<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><xml><records><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rolando, Carol</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gaskin, Robyn</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Horgan, David</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Williams, Nari</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bader, Martin</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The use of adjuvants to improve uptake of phosphorous acid applied to Pinus radiata needles for control of foliar Phytophthora diseases</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></secondary-title><short-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand J For SciNew Zealand Journal of Forestry Science</style></short-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2014</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jan-01-2014</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.nzjforestryscience.com/content/44/1/8</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">44</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">8</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;div class=&quot;collapsible-content&quot;&gt;&lt;h4&gt;Background&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;line-height: 160%;&quot;&gt;Phosphorous acid is being investigated as a fungicide for the management of a needle disease caused by &lt;em&gt;Phytophthora pluvialis&lt;/em&gt; in &lt;em&gt;Pinus radiata&lt;/em&gt; in New Zealand. However, little is known about the penetration characteristics of this fungicide into &lt;em&gt;Pinus radiata&lt;/em&gt; foliage. This study was undertaken to determine: i) the penetration characteristics of a commercial phosphorous acid formulation, applied at 3&amp;nbsp;kg&amp;nbsp;ha&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt; and 12&amp;nbsp;kg&amp;nbsp;ha&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt; in 100&amp;nbsp;L water, into &lt;em&gt;Pinus radiata&lt;/em&gt; foliage and, ii) the effect of four commercially available adjuvants on phosphorous acid uptake into &lt;em&gt;Pinus radiata&lt;/em&gt; foliage. Efficacy of the best treatment was tested in vitro with two &lt;em&gt;Phytophthora&lt;/em&gt; species, &lt;em&gt;Phytophthora kernoviae&lt;/em&gt; and &lt;em&gt;P. pluvialis.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h4&gt;Methods&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;line-height: 160%;&quot;&gt;Foliar uptake of orthophosphoric acid radio-labelled with [&lt;sup&gt;32&lt;/sup&gt;P] was used to determine penetration characteristics of phosphorous acid as affected by the adjuvants tested. Needles collected from potted &lt;em&gt;Pinus radiata&lt;/em&gt; plants sprayed with the best performing treatment were used in a detached needle assay, where treated needles were exposed to the zoospores of the &lt;em&gt;Phytophthora&lt;/em&gt; species being tested.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h4&gt;Results&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;line-height: 160%;&quot;&gt;Uptake of the phosphorous acid formulation into &lt;em&gt;Pinus radiata&lt;/em&gt; needles applied without adjuvants was low (3.9-6.6%) at both concentrations tested. An alcohol ethoxylate adjuvant (applied at 0.2%) and two organosilicone adjuvants (applied at 0.2%) were found to significantly increase uptake of the fungicide over that applied alone or in combination with pinolene (applied at 0.35%). Highest uptake of phosphorous acid into &lt;em&gt;Pinus radiata&lt;/em&gt; foliage (51.6%) occurred over a period of 72&amp;nbsp;hours when the phosphorous acid was applied at the equivalent of 12&amp;nbsp;kg&amp;nbsp;ha&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt; with an organosilicone blend adjuvant at 0.2%. A significant reduction in lesion length on infected needles was found relative to the control when the two phosphorous acid treatments were applied with 0.2% organosilicone blend adjuvant. However, there were no significant differences in lesion length between the two treatments.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h4&gt;Conclusions&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;line-height: 160%;&quot;&gt;These results show that an organosilicone adjuvant significantly enhances uptake of phosphorous acid into &lt;em&gt;Pinus radiata&lt;/em&gt; needles and may increase its efficacy against &lt;em&gt;Phytophthora&lt;/em&gt; species.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue></record></records></xml>