregon</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plant Disease</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2002</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">04/2002</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/PDIS.2002.86.4.441C</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">86</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;Sudden oak death, caused by &lt;em&gt;Phytophthora ramorum&lt;/em&gt; (1,2), has been found for the first time in Oregon, killing tanoak, &lt;em&gt;Lithocarpus densiflorus&lt;/em&gt;, trees. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the disease outside of the San Francisco to Monterey area in California, (300 km to the south). Nine areas of infestation, all within a 24-km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; area, were discovered on forest lands near Brookings, in southwest Oregon. Mortality centers ranged in size from 0.2 to 4.5 ha and included 5 to approximately 40 diseased trees. &lt;em&gt;P. ramorum&lt;/em&gt; was isolated from stem cankers using &lt;em&gt;Phytophthora&lt;/em&gt;-selective medium. Isolates had distinctive morphological features characteristic of &lt;em&gt;P. ramorum&lt;/em&gt;, including abundant production of chlamydospores and caducous, semipapillate sporangia on solid media. Internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences of isolates of &lt;em&gt;P. ramorum&lt;/em&gt; from Oregon were identical to ITS sequences of isolates from California (1). The pathogen also was isolated from necrotic lesions on leaves and stems of native &lt;em&gt;Rhododendron macrophyllum&lt;/em&gt; and &lt;em&gt;Vaccinium ovatum&lt;/em&gt; growing beneath diseased tanoaks. In July 2001, the disease was located by an aerial survey conducted cooperatively by the USDA Forest Service and Oregon Department of Forestry. All lands within 1.6 km (1 mile) of the mortality centers are subject to Oregon quarantine, which bars the transport of any host plant materials. An eradication effort is currently underway. Symptomatic plants and all known host plants within 15 to 30 m of symptomatic plants are being cut and burned in the first phase of this operation. The total treated area is approximately 16 ha.&lt;/p&gt;</style></abstract><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">441</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gómez, F. J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Navarro-Cerrillo, R. M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sánchez-Cuesta, R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pérez-de-Luque, A.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Histopathology of infection and colonization of Quercus ilex fine roots by Phytophthora cinnamomi</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plant Pathology</style></secondary-title><short-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plant Pathol</style></short-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2014</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">11/2014</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/ppa.12310</style></url></web-urls></urls><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">605–616</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Quercus ilex&lt;/em&gt; is one of the European forest species most susceptible to root rot caused by the oomycete &lt;em&gt;Phytophthora cinnamomi&lt;/em&gt;. This disease contributes to holm oak decline, a particularly serious problem in the ‘dehesas’ ecosystem of the southwestern Iberian Peninsula. This work describes the host–pathogen interaction of &lt;em&gt;Q.&amp;nbsp;ilex&lt;/em&gt; and &lt;em&gt;P.&amp;nbsp;cinnamomi&lt;/em&gt;, using new infection indices at the tissue level. Fine roots of 6-month-old saplings inoculated with &lt;em&gt;P.&amp;nbsp;cinnamomi&lt;/em&gt; were examined by light microscopy and a random pool of images was analysed in order to calculate different indices based on the measured area of pathogen structures. In the early stages of invasion, &lt;em&gt;P.&amp;nbsp;cinnamomi&lt;/em&gt; colonizes the apoplast and penetrates cortical cells with somatic structures. On reaching the parenchymatous tissues of the central cylinder, the pathogen develops different reproductive and survival structures inside the cells and then expands through the vascular system of the root. Some host responses were identified, such as cell wall thickening, accumulation of phenolic compounds in the middle lamella of sclerenchyma tissues, and mucilage secretion blocking vascular cells. New insights into the behaviour of &lt;em&gt;P.&amp;nbsp;cinnamomi&lt;/em&gt; inside fine roots are described. Host responses fail due to rapid expansion of the pathogen and a change in its behaviour from biotrophic to necrotrophic.&lt;/p&gt;</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">González, M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pérez-Sierra, A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Serrano, M. S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sanchez, M. E.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Two Phytophthora species causing decline of wild olive (Olea europaea  subsp. europaea var. sylvestris )</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plant Pathology</style></secondary-title><short-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plant Pathol</style></short-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2016</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nov-2016</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://doi.org/10.1111/ppa.12649 </style></url></web-urls></urls><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;Since 2009, a severe decline leading to mortality has been observed affecting nearly 5&amp;nbsp;ha of a wild olive woodland of high ecological value in Seville, southern Spain. &lt;em&gt;Phytophthora cryptogea&lt;/em&gt; and &lt;em&gt;P.&amp;nbsp;megasperma&lt;/em&gt; were consistently isolated from roots and rhizosphere of trees with symptoms sampled in 2009, 2011 and 2013. The isolates were identified on the basis of colony and reproductive structure morphology as well as temperature–growth relationships, and identification was further corroborated by their ITS and &lt;em&gt;β&lt;/em&gt;-tubulin sequences. Koch's postulates were demonstrated for both species on 1-year-old wild olives. Pathogenicity tests showed that both &lt;em&gt;Phytophthora&lt;/em&gt; spp. are highly aggressive pathogens, although temperature–growth requirements for each species were distinct. As a consequence, the two species may be active in different seasons and their epidemiology may be differently influenced by global climate change, and they may show their active periods in different climatic scenarios. The climate change models for the Mediterranean Basin forecast a global temperature increase that favours the more thermophilic &lt;em&gt;P.&amp;nbsp;cryptogea&lt;/em&gt;. The high susceptibility to phytophthora root rot should not be disregarded in olive breeding programmes where wild olive is used as a source of resistance to verticillium wilt.&lt;/p&gt;</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Goss, Erica M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Larsen, Meg</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chastagner, Gary A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Givens, Donald R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Grünwald, Niklaus J.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Population genetic analysis infers migration pathways of Phytophthora ramorum in US nurseries</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">PLoS Pathog</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">09</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://dx.doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.ppat.1000583</style></url></web-urls></urls><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">9</style></number><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Public Library of Science</style></publisher><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">e1000583</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;Author Summary&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Sudden oak death, caused by the fungus-like pathogen &lt;em&gt;Phytophthora ramorum&lt;/em&gt;, has caused devastating levels of mortality of live oak and tanoak trees in coastal California forests and in urban and suburban landscapes in the San Francisco Bay Area. This pathogen also causes non-lethal disease on popular ornamental plants, including rhododendrons, viburnums, and camellias. &lt;em&gt;P. ramorum&lt;/em&gt; was discovered in California in the late 1990s and is exotic to the United States. Recently, presence of the disease in wholesale nurseries in California, Oregon, and Washington has led to shipments of diseased plants across the US, thus risking the introduction of the pathogen to other vulnerable forests. We examined the genetic diversity of this pathogen in US nurseries in order to better understand its evolution in nurseries and movement between states. We found that California populations were genetically different enough from Oregon and Washington populations that infestations of the pathogen found in nurseries in other states could be distinguished as having originated from California or the Northwest. Our inferences were consistent with trace forward investigations by regulatory agencies.&lt;/p&gt;</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Goss, Erica M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Larsen, Meg</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vercauteren, Annelies</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Werres, Sabine</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Heungens, Kurt</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Grünwald, Niklaus J.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Phytophthora ramorum in Canada: Evidence for Migration Within North America and from Europe</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Phytopathology</style></secondary-title><short-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Phytopathology®</style></short-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jan-01-2011</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://apsjournals.apsnet.org/doi/10.1094/PHYTO-05-10-0133</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">101</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">166 - 171</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;Phytophthora ramorum, the cause of sudden oak death on oak and ramorum blight on woody ornamentals, has been reported in ornamental nurseries on the West Coast of North America from British Columbia to California. Long-distance migration of P. ramorum has occurred via the nursery trade, and shipments of host plants are known to have crossed the U.S.-Canadian border. We investigated the genotypic diversity of P. ramorum in Canadian nurseries and compared the Canadian population with U.S. and European nursery isolates for evidence of migration among populations. All three of the P. ramorum clonal lineages were found in Canada but, unexpectedly, the most common was the NA2 lineage. The NA1 clonal lineage, which has been the most common lineage in U.S. nurseries, was found relatively infrequently in Canada, and these isolates may have been the result of migration from the United States to Canada. The EU1 lineage was observed almost every year and shared multilocus genotypes with isolates from Europe and the United States. Estimation of migration rates between Europe and North America indicated that migration was higher from Europe to North America than vice versa, and that unidirectional migration from Europe to North America was more likely than bidirectional migration.&lt;/p&gt;</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Goss, Erica M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Larsen, Meg</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vercauteren, Annelies</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Werres, Sabine</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Heungens, Kurt</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Grünwald, Niklaus J.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Phytophthora ramorum in Canada: evidence for migration within North America and from Europe</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Phytopathology</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://apsjournals.apsnet.org/doi/abs/10.1094/PHYTO-05-10-0133</style></url></web-urls></urls><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">101</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">166-171</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>46</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JH Graham</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LW Timmer</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">MM Dewdney</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Florida Citrus Pest Management Guide: Brown Rot of Fruit</style></title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/pdffiles/CG/CG02200.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">University of Florida, IFAS Extension, Gainesville, Florida</style></publisher><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Publication PP-148</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2 pp.</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Green, S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hendry, S.J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">MacAskill, G.A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Laue, B.E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Steele, H.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dieback and mortality of Juniperus communis in Britain associated with Phytophthora austrocedrae</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Disease Reports</style></secondary-title><short-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Dis. Rep.</style></short-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jul-12-2014</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ndrs.org.uk/contents.php?vol=26http://www.ndrs.org.uk/article.php?id=026002</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">26</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;In late 2010 reports were received of serious decline of native juniper (&lt;em&gt;Juniperus communis&lt;/em&gt;) at the Upper Teesdale National Nature Reserve in northern England comprising more than 200 ha of juniper. Dead and dying juniper trees were scattered throughout an area of approximately 14 ha, mainly concentrated on wet, flat ground but also extending outwards across drier slopes. Affected trees had foliage reddening and browning over all or most of the crown (Figs. 1, 2). Examination of ten trees showing these symptoms revealed orange-brown lesions in the phloem at the stem collar and upper roots (Fig. 3). Scattered dieback of shoots or individual branches (Fig. 4a) was also observed, and three trees examined with these symptoms had discrete girdling orange-brown phloem lesions with no apparent connection to the base of the tree (Fig. 4b). Phloem samples from lesion margins were plated on to SMA + MRP &lt;em&gt;Phytophthora &lt;/em&gt;selective medium (Brasier &lt;em&gt;et al&lt;/em&gt;., 2005) and incubated at room temperature (15-24°C) in the dark. After transfer to V8 agar, colonies were very slow growing (&amp;lt;0.5 mm per day at 17°C), forming dense, white mycelia (Fig. 5a) with coralloid hyphae (Fig. 5b); amphigynous antheridia measuring 10.8-19.9 µm in diameter (mean 13.2-16.2 µm); and globose oogonia with smooth hyaline to brown walls ranging in diameter between 23.5-41.2 µm (mean 34.4 µm). Semi- and non-papillate sporangia measuring 35.3-58.8 x 23.5-35.3 µm were also observed on V8 agar. Based on the above morphological characteristics and sequencing of the ITS and &lt;em&gt;cox&lt;/em&gt;II regions (GenBank Accession Nos. JQ346527 and JQ346528), the isolates were identified as &lt;em&gt;Phytophthora austrocedrae &lt;/em&gt;Gresl. &amp;amp; E.M. Hansen, associated with mortality of &lt;em&gt;Austrocedrus chilensis&lt;/em&gt; in Argentina (Greslebin &lt;em&gt;et al&lt;/em&gt;., 2007; Greslebin &amp;amp; Hansen, 2010). Direct PCR and sequencing of diseased phloem from basal and branch lesions on juniper trees from which no &lt;em&gt;Phytophthora&lt;/em&gt; was obtained yielded the same result.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Pathogenicity of the isolate was tested using the method of Greslebin &amp;amp; Hansen (2010) in which the stem bases of six healthy, 30-40 cm high, potted junipers were inoculated with 6 mm diameter mycelial plugs from the margin of a five-week-old &lt;em&gt;P. austrocedrae&lt;/em&gt; culture growing on V8 agar. The plants were incubated in a greenhouse at 17°C with natural lighting. Four weeks after inoculation, five of the juniper plants exhibited orange-brown phloem lesions of mean length 49 ± 8 mm extending both up the main stem and down into the root system. &lt;em&gt;P. austrocedrae&lt;/em&gt; was successfully re-isolated on to SMA + MRP medium from lesion margins, thereby satisfying Koch’s postulates. Control plants inoculated with sterile agar plugs remained healthy. This is the first finding of &lt;em&gt;P. austrocedrae &lt;/em&gt;infecting a &lt;em&gt;Juniperus&lt;/em&gt; species worldwide. Although &lt;em&gt;P. austrocedrae&lt;/em&gt; is not currently a statutory listed organism within the European Union, biosecurity measures are being applied at the infested site to contain the pathogen. In February 2012 &lt;em&gt;P. austrocedrae &lt;/em&gt;was confirmed infecting mature upland juniper at a second site in Britain, located in Perthshire, Scotland. Other juniper sites in Britain with similar decline symptoms are now under investigation.&lt;/p&gt;</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Green, S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">C.M. Brasier</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Schlenzig, A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">McCracken, A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">MacAskill, G. A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wilson, M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Webber, JF</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The destructive invasive pathogen Phytophthora lateralis found on Chamaecyparis lawsoniana across the UK</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forest Pathology</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">02/2013</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0329.2012.00788.x</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">43</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">19–28</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;In 2010–2011, &lt;em&gt;Phytophthora lateralis&lt;/em&gt; was isolated from diseased &lt;em&gt;Chamaecyparis lawsoniana&lt;/em&gt; exhibiting dieback and mortality at eight geographically separate forest, parkland and shelterbelt locations in England, Scotland and Northern Ireland. In 2011, &lt;em&gt;P.&amp;nbsp;lateralis&lt;/em&gt; was also isolated from young symptomatic nursery plants of &lt;em&gt;C.&amp;nbsp;lawsoniana&lt;/em&gt; and &lt;em&gt;Thuja occidentalis&lt;/em&gt; recently imported into Scotland from mainland Europe. These are the first findings of &lt;em&gt;P.&amp;nbsp;lateralis&lt;/em&gt; in the UK. At six of the field sites, only collar and root lesions were observed. However, at two sites, large stem and branch lesions unconnected to the collar region were also observed. &lt;em&gt;Phytophthora lateralis&lt;/em&gt; was readily isolated from both aerial and basal lesions. In artificial inoculation experiments, two Scottish isolates of the pathogen caused lesions on &lt;em&gt;C.&amp;nbsp;lawsoniana&lt;/em&gt; shoots and were readily reisolated from the lesions, their pathogenicity being comparable to that of &lt;em&gt;P.&amp;nbsp;lateralis&lt;/em&gt; isolates originating from outside the UK. Isolates from six field sites and the two nursery interceptions exhibited ITS and &lt;em&gt;cox&lt;/em&gt;II sequences identical to published sequences of French and North American isolates. However, the isolates from two field sites shared an ITS sequence with Taiwanese isolates and differed from North American, French and Taiwanese isolates by a single-base substitution in &lt;em&gt;cox&lt;/em&gt;II, suggesting a separate evolutionary history. It is clear that &lt;em&gt;P.&amp;nbsp;lateralis&lt;/em&gt; now presents a significant threat to &lt;em&gt;C.&amp;nbsp;lawsoniana&lt;/em&gt; in Britain. The main source of the outbreaks is likely to be imported infested nursery stock.&lt;/p&gt;</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Green, S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Elliot, M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Armstrong, A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hendry, S. J.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Phytophthora austrocedrae emerges as a serious threat to juniper Juniperus communis in Britain</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plant Pathology</style></secondary-title><short-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plant Pathol</style></short-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2015</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jan-04-2015</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/ppa.2015.64.issue-2http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/ppa.12253</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">64</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">456 - 466</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;From 2011 to 2013, &lt;em&gt;Phytophthora austrocedrae&lt;/em&gt; was isolated from diseased &lt;em&gt;Juniperus communis&lt;/em&gt; exhibiting dieback and mortality at eight geographically separate sites in Scotland and northern England. The pathogen was also confirmed present either by standard PCR of the ITS locus and sequencing or by real-time PCR on &lt;em&gt;J.&amp;nbsp;communis&lt;/em&gt; with symptoms at a further 11 sites in northern Britain. Out of 167 &lt;em&gt;J.&amp;nbsp;communis&lt;/em&gt; sampled across the 19 sites, 154 had foliage dieback over all or part of the crown as a result of basal lesions, which extended up the stem. Thirteen sampled trees had aerial branch lesions or discrete stem lesions with no apparent connection to the base of the tree. At 13 sites, dieback was concentrated in areas of poor drainage and/or alongside streams and other watercourses. In artificial inoculation experiments, &lt;em&gt;P.&amp;nbsp;austrocedrae&lt;/em&gt; caused rapidly extending stem and root lesions on &lt;em&gt;J.&amp;nbsp;communis&lt;/em&gt; and was reisolated from these lesions. Lesions also developed on &lt;em&gt;Chamaecyparis lawsoniana&lt;/em&gt; and &lt;em&gt;Chamaecyparis nootkatensis&lt;/em&gt; but the pathogen was not reisolated. All &lt;em&gt;P.&amp;nbsp;austrocedrae&lt;/em&gt; isolates obtained from &lt;em&gt;J.&amp;nbsp;communis&lt;/em&gt; in Britain shared 100% identity across the ITS locus but were distinct at one sequence position from &lt;em&gt;P.&amp;nbsp;austrocedrae&lt;/em&gt; isolates collected in Argentina from diseased &lt;em&gt;Austrocedrus chilensis&lt;/em&gt;. This study provides clear evidence that &lt;em&gt;P.&amp;nbsp;austrocedrae&lt;/em&gt; is a primary pathogen of &lt;em&gt;J&lt;/em&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;communis&lt;/em&gt; and now presents a significant threat to this species in Britain. Pathways for the emergence of &lt;em&gt;P. austrocedrae&lt;/em&gt; in Britain, and possible ways in which the pathogen may have spread within the country, are discussed.&lt;/p&gt;</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></issue></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>5</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">M. Greenup</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Managing Chamaecyparis lawsoniana (Port-Orford-Cedar) to control the root disease caused by Phytophthora lateralis in the Pacific Northwest, USA.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Coastally restricted forests</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chamaecyparis lawsoniana</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">disease control</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">literature reviews</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pacific States</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Phytophthora lateralis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">plant diseases and disorders</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">plant pathogenic fungi</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1998</style></year></dates><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New York : Oxford University Press, 1998</style></publisher><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">93–100</style></pages><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0195075676 (alk. paper)</style></isbn><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gregory, PH</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Maddison, AC</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ward, MR</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cocoa black pod: a reinterpretation</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cocoa Growers’ Bulletin</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1984</style></year></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">35</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5–22</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Greslebin, Alina G.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hansen, Everett M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Winton, Loretta M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rajchenberg, Mario</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Phytophthora species from declining Austrocedrus chilensis forests in Patagonia, Argentina</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mycologia</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2005</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.mycologia.org/cgi/content/abstract/97/1/218</style></url></web-urls></urls><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">97</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">218-228</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;A survey of &lt;em&gt;Phytophthora&lt;/em&gt; spp. in declining and healthy Austrocedrus chilensis forest was conducted to obtain an overview of the species that inhabit these forests. Seventeen declining and three healthy stands plus 11 associated streams were surveyed. Five &lt;em&gt;Phytophthora&lt;/em&gt; species were recovered. &lt;em&gt;P. syringae&lt;/em&gt; was the most common species isolated from soil and/or streams at nine declining sites and one healthy site. &lt;em&gt;P. gonapodyides&lt;/em&gt; was isolated from streams only, at five declining sites. &lt;em&gt;P. cambivora&lt;/em&gt; was isolated from soil and the undescribed taxa P. taxon Pgchlamydo’ and 22 P. taxon Raspberry’ were isolated from streams at one declining site each. The species were identified by ITS rDNA sequences and morphological features. Brief descriptions of each species and a discussion of their possible relationship with &quot;mal del cipres&quot; are presented.&lt;/p&gt;</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Greslebin, A. G.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hansen, E.M.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pathogenicity of Phytophthora austrocedrae on Austrocedrus chilensis and its relation with mal del ciprés in Patagonia</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plant Pathology</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cypress</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">forest pathology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">root rot</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">soilborne pathogens</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">August 2010</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3059.2010.02258.x</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">59</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">604–612</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;Field observations, isolations and pathogenicity tests were performed on &lt;em&gt;Austrocedrus chilensis (Cupressaceae)&lt;/em&gt; trees to determine the pathogenicity of &lt;em&gt;Phytophthora austrocedrae&lt;/em&gt; and its role in the aetiology of the cypress disease mal del ciprés (MDC) in Argentina. It was found that &lt;em&gt;P. austrocedrae&lt;/em&gt; is a primary pathogen of &lt;em&gt;A. chilensis&lt;/em&gt;. It was isolated from large necrotic lesions in the inner bark, and superficially in the sapwood, at the root collar and stem, in most of the MDC-affected stands surveyed along the range of &lt;em&gt;A. chilensis&lt;/em&gt; in Argentina. The main symptom in naturally infected trees was a necrotic lesion extending from killed roots up to 1&amp;nbsp;m up the tree bole. Seedlings, saplings and adult trees were all susceptible to inoculation with &lt;em&gt;P. austrocedrae&lt;/em&gt;. Under favourable experimental conditions (flooding), inoculated seedlings suffered massive mortality in less than a month. The importance of diseases caused by &lt;em&gt;Phytophthora spp&lt;/em&gt;. in South American forests is discussed.&lt;/p&gt;</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Greslebin, Alina G.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hansen, Everett M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sutton, Wendy</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Phytophthora austrocedrae sp. nov., a new species associated with Austrocedrus chilensis mortality in Patagonia (Argentina)</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mycological Research</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">soil pathogens</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B7XMR-4MWPSTC-2/2/cd293441766ba86e83832d81ab837e1a</style></url></web-urls></urls><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">111</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">308 - 316</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Phytophthora austrocedrae&lt;/em&gt; is a new species isolated from necrotic lesions of stem and roots of &lt;em&gt;Austrocedrus chilensis&lt;/em&gt;. It is a homothallic species characterized by semipapillate sporangia, oogonia with amphigynous antheridia, and very slow growth (1-2†mm†d-1 on V-8 agar at 17.5†$ınfty$C optimum temperature). Phylogenetic analysis of ITS rDNA sequence indicates that its closest relative is &lt;em&gt;Phytophthora syringae&lt;/em&gt;, another species frequently isolated from soil and streams in &lt;em&gt;A. chilensis&lt;/em&gt; forests.&lt;/p&gt;</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Grijalba, P.E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Palmucci, H.E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Guillin, E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Herrera, C.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Phytophthora multivora causing leaf spot on rhododendrons in Argentina</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Disease Reports</style></secondary-title><short-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Dis. Rep.</style></short-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2013</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">06/2013</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ndrs.org.uk/article.php?id=027020</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">27</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">20</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;div id=&quot;repbody&quot; class=&quot;clearfix&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Rhododendron&lt;/em&gt; is a genus belonging to the family Ericaceae and contains over 1000 species commonly known as rhododendrons and azaleas (Dimitri, 1978). &lt;em&gt;Phytophthora&lt;/em&gt; &lt;em&gt;multivora&lt;/em&gt; is a species that was described in Western Australia in 2008 but before that it was misidentified as . &lt;em&gt;citricola&lt;/em&gt; (Scott &lt;em&gt;et al.,&lt;/em&gt; 2009). During the early spring of 2011, leaf spot symptoms were observed on rhododendrons in two gardens in Tigre (northern Buenos Aires province) and in containers in a nursery near Buenos Aires city. Leaf spots were dark brown to almost black, visible on both sides near the leaf tips and margins, while tissue death continued down the leaf along the midrib (Fig. 1A). The veins under the diseased area of the leaves presented a reddish tint (Fig. 1B). Some leaves became brown and died, while in others the infection remained as spots on leaves.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;A&lt;em&gt; Phytophthora&lt;/em&gt; species was consistently isolated from symptom-bearing leaf tissues on PARBH medium (Jeffers &amp;amp; Martin, 1986). Hyphal tips reaching the surface of the medium were transferred onto potato dextrose agar (PDA) without inhibitors for purification and identification. Sporangia were produced abundantly in non-sterile soil extract. The majority of them were semi-papillate and ovoid, limoniform, ellipsoid or obpyriform (Fig. 2). Sporangia with two papillae were occasionally formed (Scott &lt;em&gt;et al&lt;/em&gt;., 2009). Chlamydospores were not observed. Isolates were homothallic with plerotic oospores, 22.9 ± 1.9 μm and paragynous antheridia (Fig. 3). The optimum growth temperature was 25 ± 1°C on V8A (Scott &lt;em&gt;et al&lt;/em&gt;., 2009) and the maximum growth temperature was 32 ± 1°C. The ITS was amplified and sequenced (GenBank Accession No. JQ812127) and showed that it was identical to &lt;em&gt;P. multivora&lt;/em&gt;, ex-type CBS 124.094 (FJ237517) by BLAST analysis (Altschul &lt;em&gt;et al&lt;/em&gt;., 1997). The isolate (ARod 110) was deposited in the culture collection of the Phytopathology Chair of the Faculty of Agronomy of Buenos Aires (FAUBA).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Due to the difficulty of performing pathogenicity tests in the field, detached leaves of &lt;em&gt;Rhododendron&lt;/em&gt; spp., &lt;em&gt;Camellia&lt;/em&gt; sp. &lt;em&gt;Viburnum tinus&lt;/em&gt; and &lt;em&gt;Photinia fraseri&lt;/em&gt; were inoculated in the laboratory with the ARod 110 isolate&lt;em&gt;.&lt;/em&gt; The tests were performed by inoculating five detached leaves with a 5 mm mycelium plug taken from a seven-day-old PDA culture. Controls were inoculated with PDA discs. Leaves were incubated at 20-22ºC under 12h light/12h dark cycle. All the inoculated leaves, except &lt;em&gt;Camellia&lt;/em&gt; sp., developed necrotic lesions seven days after inoculation. . &lt;em&gt;multivora&lt;/em&gt; was re-isolated from infected tissue. Symptoms were not detected on the controls. These characteristics conformed to those of &lt;em&gt;Phytophthora&lt;/em&gt; &lt;em&gt;multivora&lt;/em&gt; Scott &amp;amp; Jung. To our knowledge, this is the first record of &lt;em&gt;P. multivora&lt;/em&gt; causing leaf spot on &lt;em&gt;Rhododendron&lt;/em&gt; in Argentina and in Latin America, and it may be a potential pathogen for &lt;em&gt;Viburnum tinus&lt;/em&gt; and &lt;em&gt;Photinia fraseri.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Groves, Emma</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Howard, Kay</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hardy, Giles</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Burgess, Treena</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Role of salicylic acid in phosphite-induced protection against Oomycetes; a Phytophthora cinnamomi - Lupinus augustifolius model system</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">European Journal of Plant Pathology</style></secondary-title><short-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eur J Plant Pathol</style></short-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2015</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jan-03-2015</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs10658-014-0562-y</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">141</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">559 - 569</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;div class=&quot;page&quot; title=&quot;Page 3&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;layoutArea&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;column&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10.000000pt; font-family: 'RpnhvmAdvTT3713a231'; color: rgb(7.451000%, 7.843100%, 7.451000%);&quot;&gt;Phosphite is used to control Oomycetes in a wide range of horticultural and native plant species worldwide. However, phosphite can be phytotoxic, and some pathogens have exhibited a reduction in the effectiveness of phosphite due to prolonged use. In this study, salicylic acid (SA) was investigated as an alter- native, or supplementary, treatment to be used to protect plant species. With the use of aeroponics chambers, foliar application of phosphite, SA, and phosphite/SA to &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10.000000pt; font-family: 'VjwnshAdvTT50a2f13e.I'; color: rgb(7.451000%, 7.843100%, 7.451000%);&quot;&gt;Lupinus augustifolius &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10.000000pt; font-family: 'RpnhvmAdvTT3713a231'; color: rgb(7.451000%, 7.843100%, 7.451000%);&quot;&gt;was assessed in relation to root tip damage, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10.000000pt; font-family: 'VjwnshAdvTT50a2f13e.I'; color: rgb(7.451000%, 7.843100%, 7.451000%);&quot;&gt;in planta &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10.000000pt; font-family: 'RpnhvmAdvTT3713a231'; color: rgb(7.451000%, 7.843100%, 7.451000%);&quot;&gt;phosphite and SA concentration and lesion development. Both phosphite and SA were measurable at the root tip within 24 h of application, and all treatments significantly (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10.000000pt; font-family: 'VjwnshAdvTT50a2f13e.I'; color: rgb(7.451000%, 7.843100%, 7.451000%);&quot;&gt;P&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10.000000pt; font-family: 'DhfqqmAdvTT3713a231+22'; color: rgb(7.451000%, 7.843100%, 7.451000%);&quot;&gt;≤&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10.000000pt; font-family: 'RpnhvmAdvTT3713a231'; color: rgb(7.451000%, 7.843100%, 7.451000%);&quot;&gt;0.05) reduced the lesion length at 7 days. However, while phosphite and SA application increased the &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10.000000pt; font-family: 'VjwnshAdvTT50a2f13e.I'; color: rgb(7.451000%, 7.843100%, 7.451000%);&quot;&gt;in planta &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10.000000pt; font-family: 'RpnhvmAdvTT3713a231'; color: rgb(7.451000%, 7.843100%, 7.451000%);&quot;&gt;SA concentration, phosphite caused significantly more damage to the root tip by reducing root cap layers and length than the SA, or phosphite/SA application. This study supports the notion that phosphite-induced sensitivity may be SA- dependent, as both phosphite and SA were found to control &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10.000000pt; font-family: 'VjwnshAdvTT50a2f13e.I'; color: rgb(7.451000%, 7.843100%, 7.451000%);&quot;&gt;P. cinnamomi &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10.000000pt; font-family: 'RpnhvmAdvTT3713a231'; color: rgb(7.451000%, 7.843100%, 7.451000%);&quot;&gt;and stimulate SA accumulation. A combination of phosphite and SA may be more beneficial to plants if it can reduce phytotoxic effects and reduce the chance of pathogen sensitivity to phosphite. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></issue></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">N. J. Grünwald</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Werres, S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Goss, E. M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Taylor, C. R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fieland, V. J.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Phytophthora obscura sp. nov., a new species of the novel Phytophthora subclade 8d</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plant Pathology</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Aesculus hippocastanum</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kalmia latifolia</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">oomycete</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pieris</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rhododendron</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">taxonomy</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June 2012</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3059.2011.02538.x</style></url></web-urls></urls><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Blackwell Publishing Ltd</style></publisher><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">61</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">610–622</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;A new &lt;em&gt;Phytophthora&lt;/em&gt; species was detected (i) in the USA, infecting foliage of &lt;em&gt;Kalmia latifolia&lt;/em&gt;, (ii) in substrate underneath &lt;em&gt;Pieris&lt;/em&gt;, and (iii) in Germany in soil samples underneath &lt;em&gt;Aesculus hippocastanum&lt;/em&gt; showing disease symptoms. The new species &lt;em&gt;Phytophthora obscura&lt;/em&gt; sp. nov. is formally named based on phylogenetic analysis, host range, Koch’s postulates and morphology. &lt;em&gt;Phytophthora obscura&lt;/em&gt; is homothallic with paragynous antheridia and semipapillate sporangia. It is genetically closely related to &lt;em&gt;P.&amp;nbsp;syringae&lt;/em&gt; and &lt;em&gt;P.&amp;nbsp;austrocedrae&lt;/em&gt; and together these three species define a new &lt;em&gt;Phytophthora&lt;/em&gt; subclade 8d, with significant support for all genetic loci analysed including seven nuclear genes and the mitochondrial gene coxII. The morphological and ecological characteristics are very similar to &lt;em&gt;P.&amp;nbsp;syringae&lt;/em&gt;, and it is likely that &lt;em&gt;P.&amp;nbsp;obscura&lt;/em&gt; was not described earlier because it was identified as &lt;em&gt;P.&amp;nbsp;syringae&lt;/em&gt;. Artificial inoculations indicated that horse chestnut, kalmia, pieris and rhododendron might be hosts, and Koch’s postulates were confirmed for kalmia from which it was isolated. This pathogen was named after its elusive nature since it has to date rarely been detected in the US and Germany.&lt;/p&gt;</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Grünwald, Niklaus J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Martin, Frank N.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Larsen, Meredith M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sullivan, Christopher M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Press, Caroline M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Michael D. Coffey</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hansen, Everett M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Parke, Jennifer L.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Phytophthora-ID.org: a sequence-based Phytophthora identification tool</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plant Disease</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://apsjournals.apsnet.org/doi/abs/10.1094/PDIS-08-10-0609</style></url></web-urls></urls><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">95</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">337-342</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Grünwald, N. J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Larsen, M. M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kamvar, Z. N.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Reeser, P. W.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kanaskie, A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Laine, J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wiese, R.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">First Report of the EU1 Clonal Lineage of Phytophthora ramorum on Tanoak in an Oregon Forest</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plant Disease</style></secondary-title><short-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plant Disease</style></short-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2016</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jan-05-2016</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://apsjournals.apsnet.org/doi/10.1094/PDIS-10-15-1169-PDN</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">100</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1024 - 1024</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;Initially reported in California as the causal agent of sudden oak death (SOD), efforts to limit spread of &lt;em&gt;Phytophthora ramorum&lt;/em&gt; in Oregon natural forests have concentrated on quarantine regulations and eradication of the pathogen from infested areas. &lt;em&gt;P. ramorum&lt;/em&gt; has four clonal lineages: NA1; NA2; EU1; and EU2 (&lt;a id=&quot;b1&quot; class=&quot;ref bibr&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;Grünwald et al. 2012; &lt;a id=&quot;b4&quot; class=&quot;ref bibr&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;Van Poucke et al. 2012). Forest infestations in Oregon have been limited to the NA1 clonal lineage, whereas EU1, NA1, and NA2 clonal lineages have all been found in U.S. nurseries (&lt;a id=&quot;b2&quot; class=&quot;ref bibr&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;Kamvar et al. 2015; &lt;a id=&quot;b3&quot; class=&quot;ref bibr&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;Prospero et al. 2007). In February 2015, in response to an aerial survey, &lt;em&gt;P. ramorum&lt;/em&gt; was isolated from a dying &lt;em&gt;Notholithocarpus densiflorus&lt;/em&gt; tree in the South Fork Pistol River drainage of Curry Co., Oregon. The isolated strain was identified as &lt;em&gt;P. ramorum&lt;/em&gt; based on presence of chlamydospores, characteristic hyphae, and sporangial morphology. Microsatellite genotyping at 14 loci (&lt;a id=&quot;b5&quot; class=&quot;ref bibr&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;Vercauteren et al. 2011) and comparison with reference cultures revealed that these isolates belonged to the EU1 clonal lineage. Subsequently, five more isolates were obtained from the original tree stump and the EU1 lineage was confirmed. Microsatellite alleles of the forest EU1 isolates were nearly identical to EU1 isolates collected in 2012 from a nearby nursery during routine &lt;em&gt;P. ramorum&lt;/em&gt; nursery monitoring, except for one allele at locus PrMS145a. Interestingly, several isolates differed at locus ILVOPrMS131a within both the 2015 forest and the 2012 nursery findings with identical allele frequencies in each population for this locus. These data provide inconclusive support for the introduction of EU1 into Curry Co. from the 2012 populations found in nurseries, given that no direct match was found probably owing to the paucity of EU1 samples from nurseries. These results provide further evidence that multiple distinct &lt;em&gt;P. ramorum&lt;/em&gt; introduction events into the Curry Co. forest are a critical component of the epidemic (&lt;a id=&quot;b2&quot; class=&quot;ref bibr&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;Kamvar et al. 2015). The impact of the EU1 clonal lineage of &lt;em&gt;P. ramorum&lt;/em&gt; on Oregon natural forests is uncertain, but it may result in potential sexual reproduction given that EU1 is of A1 mating type while the prior population consisted of NA1 A2 mating type individuals. While sexual populations of &lt;em&gt;P. ramorum&lt;/em&gt; have not been observed in nature or were aberrant in the laboratory, the presence of both A1 and A2 mating types makes the potential for sexual recombination more likely. The EU1 forest infestation is undergoing eradication treatments. Additional monitoring is necessary to determine if the EU1 clonal lineage occurs elsewhere in Curry Co. forests.&lt;/p&gt;</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></issue></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Grünwald, Niklaus J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Goss, Erica M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Press, Caroline M.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Phytophthora ramorum: a pathogen with a remarkably wide host range causing sudden oak death on oaks and ramorum blight on woody ornamentals</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Molecular Plant Pathology</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1364-3703.2008.00500.x</style></url></web-urls></urls><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></number><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Blackwell Publishing Ltd</style></publisher><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">9</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">729–740</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Phytophthora ramorum&lt;/em&gt; is an oomycete plant pathogen classified in the kingdom &lt;em&gt;Stramenopila. P.&amp;nbsp;ramorum&lt;/em&gt; is the causal agent of sudden oak death on coast live oak and tanoak as well as &lt;em&gt;ramorum&lt;/em&gt; blight on woody ornamental and forest understorey plants. It causes stem cankers on trees, and leaf blight or stem dieback on ornamentals and understorey forest species. This pathogen is managed in the USA and Europe by eradication where feasible, by containment elsewhere and by quarantine in many parts of the world. Genomic resources provide information on genes of interest to disease management and have improved tremendously since sequencing the genome in 2004. This review provides a current overview of the pathogenicity, population genetics, evolution and genomics of &lt;em&gt;P.&amp;nbsp;ramorum.&lt;/em&gt; Taxonomy: &lt;em&gt;Phytophthora ramorum&lt;/em&gt; (Werres, De Cock &amp;amp; Man in’t Veld): kingdom &lt;em&gt;Stramenopila&lt;/em&gt;; phylum &lt;em&gt;Oomycota&lt;/em&gt;; class &lt;em&gt;Peronosporomycetidae&lt;/em&gt;; order &lt;em&gt;Pythiales&lt;/em&gt;; family &lt;em&gt;Pythiaceae&lt;/em&gt;; genus &lt;em&gt;Phytophthora&lt;/em&gt;.Host range: The host range is very large and the list of known hosts continues to expand at the time of writing. Coast live oak and tanoak are ecologically, economically and culturally important forest hosts in the USA. &lt;em&gt;Rhododendron, Viburnum, Pieris, Syringa&lt;/em&gt; and &lt;em&gt;Camellia&lt;/em&gt; are key ornamental hosts on which &lt;em&gt;P.&amp;nbsp;ramorum&lt;/em&gt; has been found repeatedly, some of which have been involved in moving the pathogen via nursery shipments. Disease symptoms: &lt;em&gt;P.&amp;nbsp;ramorum&lt;/em&gt; causes two different diseases with differing symptoms: sudden oak death (bleeding lesions, stem cankers) on oaks and &lt;em&gt;ramorum&lt;/em&gt; blight (twig dieback and/or foliar lesions) on tree and woody ornamental hosts.Useful websites: http://nature.berkeley.edu/comtf/, http://rapra.csl.gov.uk/, http://www.aphis.usda.gov/plant_health/plant_pest_info/pram/index.shtml, http://genome.jgi-psf.org/Phyra1_1/Phyra1_1.home.html, http://pamgo.vbi.vt.edu/, http://pmgn.vbi.vt.edu/, http://vmd.vbi.vt.edu./, http://web.science.oregonstate.edu/bpp/labs/grunwald/resources.htm, http://www.defra.gov.uk/planth/pramorum.htm, http://www.invasive.org/browse/subject.cfm?sub=4603, http://www.forestry.gov.uk/forestry/WCAS-4Z5JLL&lt;/p&gt;</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Grünwald, Niklaus J.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Genome sequences of Phytophthora enable translational plant disease management and accelerate research</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Canadian Journal of Plant Pathology</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/07060661.2012.664568</style></url></web-urls></urls><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">34</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">13-19</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;Whole and partial genome sequences are becoming available at an ever-increasing pace. For many plant pathogen systems, we are moving into the era of genome resequencing. The first &lt;em&gt;Phytophthora&lt;/em&gt; genomes, &lt;em&gt;P. ramorum&lt;/em&gt; and &lt;em&gt;P. sojae&lt;/em&gt;, became available in 2004, followed shortly by &lt;em&gt;P. infestans&lt;/em&gt; in 2006. Availability of whole genome sequences has provided rapid and immediate advances in several areas also resulting in many practical applications and critical new insights. Availability of comparative genome data facilitated discovery of new classes of effectors, such as the RxLR-dEER and crinkler effector families. Genome data also enabled development of molecular markers for population genomic approaches that provided critical new insights into the evolutionary history of species and clades of &lt;em&gt;Phytophthora&lt;/em&gt;. Several select examples of advances resulting from comparative genomic approaches in a concerted effort of the Oomycete research community are reviewed.&lt;/p&gt;</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Grünwald, Niklaus J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Garbelotto, Matteo</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Goss, Erica M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Heungens, Kurt</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Prospero, Simone</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Emergence of the sudden oak death pathogen Phytophthora ramorum</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trends in Microbiology</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0966842X11002277</style></url></web-urls></urls><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">20</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">131 - 138</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;The recently emerged plant pathogen &lt;em&gt;Phytophthora ramorum&lt;/em&gt; is responsible for causing the sudden oak death epidemic. This review documents the emergence of &lt;em&gt;P. ramorum&lt;/em&gt; based on evolutionary and population genetic analyses. Currently infection by &lt;em&gt;P. ramorum&lt;/em&gt; occurs only in Europe and North America and three clonal lineages are distinguished: EU1, NA1 and NA2. Ancient divergence of these lineages supports a scenario in which &lt;em&gt;P. ramorum&lt;/em&gt; originated from reproductively isolated populations and underwent at least four global migration events. This recent work sheds new light on mechanisms of emergence of exotic pathogens and provides crucial insights into migration pathways.&lt;/p&gt;</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Grünwald, Niklaus J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Goss, Erica M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ivors, Kelly</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Garbelotto, Matteo</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Martin, Frank N.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Prospero, Simone</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Everett Hansen</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Peter J.M. Bonants</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hamelin, Richard C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chastagner, Gary</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Werres, Sabine</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rizzo, David M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Abad, Gloria</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Beales, Paul</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bilodeau, Guillaume J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cheryl L. Blomquist</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brasier,Clive</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brière, Stephan C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chandelier, Anne</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Davidson, Jennifer M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Denman,Sandra</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Elliott, Marianne</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Susan J. Frankel</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Goheen, Ellen M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">de Gruyter, Hans</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Heungens, Kurt</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">James, Delano</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kanaskie, Alan</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Michael G McWilliams</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Man in ‘t Veld, Willem</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Moralejo, Eduardo</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Osterbauer, Nancy K.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Palm, Mary E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Parke, Jennifer L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sierra, Ana Maria Perez</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Shamoun, Simon F.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Shishkoff, Nina</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tooley, Paul W.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vettraino, Anna Maria</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Webber,Joan</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Timothy L. Widmer</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Standardizing the nomenclature for clonal lineages of the sudden oak death pathogen, Phytophthora ramorum</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Phytopathology</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://apsjournals.apsnet.org/doi/abs/10.1094/PHYTO-99-7-0792</style></url></web-urls></urls><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">7</style></number><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">99</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">792-795</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;{&lt;em&gt;Phytophthora ramorum&lt;/em&gt;, the causal agent of sudden oak death and &lt;em&gt;ramorum&lt;/em&gt; blight, is known to exist as three distinct clonal lineages which can only be distinguished by performing molecular marker-based analyses. However, in the recent literature there exists no consensus on naming of these lineages. Here we propose a system for naming clonal lineages of &lt;em&gt;P. ramorum&lt;/em&gt; based on a consensus established by the &lt;em&gt;P. ramorum&lt;/em&gt; research community. Clonal lineages are named with a two letter identifier for the continent on which they were first found (e.g.&lt;/p&gt;</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">PMID: 19522576</style></notes></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gyeltshen, Jamba</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dunstan, William A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Grigg, Andrew H.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Burgess, Treena I.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">St. J. Hardy, Giles E.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The influence of time, soil moisture and exogenous factors on the survival potential of oospores and chlamydospores of Phytophthora cinnamomi</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forest Pathology</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">dormancy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">long-term survival</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">phytophthora dieback</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">spore viability</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">vital stain</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2020</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nov/2020</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/efp.12637</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">n/a</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">e12637</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;The mode of persistence of &lt;em&gt;Phytophthora cinnamomi&lt;/em&gt;, a highly aggressive soil- and water-borne pathogen, remains unclear. This study investigated the survival of viable oospores and chlamydospores of &lt;em&gt;P. cinnamomi&lt;/em&gt; when present as free propagules in untreated soil, or in soil subject to four exogenous treatments: smoke water, fish emulsion and two fungicides (ridomil and furalaxyl). The exogenous treatments were applied under moist and dry soil conditions. Spore viability was determined by the thiazolyl blue tetrazolium bromide (MTT) staining technique, with a qPCR assay used to compare general patterns of decline. Over 96% of oospores lost viability over a period of 48 weeks irrespective of soil moisture conditions. The mean percentage viability for oospores decreased from 91% at time zero to 72, 35, 20 and 1% after 6, 12, 24 and 48 weeks, respectively. Reduction in viability of chlamydospores was more rapid than oospores, with viability declining from 92% to zero after 12 weeks. There was no significant difference between untreated soil and the exogenous treatments. The RNA-based qPCR assay indicated a strong presence of viable oospores of P.¬†cinnamomi up to week 12 for moist soil and week 3 for dry soil, but thereafter failed to detect RNA even though viable oospores could be detected by MTT staining. Based on the MTT staining, this study indicated that viability of &lt;em&gt;P. cinnamomi&lt;/em&gt; oospores may be entirely lost within 1 year and that of chlamydospores within 3 months for the soil type tested. Therefore, oospores and chlamydospores when existing as free propagules in soil appear unlikely to be involved in the long-term survival of &lt;em&gt;P. cinnamomi&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;</style></abstract></record></records></xml>