00753nam a2200193 4500008004100000024003000041245009300071210006900164260013000233300000800363100001900371700001500390700001400405700001600419700001800435700001400453700001500467856007700482 2003 eng d aBLM/OR/WA/PL-004/004-179200aA range-wide assessment of Port-Orford-Cedar (Chamaecyparis lawsoniana) on federal lands0 arangewide assessment of PortOrfordCedar Chamaecyparis lawsoniana aPortland, ORb U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, and U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management a1821 aBetlejewski, F1 aCasavan, K1 aDawson, A1 aGoheen, D G1 aMastrofini, K1 aRose, D L1 aWhite, D E uhttp://www.fs.fed.us/r6/dorena/publications/in/poc-range-wide-assessment00495nas a2200121 4500008004100000245009100041210006900132300001200201490000600213100001700219700001200236856012500248 2006 eng d00aRecent developments in Phytophthora diseases of trees and natural ecosystems in Europe0 aRecent developments in Phytophthora diseases of trees and natura a11–170 v71 aBrasier, C M1 aJung, T uhttps://forestphytophthoras.org/references/recent-developments-phytophthora-diseases-trees-and-natural-ecosystems-europe00688nas a2200133 4500008004100000245010000041210006900141260015600210300001100366100001700377700001600394700001400410856013000424 1999 eng d00aThe role of Phytophthora pathogens in forests and semi-natural communities in Europe and Africa0 arole of Phytophthora pathogens in forests and seminatural commun aForest Research Laboratory, Oregon State University, Corvallis, ORbInternational Union of Forestry Research Organizations Working Party 7.02.09.c2000 a6–131 aBrasier, C M1 aHansen, E M1 aSutton, W uhttps://forestphytophthoras.org/references/role-phytophthora-pathogens-forests-and-semi-natural-communities-europe-and-africa00420nas a2200109 4500008004100000245003700041210003700078260009000115300001100205100001700216856007700233 1927 eng d00aRoot rots caused by Phycomycetes0 aRoot rots caused by Phycomycetes bUniversity of Utrecht, Meded. Phytopath. Lab. Willie Commelin Scholten Baarn 11: 4,7. a51 pp.1 aBuisman, C J uhttps://forestphytophthoras.org/references/root-rots-caused-phycomycetes02841nas a2200205 4500008004100000022001400041245014500055210006900200260001200269300001400281490000700295520206200302100002302364700002202387700002502409700001702434700002502451700002602476856013302502 2009 eng d a0191-291700aRe-evaluation of Phytophthora species isolated during 30 years of vegetation health surveys in western Australia using molecular techniques0 aReevaluation of Phytophthora species isolated during 30 years of c03/2009 a215 - 2230 v933 a

For 30 years, large-scale aerial photography has been used to map the extent of Phytophthora dieback disease in native forests in the southwest of Western Australia, with validation of the observations involving routine testing of soil and root samples for the presence of Phytophthora cinnamomi. In addition to P. cinnamomi, six morpho-species have been identified using this technique: P. citricola, P. megasperma, P. cryptogea, P. drechsleri, P. nicotianae, and P. boehmeriae. In recent years, many new Phytophthora species have been described worldwide, often with similar morphology to existing species; thus, as many of the isolates collected in Western Australia have been difficult to identify based on morphology, molecular identification of the morpho-species is required. Based on amplification of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of the rDNA gene, sequence data of more than 230 isolates were compared with those of existing species and undescribed taxa. P. inundata, P. asparagi, P. taxon PgChlamydo, P. taxon personii, and P. taxon niederhauserii were identified based on sequence data. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that nine potentially new and undescribed taxa can be distinguished. Several of the new taxa are morphologically indistinguishable from species such as P. citricola, P. drechsleri, and P. megasperma. In some cases, the new taxa are closely related to species with similar morphology (e.g., P.sp.4 and P. citricola). However, the DNA sequences of other new taxa such as P.sp.3 and P.sp.9 show that they are not closely related to morphologically similar species P. drechsleri and P. megasperma, respectively. Most of the new taxa have been associated with dying Banksia spp., while P.sp.2 and P.sp.4 have also been isolated from dying Eucalyptus marginata (jarrah). Some taxa (P.sp.3, 6, and 7) appear to have limited distribution, while others like P.sp.4 are widespread.

1 aBurgess, Treena, I1 aWebster, Janet, L1 aCiampini, Juanita, A1 aWhite, Diane1 aHardy, Giles StJ., E1 aStukely, Michael, J C uhttps://forestphytophthoras.org/references/re-evaluation-phytophthora-species-isolated-during-30-years-vegetation-health-surveys00356nas a2200097 4500008004000000245005100040210005000091300001000141100001500151856009200166 0 engd00aReport of the imperial mycologist, 1918–19190 aReport of the imperial mycologist 1918–1919 a82 pp1 aButler, EJ uhttps://forestphytophthoras.org/references/report-imperial-mycologist-1918%E2%80%93191901771nas a2200157 4500008004100000022001400041245012000055210006900175300001300244490000700257520116700264100001801431700001701449700001401466856013301480 1945 eng d a0031-949X00aRoot disease of Castanea species and some coniferous and broadleaf nursery stocks, caused by Phytophthora cinnamomi0 aRoot disease of Castanea species and some coniferous and broadle a162-180.0 v353 a

The fungus, Phytophthora cinnamomi Rands, is responsible for a destructive root rot of Chestnut and Chinkapin trees (Castanea spp.) in the United States. The author gives an outline of the work leading to the identification of the fungus, and reports on inoculation and field tests that have proved its pathogenicity on Chestnut and other hosts. The fungus causes a similar root disease in forest-tree nursery stock. Infection has been observed in the nursery on twenty broadleaf and coniferous species. Field and greenhouse inoculation tests have demonstrated the susceptibility to the disease of European Chestnut (Castanea sativa). The Asiatic species, C. crenata, C. mollissima, C. henryi, and C. seguinii, however, show a high degree of resistance. It seems probable that root rot of this type has been responsible for the recession of the American Chestnut in some areas of the United States. No satisfactory control measures have been evolved. Hybrid varieties resistant to both blight and root rot are being developed by crossing American Chestnut and Chinkapins with Asiatic species.

1 aCrandall, B S1 aGravatt, G F1 aRyan, M M uhttps://forestphytophthoras.org/references/root-disease-castanea-species-and-some-coniferous-and-broadleaf-nursery-stocks-caused00439nas a2200109 4500008004100000245007600041210006900117300001400186490000700200100001300207856010900220 1938 eng d00aRoot-rot of sweet chestnut and beech caused by species of Phytophthora.0 aRootrot of sweet chestnut and beech caused by species of Phytoph a101–1160 v121 aDay, W R uhttps://forestphytophthoras.org/references/root-rot-sweet-chestnut-and-beech-caused-species-phytophthora02095nas a2200169 4500008004100000022001400041245009300055210006900148300001000217490000700227520156300234100001801797700001501815700001401830700001501844856006601859 2011 eng d a0191-291700aRoot infections may challenge management of invasive Phytophthora spp. in U.K. woodlands0 aRoot infections may challenge management of invasive Phytophthor a13-180 v953 a

Because sporulation of Phytophthora ramorum and P. kernoviae on Rhododendron ponticum, an invasive plant, serves as primary inoculum for trunk infections on trees, R. ponticum clearance from pathogen-infested woodlands is pivotal to inoculum management. The efficacy of clearance for long-term disease management is unknown, in part due to lack of knowledge of pathogen persistence in roots and emerging seedlings. The main objectives of this work were to (i) investigate whether both pathogens infect R. ponticum roots, (ii) determine the potential for residual inoculum of P. kernoviae to infect R. ponticum seedlings in cleared woodlands, and (iii) assess potential for R. ponticum roots to support survival and transmission of P. kernoviae. Roots of R. ponticum were collected from both unmanaged and cleared woodlands and assessed for pathogen recovery. Both P. ramorum and P. kernoviae were recovered from asymptomatic roots of R. ponticum in unmanaged woodlands, and P. kernoviae was recovered from asymptomatic roots from seedlings in cleared woodland. Oospore production of P. kernoviae was observed in naturally infected R. ponticum foliage and in inoculated roots. Roots also supported P. kernoviae sporangia production. The results of this study suggest that post-clearance management of R. ponticum regrowth is necessary for long-term inoculum management in invaded woodlands.

1 aFichtner, E J1 aRizzo, D M1 aKirk, S A1 aWebber, JF uhttp://apsjournals.apsnet.org/doi/abs/10.1094/PDIS-03-10-023602203nas a2200193 4500008004100000022001400041245012600055210006900181260001600250300001400266490000700280520152500287100002501812700002701837700002401864700002601888700002701914856006801941 2014 eng d a0706-066100aReal-time PCR assay to distinguish Phytophthora ramorum lineages using the cellulose binding elicitor lectin (CBEL) locus0 aRealtime PCR assay to distinguish Phytophthora ramorum lineages  cMar-07-2014 a367 - 3760 v363 a

Phytophthora ramorum is a pathogenic oomycete that causes sudden oak death in the Western USA and sudden larch death in the UK. Until recently, three genetically divergent clonal lineages of P. ramorum were known (EU1, NA1 and NA2), named according to the continent on which they were first detected. In 2009, a fourth lineage named EU2 was discovered in the UK. Sequencing and microsatellite genotyping revealed that the EU2 lineage is genetically distinct from all other lineages. Allele-specific oligonucleotide-PCR (ASO-PCR) assays using real-time PCR were developed in this study, allowing for the identification of the EU2 lineage. Also, a combination of ASO-PCR assays targeting the cellulose binding elicitor lectin (CBEL) locus was validated to rapidly identify all four lineages. Sequencing of the CBEL locus revealed eight single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that distinguished EU2 from the other three lineages. Two ASO-PCR assays were developed from these SNPs, providing the ability to rapidly identify EU2 individuals relative to EU1, NA1 and NA2 individuals. These new assays were combined with two existing assays targeting the same locus to allow rapid and simple identification of all four lineages. Blind tests performed on a panel of representative samples revealed diagnostic profiles unique to each lineage. These markers can be used with diseased field samples, making them well suited for routine procedures in diagnostic laboratories to identify P. ramorum.

1 aGagnon, Marie-Claude1 aBergeron, Marie-Josée1 aHamelin, Richard, C1 aGrünwald, Niklaus, J1 aBilodeau, Guillaume, J uhttp://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/07060661.2014.92499900325nas a2200097 4500008004100000245003700041210003700078300001400115100001500129856008300144 1995 eng d00aRoot disease of alder in Britain0 aRoot disease of alder in Britain a661–6641 aGibbs, J N uhttp://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2338.1995.tb01118.x/abstract03594nas a2200181 4500008004100000022001400041245014000055210006900195260001600264300001400280490000800294520297500302100001703277700001603294700001703310700002003327856006503347 2015 eng d a0929-187300aRole of salicylic acid in phosphite-induced protection against Oomycetes; a Phytophthora cinnamomi - Lupinus augustifolius model system0 aRole of salicylic acid in phosphiteinduced protection against Oo cJan-03-2015 a559 - 5690 v1413 a

Phosphite is used to control Oomycetes in a wide range of horticultural and native plant species worldwide. However, phosphite can be phytotoxic, and some pathogens have exhibited a reduction in the effectiveness of phosphite due to prolonged use. In this study, salicylic acid (SA) was investigated as an alter- native, or supplementary, treatment to be used to protect plant species. With the use of aeroponics chambers, foliar application of phosphite, SA, and phosphite/SA to Lupinus augustifolius was assessed in relation to root tip damage, in planta phosphite and SA concentration and lesion development. Both phosphite and SA were measurable at the root tip within 24 h of application, and all treatments significantly (P0.05) reduced the lesion length at 7 days. However, while phosphite and SA application increased the in planta SA concentration, phosphite caused significantly more damage to the root tip by reducing root cap layers and length than the SA, or phosphite/SA application. This study supports the notion that phosphite-induced sensitivity may be SA- dependent, as both phosphite and SA were found to control P. cinnamomi and stimulate SA accumulation. A combination of phosphite and SA may be more beneficial to plants if it can reduce phytotoxic effects and reduce the chance of pathogen sensitivity to phosphite.

1 aGroves, Emma1 aHoward, Kay1 aHardy, Giles1 aBurgess, Treena uhttp://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs10658-014-0562-y01161nas a2200241 4500008004100000022001400041245009000055210006900145300001100214490000700225520045900232653001800691653001600709653001600725653001700741653000900758653001200767100002000779700001700799700001800816700001900834856006600853 2015 eng d a1937-786X00aRedesignation of Phytophthora taxon Pgchlamydo as Phytophthora chlamydospora sp. nov.0 aRedesignation of Phytophthora taxon Pgchlamydo as Phytophthora c a1–140 v103 a

A new species, Phytophthora chlamydospora, is described. P. chlamydospora, previously known informally as P. taxon Pgchlamydo, is found in streams and wet soil worldwide and is a pathogen of some riparian tree species. It is self-sterile, and produces persistent non-papillate sporangia, usually on unbranched sporangiophores. Clamydospores are formed most regularly at warmer temperatures. Phytophthora chlamydospora is classified in ITS Clade 6.

10achlamydospora10anew species10aPg chlamydo10aPhytophthora10asoil10astreams1 aHansen, Everett1 aReeser, Paul1 aSutton, Wendy1 aBrasier, Clive uhttps://www.pnwfungi.org/index.php/pnwfungi/article/view/141402207nas a2200181 4500008004100000022001400041245012500055210006900180260001200249300001400261490000700275520155200282100001501834700001201849700001601861700001701877856013101894 2005 eng d a0032-086200aRelationships between health of Quercus robur, occurrence of Phytophthora species and site conditions in southern Sweden0 aRelationships between health of Quercus robur occurrence of Phyt c08/2005 a502 - 5110 v543 a

The effect of Phytophthora species, soil chemistry, precipitation and temperature on the vitality of oak was evaluated in 32 oak stands in southern Sweden. In addition, the relationship between the occurrence of Phytophthora species and soil conditions was determined. The results showed that there was a weak association between the presence of P. quercina, the most frequently recovered Phytophthora species in southern Sweden, and the vitality of the oak stands (determined from estimates of crown defoliation of individual trees). The pathogens occurred more frequently in clayey and loamy soils that were less acidic and which had higher base saturation. However, they were found in all but the most acidic soils (pH < 3·5). In stands where Phytophthora species were not present, positive correlations between the average crown defoliation and proportion of damaged trees with average summer precipitation and average annual precipitation were found. There were no significant differences in soil chemistry between healthy and declining stands included in this study, and no significant correlations were found between any soil parameter and crown vitality. Based on the results from these 32 oak stands, it is likely that the decline of oaks in southern Sweden can be attributed to several different site-specific factors, such as infection by P. quercina or unusual weather events, which interact with a number of biotic and abiotic factors, leading to oak decline.

1 aJonsson, U1 aJung, T1 aSonesson, K1 aRosengren, U uhttps://forestphytophthoras.org/references/relationships-between-health-quercus-robur-occurrence-phytophthora-species-and-site02188nas a2200265 4500008004100000022001300041245016200054210006900216260001200285300001300297490000700310520133800317653001001655653001401665653001201679653001201691653001101703653001401714653001201728653000801740653001401748100001201762700001701774856013101791 2009 eng d a0031585000aRe-evaluation of Phytophthora citricola isolates from multiple woody hosts in Europe and North America reveals a new species, Phytophthora plurivora sp. nov.0 aReevaluation of Phytophthora citricola isolates from multiple wo c06/2009 a95 - 1100 v223 a

During large-scale surveys for soilborne Phytophthora species in forests and semi-natural stands and nurseries in Europe during the last decade, homothallic Phytophthora isolates with paragynous antheridia, semipapillate persistent sporangia and a growth optimum around 25 °C which did not form catenulate hyphal swellings, were recovered from 39 host species in 16 families. Based on their morphological and physiological characters and the similarity of their ITS DNA sequences with P. citricola as designated on GenBank, these isolates were routinely identified as P. citricola. In this study DNA sequence data from the internal transcribed spacer regions (ITS1 and ITS2) and 5.8S gene of the rRNA operon, the mitochondrial cox1 and β-tubulin genes were used in combination with morphological and physiological characteristics to characterise these isolates and compare them to the ex-type and the authentic type isolates of P. citricola, and two other taxa of the P. citricola complex, P. citricola I and the recently described P. multivora. Due to their unique combination of morphological, physiological and molecular characters these semipapillate homothallic isolates are described here as a new species, P. plurivora sp. nov.

10aBeech10acitricola10aDecline10adieback10aforest10amultivora10anursery10aoak10aphylogeny1 aJung, T1 aBurgess, T I uhttps://forestphytophthoras.org/references/re-evaluation-phytophthora-citricola-isolates-multiple-woody-hosts-europe-and-north00952nas a2200253 4500008004100000022003200041245013600073210006900209260009900278300001000377653001500387653002000402653001900422653002000441653003400461653002000495653002100515653001700536653001800553653001500571653002500586100002300611856006400634 2011 eng d aGen. Tech. Rep. PSW-GTR-23600aA risk assessment of climate change and the impact of forest diseases on forest ecosystems in the Western United States and Canada.0 arisk assessment of climate change and the impact of forest disea bU.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station, Albany, CA a70 p.10aArmillaria10acanker diseases10aClimate change10adwarf mistletoe10aenvironmental risk assessment10afoliar diseases10aforest pathogens10aPhytophthora10aroot diseases10astem rusts10ayellow-cedar decline1 aKliejunas, John, T uhttp://www.fs.fed.us/psw/publications/documents/psw_gtr236/02425nas a2200277 4500008004100000022001400041245008900055210006900144260003800213300001600251490000700267520160500274653002201879653002501901653001301926653001901939653002301958100001401981700001501995700001502010700001702025700002102042700001402063700001502077856005502092 2012 eng d a1365-305900aResponse of selected South Australian native plant species to Phytophthora cinnamomi0 aResponse of selected South Australian native plant species to Ph bBlackwell Publishing Ltdc12/2012 a1165–11780 v613 a

Thirty-seven South Australian native plant species from 11 families, including 15 threatened species in the state (of which six are listed as threatened under the federal Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999) were assessed for response to infection by Phytophthora cinnamomi. Seedlings, 3-6 months old and grown in a greenhouse, were inoculated by placing infested pine wood plugs in the potting mix, maintained in moist conditions and assessed for mortality and disease symptoms for between 3 and 10 months. Thirty species were found to be susceptible, of which nine were highly susceptible, 15 moderately susceptible and six slightly susceptible. Three species were found to be resistant and results for four species were inconclusive. Six of the 15 threatened, rare or locally endangered species tested (Eucalyptus viminalis var. viminalis, Correa aemula, C. calycina, Olearia pannosa ssp. pannosa, Pomaderris halmaturina ssp. halmaturina and Prostanthera eurybioides) were moderately susceptible, while two (Allocasuarina robusta and Pultenaea graveolens) were highly susceptible.Significant populations of at least five of the threatened species susceptible to the disease are located close to confirmed or suspected Phytophthora-infested areas or growing in areas conducive for P.cinnamomi. An effective management strategy is therefore required to avoid extinction of such species due to infection by the phytophthora dieback pathogen.

10anative vegetation10aphytophthora dieback10asurvival10asusceptibility10athreatened species1 aKueh, K H1 aMcKay, S F1 aFacelli, E1 aFacelli, J M1 aVelzeboer, R M A1 aAble, A J1 aScott, E S uhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3059.2012.02593.x02613nas a2200265 4500008004100000022001400041245013500055210006900190260002900259300001600288490000700304520174400311653002202055653001902077653002102096653002502117653002802142653002102170100001902191700002002210700002802230700001602258700001802274856005502292 2008 eng d a1365-294X00aReconstruction of the sudden oak death epidemic in California through microsatellite analysis of the pathogen Phytophthora ramorum0 aReconstruction of the sudden oak death epidemic in California th bBlackwell Publishing Ltd a2755–27680 v173 a

The genetic structure of the clonally reproducing Sudden Oak Death (SOD) pathogen in California was investigated using seven variable microsatellites. A total of 35 multilocus genotypes were identified among 292 samples representative of populations from 14 forest sites and of the nursery trade. amova indicated significant genetic variability both within (44.34%) and among populations (55.66%). Spatial autocorrelation analyses indicated that Moran’s index of similarity reached a minimum of 0.1 at 350 m, increased to 0.4 at 1500 m and then decreased to zero at 10 km. These results suggest a bimodal pattern of spread, with medium range dispersal (1500–10 000 m) putatively attributed to the presence of strong winds. Lack of genetic structure was identified for three groups of populations. One group notably included the nurseries’ population and two forest populations, both linked to early reports of the pathogen. A neighbour-joining analysis based on pairwise ΦST values indicated that the clade inclusive of the nurseries’ populations is basal to all California populations. A network analysis identified three common genotypes as the likely founders of the California infestation and proposes a stepwise model for local evolution of novel genotypes. This was supported by the identification in the same locations of novel genotypes and of their 1- or 2-step parents. We hypothesize that the few undifferentiated population groups indicate historical human spread of the pathogen, while the general presence of genetically structured populations indicates that new infestations are currently generated by rare medium or long-range natural movement of the pathogen, followed by local generation of new genotypes.

10agenetic structure10amicrosatellite10anetwork analysis10aPhytophthora ramorum10aspatial autocorrelation10aSudden oak death1 aMascheretti, S1 aCroucher, P J P1 aVettraino, Vettraino, A1 aProspero, S1 aGarbelotto, M uhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-294X.2008.03773.x01739nas a2200193 4500008004100000022001400041245012000055210006900175260002900244300001400273490000700287520111500294100001501409700001901424700001401443700001801457700001501475856005501490 2011 eng d a1439-032900aRelationship between field resistance to Phytophthora ramorum and constitutive phenolic chemistry of coast live oak0 aRelationship between field resistance to Phytophthora ramorum an bBlackwell Publishing Ltd a464–4690 v413 a

Sudden oak death, caused by Phytophthora ramorum, has resulted in high levels of coast live oak (CLO) mortality. However, some CLO survive in areas with high disease pressure and may thus be resistant. We tested the hypothesis that such field-resistant trees contain constitutively higher levels of phenolics than susceptible trees. Phloem was sampled from the trunks of two groups of trees (one previously inoculated, one naturally infected with P. ramorum) categorized over the course of several years as putatively resistant (PR, no symptoms), in remission (IR, showed symptoms but then recovered) and symptomatic (S). Individual and total soluble phenolics from these trees were quantified. There were no significant differences in individual or total soluble phenolics between groups of naturally infected trees. However, inoculated PR and IR trees were characterized by higher constitutive levels of ellagic acid, a tyrosol derivative, and an unidentified phenolic than S trees. Ellagic acid and tyrosol-like compounds in CLO phloem are promising resistance biomarker candidates.

1 aNagle, A M1 aMcpherson, B A1 aWood, D L1 aGarbelotto, M1 aBonello, P uhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0329.2010.00703.x01817nas a2200157 4500008004100000245008000041210006900121260001600190520132800206100002301534700001701557700001501574700001401589700001601603856004001619 2016 eng d00aRapid diagnosis of pathogenic Phytophthora species in soil by real-time PCR0 aRapid diagnosis of pathogenic Phytophthora species in soil by re cJan-07-20163 a

Real-time PCR assays based on the TaqMan system and using ITS sequences were developed for the identification of Phytophthora species, including P. cactorum, P. megasperma, P. plurivora, P. pseudosyringae and P. quercina, all of which are currently causing significant damage to roots of forest trees in both managed stands and natural ecosystems. Total genomic DNA was extracted from mycelia of aforementioned Phytophthora isolates. Species-specific primers for P. cactorum, P. megasperma, P. plurivora, P. pseudosyringae and P. quercina were designed based on ITS sequences of rDNA. The amplification efficiency of target DNA varied from 93.1% (P. pseudosyringae) to 106.8% (P. quercina). The limit of the detection was calculated as 100 – 1,000 fg DNA, depending on the Phytophthora species. In mixed soil samples, all Phytophthora species were detected for Ct values shifted by 0.7 – 2.1 cycles. Based on these real-time PCR assays we were able to identify the five Phytophthora species. These techniques will be of value in the identification of these pathogens, which may cause up to 80 – 90% fine root loss in oak stands.

1 aNowakowska, J., A.1 aMalewski, T.1 aTereba, A.1 aOszako, T1 aBelbahri, L uhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1111/efp.1230300446nas a2200097 4500008004100000245007300041210006900114260003900183100001600222856011000238 2004 eng d00aResistance mechanisms of Port-Orford-cedar to Phytophthora lateralis0 aResistance mechanisms of PortOrfordcedar to Phytophthora lateral aCorvallisbOregon State University1 aOh, Eunsung uhttps://forestphytophthoras.org/references/resistance-mechanisms-port-orford-cedar-phytophthora-lateralis04060nas a2200157 4500008004100000022001300041245009300054210006900147260001600216300001600232490000700248520353700255100002003792700002403812856006603836 1991 eng d a0953756200aA revised systematics of twelve papillate Phytophthora species based on isozyme analysis0 arevised systematics of twelve papillate Phytophthora species bas cJan-09-1991 a1025 - 10460 v953 a

Isoenzyme analysis was used to examine intraspecific diversity and interspecific relatedness of P. cactorum (group I) and 12 papillate species of Phytophthora within group II of Waterhouse's (1963) taxonomic scheme. Isolates of 6 species, specifically P. botryosa, P. heveae, P. katsurae, P. meadii, P. palmivora and P. parasitica (P. nicotianae var. parasitica), contained low levels of genetic diversity and were judged to be valid species. Based upon isoenzyme analysis, all isolates of P. arecae were found to be identical with some isolates of P. palmivora. Thus, it is proposed that these 2 species are synonymous. For P. nicotianae var. parasitica, differences in oospore size or host plant were contrasted with the isoenzyme data using single locus coefficients and no evidence was found to support the existence of distinct varieties. In contrast, several other species, particularly P. capsici, P. citrophthora and P. megakarya, demonstrated much higher levels of variation in isoenzyme pattern and subgroups were readily identified. Isolates of P. capsici, including those previously identified as P. palmivora 'MF4' separated into 3 subgroups CAP1, CAP2 and CAP3. Those in CAP1 were from widely distributed geographical locations on a range of hosts including Capsicum sp., tomato, cucurbits, as well as cocoa and black pepper and it contained the greatest amount of intraspecific diversity. A single representative of P. mexicana also clustered with this subgroup and as such is considered conspecific to P. capsici. CAP2 isolates were found primarily on black pepper and from Hawaii on Macadamia integrifolia as well as other hosts. In some instances, specifically with isolates from India and Indonesia on black pepper both CAP1 and CAP2 were found. However, the evidence from isoenzymes suggests that the 2 groups are genetically isolated from one another. All representatives of CAP3 were derived from diseased cocoa in Brazil and this subgroup was monomorphic for all loci examined. P. citrophthora was divided into 2 subgroups. Isolates of CTR1 were derived from a large range of hosts including citrus and kiwi fruit. CTR2 was composed of only Brazilian isolates from cocoa. P. megakarya, which has only been reported on cocoa from West Africa, was also divided into 2 subgroups which were separated geographically. Isolates of MGK1 originated from either Nigeria or Guinea and isolates of MGK2 were from Cameroon. P. boehmeriae was the most genetically diverse species examined with 4 isoenzymatically diverse ETs representing only 11 isolates. Interspecific comparisons revealed relationships which would not have been predicted based on morphological comparisons alone. For example, P. meadii and P. botryosa clustered together indicating a very close genetic relatedness. P. katsurae and P. heveae also formed a single cluster. However, comparison of oospores of these 2 species showed that the oogonial stalk length of P. katsurae was consistently much longer. Unexpectedly, P. capsici and P. citrophthora also formed a cluster indicating that they were genetically related. Finally, the results of this isoenzyme analysis suggest that the papillate species of Group II of Waterhouse's (1963) scheme may form at least 6 distinct evolutionary lines.

1 aOudemans, Peter1 aCoffey, Michael, D. uhttp://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S095375620980543102104nas a2200181 4500008004100000022001400041245010100055210006900156260001600225300001600241490000800257520150500265100002301770700002001793700002001813700002301833856006601856 2020 eng d a0191-291700aRoot Rot of Juniperus and Microbiota by Phytophthora lateralis in Oregon Horticultural Nurseries0 aRoot Rot of Juniperus and Microbiota by Phytophthora lateralis i cJan-05-2020 a1500 - 15060 v1043 a

Widespread symptoms of root rot and mortality on Juniperus communis and Microbiota decussata were observed in two horticultural nurseries in Oregon, leading to the isolation of a Phytophthora sp. from diseased roots. Based on morphology and sequencing the internal transcribed spacer ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 region, isolates were identified as the invasive pathogen Phytophthora lateralis, causal agent of Port-Orford-cedar (POC; Chamaecyparis lawsoniana) root disease. Additional sequencing of the cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 and 2 genes identified all isolates as belonging to the PNW lineage. Utilizing recovered isolates plus a POC-wildlands isolate and susceptible POC as controls, we completed Koch's postulates on potted Juniperus and Microbiota plants. Nursery isolates were more aggressive than the forest isolate, which was used in the POC resistance breeding program. Increased aggressiveness was confirmed using a branch stem dip assay with four POC clones that differed in resistance, although no isolate completely overcame major-gene resistance. Isolates were sensitive to mefenoxam, a fungicide commonly used to suppress Phytophthora spp. growth in commercial nurseries. Although POC resistance is durable against these more aggressive nursery isolates, the expanded host range of P. lateralis challenges POC conservation through the continued movement of P. lateralis by the nursery industry.

1 aPeterson, Ebba, K.1 aRupp, Franziska1 aEberhart, Joyce1 aParke, Jennifer, L uhttps://apsjournals.apsnet.org/doi/10.1094/PDIS-04-19-0808-RE00584nas a2200181 4500008004100000245012200041210006900163260001200232300001400244490000700258100001300265700001200278700001200290700001400302700001500316700001600331856005500347 2010 eng d00aRoot and aerial infections of Chamaecyparis lawsoniana by Phytophthora lateralis: a new threat for European countries0 aRoot and aerial infections of Chamaecyparis lawsoniana by Phytop c10/2011 a417–4240 v411 aRobin, C1 aPiou, D1 aFeau, N1 aDouzon, G1 aSchenck, N1 aHansen, E M uhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0329.2010.00688.x00977nas a2200289 4500008004100000245018100041210006900222260002600291300001100317490002600328100001800354700001600372700001300388700001500401700001500416700001500431700001400446700001800460700001400478700001600492700001500508700001400523700001400537700004800551700003800599856005000637 2009 eng d00aReport on the risk of entry, establishment, spread and socio-economic loss and environmental impact and the appropriate level of management for Phytophthora ramorum for the EU.0 aReport on the risk of entry establishment spread and socioeconom aSand Hutton, York, UK a311 p.0 vDeliverable Report 281 aSansford, C E1 aInman, A J1 aBaker, R1 aBrasier, C1 aFrankel, S1 aGruyter, J1 aHusson, C1 aKehlenbeck, H1 aKessel, G1 aMoralejo, E1 aSteeghs, M1 aWebber, J1 aWerres, S1 aForest Research, Central Science Laboratory1 aEU Sixth Framework Project, RAPRA uhttp://rapra.csl.gov.uk/RAPRA-PRA_26feb09.pdf01647nas a2200229 4500008004100000022001400041245009900055210006900154260002900223300001400252490000800266520090900274653002101183653002101204653002601225100002301251700002301274700002401297700001901321700002201340856005501362 2011 eng d a1439-043400aRoot and crown rot of Brazilian pine (Araucaria angustifolia) caused by Phytophthora cinnamomi0 aRoot and crown rot of Brazilian pine Araucaria angustifolia caus bBlackwell Publishing Ltd a194–1960 v1593 a

In an area reforested with Brazilian pine (Araucaria angustifolia) located in Paran√° State, southern Brazil, 20- to 40-year-old trees representing 0.2% of the surveyed area had symptoms of root and crown rot, yellowing and browning of leaves from the uppermost branches and death. Three Phytophthora isolates obtained from diseased plant tissue were tested against 1-year-old Brazilian pine seedlings and found to display positive pathogenicity. Based on their morphological and physiological characteristics, the isolates were identified as Phytophthora cinnamomi. A GenBank BLAST search of partial sequences from the β-tubulin and elongation factor-1α genes, as well as the ITS regions and 5.8S gene of rDNA, confirmed the species identification. This is the first report of the involvement of this pathogen on the aetiology of Brazilian pine root and crown rot.

10achromistan fungi10aforest pathology10afungal plant pathogen1 aSantos, A., F. dos1 aTessmann, Dauri, J1 aAlves, Tatiane, C A1 aVida, João, B1 aHarakava, Ricardo uhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0434.2010.01741.x00508nas a2200157 4500008004100000022001500041245005500056210005500111300000900166490000800175100001600183700002000199700001700219700001400236856010000250 1990 eng d a0027-5522 00aRevised tabular key to the species of Phytophthora0 aRevised tabular key to the species of Phytophthora a1-280 v1621 aStamps, D J1 aWaterhouse, G M1 aNewhook, F J1 aHall, G S uhttp://www.cabdirect.org/abstracts/19902300161.html;jsessionid=1D85C493563BECA35F0E55609ABAF21C03570nas a2200145 4500008004100000022001400041245013900055210006900194300001000263490000700273520300600280100002003286700002203306856009603328 2010 eng d a1179-539500aA review of New Zealand kauri (Agathis australis (D.Don) Lindl.): its ecology, history, growth and potential for management for timber0 areview of New Zealand kauri Agathis australis DDon Lindl its eco a33-590 v403 a

Kauri (Agathis australis (D.Don) Lindl.) is endemic to New Zealand, where it is the only indigenous member of the Araucariaceae. It has the most southerly distribution of any species in the genus and is currently confined to the warm temperate areas of the North Island. At the time of European settlement, forests containing kauri covered 1 000 000 ha or more in New Zealand. Following uncontrolled logging, land clearance for alternative land use and destruction by fire, only 7500 ha of virgin or primary forest remain, mainly in conservation reserves. An additional 60 000 ha of scrub/shrubland and secondary forest contain varying amounts of regenerating kauri. Kauri is reputed to produce greater volumes of wood from single stems than any other timber tree in the world. Its timber is regarded as one of the finest due to qualities of decay resistance and dimensional stability under moist conditions. A wide range of products was developed by Maori and European settlers. Kauri timber and gum made a substantial contribution to the physical and economic development of New Zealand between 1830 and 1900. Agathis australis shares a number of biological characteristics with lowland Agathis species found in the tropics and subtropics. These include a juvenile form with narrow tapering crown; mature emergent trees with massive, spreading, dome-shaped crowns and upwardly-arched branches; self-pruning in sapling and pole-stage trees; flaking bark; winddispersed, small-winged seeds formed in cones that disintegrate at time of seed maturity while still on the tree; and only a few months of seed viability after shedding. Juvenile trees with taproots and mature trees with wide-spreading lateral roots and descending peg roots are windfirm, assisting longevity. Although surviving trees of massive dimensions (3-5 m diameter) are usually hollow, their life span may be 1500 years or more. Large kauri have a podsolising effect on some acidic soils, making them less fertile. Efficiency in the use of water and nutrients has enabled the species to become dominant on infertile and drought-prone ridge tops. Observations of growth in natural stands indicate mean annual increment of 2.5-6.0 mm in diameter and 0.3 m in height. Interplanting of kauri in scrub and shrubland developed on former kauri forest sites has produced poor results. Mean annual increments of 6.9 mm in diameter and 0.44 m in height have been recorded in young untended plantations. Greater success has been achieved through attention to site selection, improved establishment techniques and silvicultural tending. The most suitable sites for planting are those with fertile, well-drained, light-textured soils, a warm, humid climate, and a history of previous occupation by broadleaved (angiosperm) plant species. Current research suggests that rotation length can be reduced by best-practice management, and that planted stands could be a continuing source of kauri timber in the future.

1 aSteward, G., A.1 aBeveridge, A., E. uhttp://www.scionresearch.com/__data/assets/pdf_file/0019/17164/NZJFS40201033-59_STEWARD.pdf00458nas a2200133 4500008004100000245008600041210006900127300001100196490000700207100001600214700001400230700001600244856006400260 2007 eng d00aRisk factors for the Phytophthora-induced decline of alder in northeastern France0 aRisk factors for the Phytophthorainduced decline of alder in nor a99-1050 v971 aThoirain, B1 aHusson, C1 aMarçais, B uhttp://apsjournals.apsnet.org/doi/abs/10.1094/PHYTO-97-009900426nas a2200133 4500008004100000245006600041210006600107300001100173490000700184653002700191100001600218700001800234856004000252 1942 eng d00aRoot rot of Chamaecyparis caused by a species of Phytophthora0 aRoot rot of Chamaecyparis caused by a species of Phytophthora a94-1030 v3410aPhytophthora lateralis1 aTucker, C M1 aMilbrath, J A uhttp://www.jstor.org/stable/375494500719nas a2200157 4500008004100000245015300041210006900194260010100263300001000364653002900374653002200403653002700425100001200452700001300464856008400477 2004 eng d00aRecord of decision and land and resource management plan amendment for management of Port-Orford-cedar in southwest Oregon, Siskiyou National Forest0 aRecord of decision and land and resource management plan amendme aMedford, ORbU.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service, Rogue River-Siskiyou National Forest a63 p.10aChamaecyparis lawsoniana10adisease detection10aPhytophthora lateralis1 aUSDA-FS1 aUSDI-BLM uhttp://www.fs.fed.us/r6/rogue-siskiyou/projects/foresthealth/poc/poc-rod-fs.pdf