01010nas a2200157 4500008004100000245007900041210006900120520050000189100001500689700001300704700001500717700001600732700001400748700001700762856007300779 2008 eng d00aPhytophthora alni subsp. uniformis found in Alaska beneath thinleaf alders0 aPhytophthora alni subsp uniformis found in Alaska beneath thinle3 a

Phytophthora alni Brasier & S. A. Kirk 2004 is an emergent pathogen causing a lethal root and collar disease of alder species in Europe. The species has not been previously found in North America, although an isolate tentatively referred to as P. alni was reported in a survey of nurseries in Minnesota. The potential establishment and spread of this complex of pathogens is perceived to represent a threat to all species of Alnus in the western hemisphere.

1 aAdams, G C1 aCatal, M1 aTrummer, L1 aHansen, E M1 aReeser, P1 aWorrall, J J uhttp://www.plantmanagementnetwork.org/php/elements/sum2.aspx?id=709401571nas a2200157 4500008004100000245010100041210006900142300001200211490000700223520105000230100001501280700001501295700001601310700001901326856006801345 2012 eng d00aPotential of Phytophthora pinifolia to spread via sawn green lumber: a preliminary investigation0 aPotential of Phytophthora pinifolia to spread via sawn green lum a211-2160 v743 a

Phytophthora pinifolia causes the needle and shoot disease of Pinus radiata in Chile known as Daño Foliar del Pino. Although P. pinifolia is primarily a needle pathogen, there are concerns that it might be spread to new environments via the export of contaminated timber. In order to determine whether P. pinifolia can enter or persist in green sawn lumber, its presence in lumber produced from trees exposed to the pathogen for at least four years was examined. Green lumber produced from the infected trees, and green wood samples artificially exposed to P. pinifolia inoculum, were analysed by making extensive isolations on Phytophthora selective media. In addition, PCR was conducted using species-specific primers developed for P. pinifolia. Results of the study showed that the green sawn lumber taken from trees infected by P. pinifolia, or green lumber exposed in infected pine plantations, displayed no evidence of the pathogen surviving in this material.

1 aAhumada, R1 aRotella, A1 aSlippers, B1 aWingfield, M J uhttp://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.2989/20702620.2012.71738100516nas a2200145 4500008004100000245006800041210006800109300001200177490000700189100001600196700001900212700001500231700001700246856010700263 1972 eng d00aPhytophthora foot rot of black pepper in Brazil and Puerto Rico0 aPhytophthora foot rot of black pepper in Brazil and Puerto Rico a144-1480 v621 aAlconero, R1 aAlbuquerque, F1 aAlmeyda, N1 aSantiago, AG uhttp://www.apsnet.org/publications/phytopathology/backissues/Documents/1972Articles/Phyto62n01_144.PDF01024nas a2200145 4500008004100000022001400041245010000055210006900155260001600224300001100240520055200251100001500803700001700818856004300835 2017 eng d a1439-032900aPhytophthora cinnamomi A1: An ancient resident of New Guinea and Australia of Gondwanan origin?0 aPhytophthora cinnamomi A1 An ancient resident of New Guinea and  cJan-02-2017 ae123423 a

This article re-examines the hypothesis, first proposed by Shepherd (Search, 6(11-12), 1975, 484), that Phytophthora cinnamomi is an ancient organism in Australia and New Guinea. It further evaluates data that suggest the A1 mating type is Gondwanan in origin and may have been present in New Guinea for up to 10 million years. It is postulated that there has been a mating type change in P. cinnamomi from A1 to A2 in relatively recent times as a result of genetic transformation of the A1 mating type.

1 aArentz, F.1 aWoodward, S. uhttp://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/efp.1234202233nas a2200229 4500008004100000022001400041245007500055210006900130260002600199300001400225490000800239520155400247653001001801653001301811653002201824653003801846653002001884100001501904700001501919700001401934856005501948 2006 eng d a1439-043400aPCR-based DNA Markers for identifying hybrids within Phytophthora alni0 aPCRbased DNA Markers for identifying hybrids within Phytophthora bBlackwell Verlag GmbH a168–1770 v1543 a

Two pairs of oligonucleotide primers were designed for the polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based detection and differential identification of naturally occurring interspecific hybrid types (subspecies) of Phytophthora alni, all of which cause collar rot of alder trees. Primer pairs were derived from randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) fragments that were unique to various subspecies of this alder pathogen. The primer pair set, SAP1/SAP2 (SAP), was derived from a 0.93-kb RAPD fragment amplified from P. alni ssp. alni. The primer pair set, SWAP1/SWAP2 (SWAP), was derived from a 1.13-kb fragment amplified from P. alni ssp. uniformis. Patterns of SAP and SWAP amplification enabled distinction among the three subspecies. No PCR products were amplified from isolates of 31 other Phytophthora spp. examined, including P. cambivora and P. fragariae, the suspected progenitors of P. alni. The SAP and SWAP primer sets were able to detect a minimum of 10 pg of DNA from pure cultures or DNA extracted from as few as 10 zoospores. Pathogen DNA could also be amplified directly from bark lesions of artificially inoculated and naturally infected common alders and from lesions developed on common cherry-laurel leaves used in baiting the pathogen from infested soil. Direct detection of pathogen DNA from alder tissue using SAP and SWAP primer sets should prove useful in developing measures for effective quarantine and management of P. alni.

10aAlnus10aoomycete10aPhytophthora alni10apolymerase chain reaction markers10aspecies hybrids1 aBakonyi, J1 aNagy, Z Á1 aÉrsek, T uhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0434.2006.01079.x00583nas a2200181 4500008004100000245010000041210006900141300001200210490000700222100001300229700001300242700001400255700001900269700001400288700001400302700002000316856006500336 2007 eng d00aPhytophthora spp. associated with forest soils in eastern and north-central U.S. oak ecosystems0 aPhytophthora spp associated with forest soils in eastern and nor a705-7100 v911 aBalci, Y1 aBalci, S1 aEggers, J1 aMacDonald, W L1 aJuzwik, J1 aLong, R P1 aGottschalk, K W uhttp://apsjournals.apsnet.org/doi/abs/10.1094/PDIS-91-6-070501812nas a2200205 4500008004100000022001300041245011600054210006900170260001200239300001400251490000800265520114100273100001801414700001701432700002001449700002101469700001901490700002601509856007101535 2008 eng d a0953756200aPhytophthora quercetorum sp. nov., a novel species isolated from eastern and north-central USA oak forest soils0 aPhytophthora quercetorum sp nov a novel species isolated from ea c08/2008 a906 - 9160 v1123 a

Isolates belonging to an undescribed Phytophthora species were frequently recovered during an oak forest soil survey of Phytophthora species in eastern and north-central USA in 2004. The species was isolated using an oak leaf baiting method from rhizosphere soil samples collected from Quercus rubra, Q. macrocarpa, and Q. phellos. This species is formally described as P. quercetorum. It is homothallic and has aplerotic oogonia and paragynous antheridia. It produces papillate sporangia (occasionally bipapillate) of ovoid-elongated shapes. Its temperature optimum for growth is ca 22.5 °C with the upper limit of ca 32.5 °C. P. quercetorum differs from the morphologically related P. quercina in producing distinct submerged colony-patterns, different growth-temperature requirements, and oogonial shapes and sizes. Phylogenetic analyses using seven nuclear loci supported P. quercetorum as a novel species within clade 4, closely related to P. arecae, P. palmivora, P. megakarya, and P. quercina.

1 aBalci, Yilmaz1 aBalci, Selin1 aBlair, Jaime, E1 aPark, Sook-Young1 aKang, Seogchan1 aMacdonald, William, L uhttp://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S095375620800084100464nam a2200121 4500008004100000245004300041210004300084260008900127490001300216100001800229700001900247856007600266 1993 eng d00aPhytophthora basal canker of red maple0 aPhytophthora basal canker of red maple aGainseville, FL. bFla. Dept. Agric. & Consumer Services. Division of Plant Industry0 v No. 3611 aBarnard, E.L.1 aMitchell, D.J. uhttp://www.freshfromflorida.com/content/download/11368/144504/pp361.pdf04374nas a2200193 4500008004100000022001400041245010900055210006900164260001600233300001600249490000800265520376600273100001704039700001504056700001504071700001404086700001404100856006604114 2016 eng d a0191-291700aPhytophthora gonapodyides Causes Decline and Death of English (Persian) Walnut ( Juglans regia) in Italy0 aPhytophthora gonapodyides Causes Decline and Death of English Pe cJan-12-2016 a2537 - 25370 v1003 a

In late spring 2015, several commercially grown Persian walnut (Juglans regia L.) cv. Lara trees in northeastern Italy (Udine) exhibited extensive foliar wilt and canopy decline associated with collar and root rot. Sudden collapse was recorded in about 80% of trees facing an irrigation canal. Symptomatic tissues excised from roots and collars of affected plants were surface disinfested for 1 min in a 1% NaOCl solution, rinsed for 5 min in sterile distilled water, and placed onto P5ARPH selective medium. A Phytophthora-like organism was consistently isolated. Pure cultures, with a typical rosette pattern, were obtained by single-hyphal transfers onto potato dextrose agar (PDA). Mycelial disks of three isolates, AB260, AB261, and AB262, grown on carrot piece agar, were floated in petri plates with soil extract solution and incubated under continuous fluorescent light at room temperature. Within 48 to 72 h, sporangia were produced that were persistent, nonpapillate, tapered at the apex, and 40.0 to 102.8 × 22.8 to 45.7 µm (average 56 × 33 µm of 30 sporangia). Both internal and external proliferations were observed. Oospores and chlamydospores were absent. These morphological characteristics all corresponded to those reported for Phytophthora gonapodyides (Brasier et al. 1993; Erwin and Ribeiro 1996). Optimal growth for all three isolates was at 30°C (3.4 mm/day), with limited growth at 4°C (1.25 mm/day), and no growth at 35°C. The identity was confirmed by sequencing the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) using universal primers ITS4 and ITS6 (Cooke et al. 2000) and cytochrome c oxidase, subunit II (Cox II) (Martin and Tooley 2003). BLAST analysis of ITS 821-bp segment (GenBank accession nos. LN877760, LN901312, LN901313) showed 100% identity with published P. gonapodyides sequences available in GenBank (i.e., HQ261570, AF541889, or AF541888), as well as with a Cox II 568-bp segment (LN877762, LN894191, LN894192) against AY129197. Greenhouse pathogenicity tests were conducted in controlled conditions. A total of six 1-year-old shoots cut from J. regia plants, about 2 cm in diameter, were used and three inoculation points each were made. Mycelial plugs (6 mm in diameter) cut from margins of actively growing 10-day-old cultures on PDA were inserted through the epidermis into phloem tissue. Controls were treated as described above except that sterile PDA plugs replaced the inoculum. Shoots were incubated in test tubes with sterile water in the dark at 24 ± 2°C. After 2 weeks, lesions were evident at all inoculation points, with an average length of 26 mm. Symptoms were similar to those caused by natural infection. P. gonapodyides was consistently reisolated from lesion margins. No colonies were isolated from control plants that remained symptomless. P. gonapodyides is ubiquitous in streams and ephemeral water pools, and is capable of saprophytic existence (Erwin and Ribeiro 1996). Although it is mainly known as a minor pathogen, there are reports indicating that some isolates can be highly virulent (Orlikowski et al. 2011) as in the present study where well developed 7-year-old walnut trees were killed by the pathogen. In the current study, P. gonapodyides aggressiveness was most likely sustained by the prolonged presence of flooding water at the root level, and a cool soil environment. To our knowledge, this is the first report of P. gonapodyides on Persian walnut in Italy or elsewhere.

1 aBelisario, A1 aLuongo, L.1 aVitale, S.1 aGalli, M.1 aHaegi, A. uhttp://apsjournals.apsnet.org/doi/10.1094/PDIS-03-16-0394-PDN02129nas a2200157 4500008004100000022001400041245016200055210006900217260001200286520152500298100001601823700002901839700001801868700001901886856006601905 2021 eng d a0191-291700aPhytophthora spp. associated with Appalachian oak forests and waterways in Pennsylvania, with P. abietivora as a pathogen of five native woody plant species.0 aPhytophthora spp associated with Appalachian oak forests and wat c11/20213 a

To document the distribution of potentially harmful Phytophthora spp. within Pennsylvania (PA), the PA Department of Agriculture collected 89 plant, 137 soil, and 48 water samples at 64 forested sites from 2018 to 2020. In total, 231 Phytophthora strains were isolated using baiting assays and identified based on morphological characteristics and sequences of nuclear and mitochondrial loci. Twenty-one Phytophthora spp. in nine clades and one unidentified species were present. Phytophthora abietivora, a recently described clade 7a species, was recovered from diseased tissue of 10 native broadleaved plants and twice from soil from 12 locations. Phytophthora abietivora is most likely endemic to PA based on pathogenicity tests on six native plant species, intraspecific genetic diversity, wide distribution, and recoveries from Abies Mill. and Tsuga Carrière plantations dating back to 1989. Cardinal temperatures and morphological traits are provided for this species. Other taxa, in decreasing order of frequency, include P. chlamydospora, P. plurivora, P. pini, P. cinnamomi, P. xcambivora, P. irrigata, P. gonapodyides, P. cactorum, P. pseudosyringae, P. hydropathica, P. stricta, P. xstagnum, P. caryae, P. intercalaris, Phytophthora ‘bitahaiensis’, P. heveae, P. citrophthora, P. macilentosa, P. cryptogea, and P. riparia. Twelve species were associated with diseased plant tissues. This survey documented 53 new plant-Phytophthora associations and expanded the known distribution of some species.

1 aBily, Devin1 aNikolaeva, Ekaterina, V.1 aOlson, Tracey1 aKang, Seogchan uhttps://apsjournals.apsnet.org/doi/10.1094/PDIS-05-21-0976-RE01847nas a2200181 4500008004100000022001400041245015200055210006900207300001600276490000700292520118700299100001901486700001901505700002301524700002201547700002501569856007101594 1994 eng d a0953-756200aPhytophthora isolates from coconut plantations in Indonesia and Ivory Coast: characterization and identification by morphology and isozyme analysis0 aPhytophthora isolates from coconut plantations in Indonesia and  a1379 - 13890 v983 a

Isolates of Phytophthora were obtained from coconut palms with bud rot and/or premature nut-fall disease in Indonesia (36 isolates) and Ivory Cost (15 isolates), and from coconut plantation soil in Indonesia (17 isolates). Their morphology and isozyme patterns for MDH and GPI were compared with those of seven known Phytophthora species. Isolates from Indonesia assigned to P. arecae or P. palmivora by morphology had identical isozyme patterns and could not be separated by cluster analysis. Isolates of P. palmivora had one single-banded, and three triple-banded GPI patterns, one of which was unique to isolates from coconut. Isolates from Ivory Coast were assigned by morphology and by a distinctive MDH isozyme pattern to P. katsurae. They showed some morphological similarities, and had an identical GPI isozyme pattern to reference cultures of P. heveae, previously reported as a pathogen on coconut. We conclude that P. palmivora is the main pathogen associated with bud rot and premature nut-fall in Indonesia, whereas P. katsurae is associated with premature nut-fall in Ivory Coast.

1 aBlaha, Georges1 aHall, Geoffrey1 aWarokka, Jeffry, S1 aConcibido, Erlene1 aOrtiz-Garcia, Carlos uhttp://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S095375620981067802780nas a2200361 4500008004100000022001400041245015300055210006900208260001600277300001100293490000700304520167900311100002101990700002102011700001402032700001802046700001802064700002102082700001802103700002002121700001702141700002102158700002202179700001702201700002002218700002002238700001202258700001802270700002102288700001402309700001902323856007602342 2020 eng d a0032-086200aPhytophthora agathidicida: research progress, cultural perspectives and knowledge gaps in the control and management of kauri dieback in New Zealand0 aPhytophthora agathidicida research progress cultural perspective cFeb-01-2021 a3 - 160 v693 a

Kauri (Agathis australis), which is one of the world's largest and longest‐living conifer species, is under threat from a root and collar dieback disease caused by the oomycete pathogen Phytophthora agathidicida. The noted incidence of kauri dieback has increased in the past decade, and even trees >1000 years old are not immune. This disease has profound effects on both forest ecosystems and human society, particularly indigenous Māori, for whom kauri is a taonga or treasure of immense significance. This review brings together existing scientific knowledge about the pathogen and the devastating disease it causes, as well as highlighting important knowledge gaps and potential approaches for disease management. The life cycle of P. agathidicida is similar to those of other soilborne Phytophthora pathogens, with roles for vegetative hyphae, zoospores and oospores in the disease. However, there is comparatively little known about many aspects of the biology of P. agathidicida, such as its host range and disease latency, or about the impact on the disease of abiotic and biotic factors such as soil health and co‐occurring Phytophthora species. This review discusses current and emerging tools and strategies for surveillance, diagnostics and management, including a consideration of genomic resources, and the role these play in understanding the pathogen and how it causes this deadly disease. Key aspects of indigenous Māori knowledge, which include rich ecological and historical knowledge of kauri forests and a holistic approach to forest health, are highlighted.

1 aBradshaw, R., E.1 aBellgard, S., E.1 aBlack, A.1 aBurns, B., R.1 aGerth, M., L.1 aMcDougal, R., L.1 aScott, P., M.1 aWaipara, N., W.1 aWeir, B., S.1 aWilliams, N., M.1 aWinkworth, R., C.1 aAshcroft, T.1 aBradley, E., L.1 aDijkwel, P., P.1 aGuo, Y.1 aLacey, R., F.1 aMesarich, C., H.1 aPanda, P.1 aHorner, I., J. uhttps://bsppjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/ppa.1310400336nas a2200121 4500008004100000245004000041210003900081300001200120490000800132100001900140700001700159856003800176 2010 eng d00aPlant pathology: Sudden larch death0 aPlant pathology Sudden larch death a824-8250 v4661 aBrasier, Clive1 aWebber, Joan uhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1038/466824a00601nas a2200133 4500008004100000245015700041210006900198300001200267100001700279700001200296700001400308700001500322856013000337 2002 eng d00aPathogenicity of Phytophthora ramorum isolates from North America and Europe to bark of European Fagaceae, American Quercus rubra and other forest trees0 aPathogenicity of Phytophthora ramorum isolates from North Americ a30–311 aBrasier, C M1 aRose, J1 aKirk, S A1 aWebber, JF uhttps://forestphytophthoras.org/references/pathogenicity-phytophthora-ramorum-isolates-north-america-and-europe-bark-european01777nas a2200181 4500008004100000245012700041210006900168300001400237490000800251520117100259100002201430700001401452700001701466700002201483700001701505700002501522856004801547 2004 eng d00aPhytophthora alni sp. nov. and its variants: designation of emerging heteroploid hybrid pathogens spreading on Alnus trees0 aPhytophthora alni sp nov and its variants designation of emergin a1172-11840 v1083 a

In 1993 a destructive new Phytophthora pathogen of riparian Alnus trees was discovered in the UK and subsequently shown to be present in other parts of Europe. The new Phytophthora comprised a group of emergent heteroploid hybrids, probably between P. cambivora and a species related to P. fragariae. These included a common, near tetraploid standard hybrid, the presumptive allopolyploid; and four scarcer major variant types with chromosome numbers intermediate between diploid and tetraploid, named the Swedish, Dutch, German and UK variants. The standard hybrid type is formally designated here as Phytophthora alni subsp. alni. The Swedish variant is designated as P. alni subsp. uniformis; and the Dutch, German and UK variants collectively as P. alni subsp. multiformis. The properties of the Dutch, German and UK variants within subsp. multiformis are informally described. The problems of designating emergent species hybrids under the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature and the reasons for the taxonomic choices made are discussed.

1 aBrasier, Clive, M1 aKirk, S A1 aDelcan, Jose1 aCooke, David, E L1 aJung, Thomas1 aMan In’t Veld, W A uhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S095375620400100500601nas a2200169 4500008004100000022001300041245008700054210006900141300001400210490000700224653001400231100001700245700001500262700001500277700001900292856012000311 2010 eng d a0032086200aPhytophthora lateralis discovered in an old growth Chamaecyparis forest in Taiwan.0 aPhytophthora lateralis discovered in an old growth Chamaecyparis a595–6030 v5910aphylogeny1 aBrasier, C M1 aVannini, A1 aChang, T T1 aVettraino, A M uhttps://forestphytophthoras.org/references/phytophthora-lateralis-discovered-old-growth-chamaecyparis-forest-taiwan00416nas a2200109 4500008004100000245011400041210006900155300001200224490000700236100001700243856004600260 1996 eng d00aPhytophthora cinnamomi and oak decline in southern Europe. Environmental constraints including climate change0 aPhytophthora cinnamomi and oak decline in southern Europe Enviro a347-3580 v531 aBrasier, C M uhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1051/forest:1996021701926nas a2200145 4500008004100000022001400041245006200055210006200117300001400179490000800193520147300201100001901674700001601693856007101709 2004 eng d a0953-756200aProduction of gametangia by Phytophthora ramorum in vitro0 aProduction of gametangia by Phytophthora ramorum in vitro a823 - 8270 v1083 a

Until now gametangia have not been obtained between paired European A1 and American A2 isolates of Phytopthora ramorum in vitro. Their production in artificial culture relies on interspecific pairings. Using P. drechsleri and P. cambivora testers, 51 of 110 P. ramorum isolates from across Europe were all shown to be A1s; while 32 of 38 American isolates from across California and southwest Oregon were shown to be A2s. However, these interspecific pairings are complex, unusually slow and unpredictable. A range of culture media and conditions are described that were tested, unsuccessfully, with a view to enhancing the efficiency of the interspecific pairings. In further tests, gametangia were obtained between A1 and A2 isolates of P. ramorum when juvenile, pre-chlamydospore producing mycelia were mixed together on carrot agar. The gametangia formed in 3–10 d, sparsely to frequently, initially only within the boundaries of the mixed inocula but subsequently in the extended mycelial growth. Chlamydospores were also produced. This inoculum-mixing method, though again sometimes unpredictable, should enhance efficiency of testing for compatibility types and facilitate further studies on whether the sexual outcrossing system of P. ramorum is functional. Differences between sexual reproduction of P. ramorum and that of other heterothallic Phytophthora species are discussed.

1 aBrasier, Clive1 aKirk, Susan uhttp://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S095375620860394901711nas a2200181 4500008004100000022001400041245014900055210006900204300001400273490000800287520103900295100002201334700002001356700001901376700001901395700001501414856010001429 2005 eng d a0953-756200aPhytophthora kernoviae sp. nov., an invasive pathogen causing bleeding stem lesions on forest trees and foliar necrosis of ornamentals in the UK0 aPhytophthora kernoviae sp nov an invasive pathogen causing bleed a853 - 8590 v1093 a

A new Phytophthora pathogen of trees and shrubs, previously informally designated Phytophthora taxon C, is formally named here as P. kernoviae. P. kernoviae was discovered in late 2003 during surveys of woodlands in Cornwall, south-west England, for the presence of another invasive pathogen, P. ramorum. P. kernoviae is self-fertile (homothallic), having plerotic oogonia, often with distinctly tapered stalks and amphigynous antheridia. It produces papillate sporangia, sometimes markedly asymmetric with medium length pedicels. Its optimum temperature for growth is ca 18 $ınfty$C and upper limit ca 26$ınfty$. Currently, P. kernoviae is especially noted for causing bleeding stem lesions on mature Fagus sylvatica and foliar and stem necrosis of Rhododendron ponticum. P. kernoviae is the latest of several invasive tree Phytophthoras recently identified in the UK. Its geographical origins and the possible plant health risk it poses are discussed.

1 aBrasier, Clive, M1 aBeales, Paul, A1 aKIRK, Susan, A1 aDenman, Sandra1 aRose, Joan uhttp://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B7XMR-4RS503Y-5/2/2264e8910ee36f4e72255d6160ebf9e402726nas a2200169 4500008004100000022001400041245009100055210006900146260001600215300001100231490000800242520217900250100002502429700002102454700002502475856005602500 2016 eng d a0027-551400aPhytophthora species recovered from the Connecticut River Valley in Massachusetts, USA0 aPhytophthora species recovered from the Connecticut River Valley cAug-01-2017 a6 - 190 v1083 a

Little is currently known about the assemblage of Phytophthora species in northeastern North America, representing a gap in our understanding of species incidence. Therefore, Phytophthora species were surveyed at 20 sites in Massachusetts, with 16 occurring in the Connecticut River Valley. Many of the sampled waterways were adjacent to active agricultural lands, yet were buffered by mature floodplain forests composed of Acer, Platanus, Populus and Ulmus. Isolates were recovered with three types of baits (rhododendron leaves, pear, green pepper) in 2013 and water filtration in 2014. Overall, 457 isolates of Phytophthora were recovered and based on morphological characters and rDNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS), β-tubulin (β-tub) and cytochrome oxidase c subunit I (cox1) sequences, 18 taxa were identified, including three new species: P. taxon intercalaris, P. taxon caryae and P. taxon pocumtuck. In addition, 49 isolates representing five species of Phytopythium also were identified. Water filtration captured a greater number of taxa (18) compared to leaf and fruit baits (12). Of the three bait types rhododendron leaves yielded the greatest number of isolates and taxa, followed by pear and green pepper, respectively. Despite the proximity to agricultural lands, none of the Phytophthora species baited are considered serious pathogens of vegetable crops in the region. However, many of the recovered species are known woody plant pathogens, including four species in the P. citricola s.l. complex that were identified: P. plurivora, P. citricola III, P. pini and a putative novel species, referred to here as P. taxon caryae. An additional novel species, P. taxon pocumtuck, is a close relative of P. borealis based on cox1 sequences. The results illustrate a high level of Phytophthora species richness in the Connecticut River Valley and that major rivers can serve as a source of inoculum for pathogenic Phytophthora species in the northeast.

1 aBrazee, Nicholas, J.1 aWick, Robert, L.1 aHulvey, Jonathan, P. uhttps://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.3852/15-03801278nas a2200133 4500008004100000245002700041210002700068260010200095300000900197490001400206520083000220100001401050856008001064 2005 eng d00aPhytophthora palmivora0 aPhytophthora palmivora bAmerican Samoa Community College Community & Natural Resources Cooperative Research & Extension  a2 pp0 vNumber 123 a

The organism that caused the 1845-46 Irish Potato Famine was named Phytophthora, the “plant destroyer”. Though initially considered a fungus, or water mold, this organism is more like certain algae and has been moved from the kingdom Fungi to Chromista. There are about 80 species of Phytophthora, all damaging to plants. One of the most common tropical species is P. palmivora, with more than 150 plant hosts. Some of the most important hosts are black pepper (Piper nigrum), rubber (Hevea brasilensis), durian (Durio zibethinus), coconut (Co- cos nucifera), cocoa (Theobroma cacao), breadfruit (Artocarpus altilis), and papaya (Carica papaya). In American Samoa, the last three hosts are attacked by P. palmivora.

1 aBrooks, F uhttp://www2.ctahr.hawaii.edu/adap/ASCC_LandGrant/Dr_Brooks/BrochureNo12.pdf00465nas a2200109 4500008004100000245007200041210006700113260003900180490000700219100002100226856010800247 1954 eng d00aA Phytophthora-induced disease of English holly, Ilex aquifolium L.0 aPhytophthorainduced disease of English holly Ilex aquifolium L aCorvallisbOregon State University0 vMS1 aBuddenhagen, I W uhttps://forestphytophthoras.org/references/phytophthora-induced-disease-english-holly-ilex-aquifolium-l00514nas a2200157 4500008004100000245011000041210006900151300001400220490000700234100001500241700001500256700001500271700001400286700001800300856003800318 2008 eng d00aPhytophthora cinnamomi and Australia’s biodiversity: impacts, predictions and progress towards control.0 aPhytophthora cinnamomi and Australia s biodiversity impacts pred a279–3100 v561 aCahill, DM1 aRookes, JE1 aWilson, BA1 aGibson, L1 aMcDougall, KL uhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1071/BT0715901345nas a2200193 4500008004100000022001400041245009600055210006900151300001400220490000700234520075600241100001300997700001801010700001801028700002201046700001301068700002401081856004601105 2008 eng d a0009-047600aPhytophthora cambivora causing ink disease of sweet chestnut recorded in the Czech Republic0 aPhytophthora cambivora causing ink disease of sweet chestnut rec a265–2740 v603 a

Castanea sativa is a non-autochthonous but commonly planted ornamental tree in the Czech Republic. It is sensitive to some Phytophthora infections causing the so-called ink disease. The disease usually occurs in warmer regions in Europe. In the Czech Republic it had not been detected until the nineties of the 20th century. In 1997 extensive decline of a sweet chestnut ornamental orchard with typical symptoms of ink disease was found at one locality in eastern Bohemia. Later the causal organism of this disease, Phytophthora cambivora, was isolated from necrotised tissues of trunks of several declining chestnut trees. This is the first find of the pathogen causing ink disease of chestnut in the Czech Republic.

1 aCerny, K1 aGregorová, B1 aStrnadová, V1 aTom{\v s}ovsky, M1 aHolub, V1 aGabrielová, {\v S} uhttp://www.natur.cuni.cz/cvsm/CM60210.pdf02487nas a2200145 4500008004100000022001400041245011100055210006900166260002900235300001200264520197700276100001702253700001602270856005502286 2011 eng d a1439-032900aPhytophthora ramorum in England and Wales: which environmental variables predict county disease incidence?0 aPhytophthora ramorum in England and Wales which environmental va bBlackwell Publishing Ltd ano–no3 a

Phytophthora ramorum is the oomycete pathogen responsible for Sudden Oak Death on the West Coast of the USA and Sudden Larch Death in the British Isles. It also causes twig dieback and leaf blight on a series of ornamental hosts (e.g. Rhododendron, Viburnum, Pieris and Camellia) commonly grown in plant nurseries, traded by garden centres and cultivated in public and private gardens. The role of the plant trade in the dispersal of P. ramorum has been well documented, but there is a need for regional analyses of which environmental variables can predict disease expression in the trade and in the wild, so as to be able to better predict the further development of this worldwide plant health issue. In this study, we analyse data on the incidence of P. ramorum (2002–2009, thus before the reports in Japanese larch plantations) in counties in England and Wales as a function of environmental variables such as temperature and rainfall, controlling for confounding factors such as county area, human population and spatial autocorrelation. While P. ramorum county incidence in nurseries and retail centres was positively related to county area and human population density, county incidence in gardens and the wild did not show such correlations, declined significantly towards the East and was positively correlated with disease incidence in the trade. The latter finding, although not conclusively proving causation, suggests a role of the trade in the dispersal of this pathogen across English and Welsh landscapes. Combined together, P. ramorum county incidence in the trade and in the semi-natural environment increased with increasing precipitation and with declining latitude. This study shows the importance of environmental variables in shaping regional plant epidemics, but also yields results that are suggestive of a role of people in spreading plant diseases across entire countries.

1 aChadfield, V1 aPautasso, M uhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0329.2011.00735.x03241nas a2200229 4500008004100000022001400041245010500055210006900160260001600229300001400245490000800259520249900267100002202766700001502788700002602803700002402829700002202853700002302875700002302898700002002921856007002941 2019 eng d a0031-949X00aPromise and Pitfalls of Endemic Resistance for Cultural Resources Threatened by Phytophthora ramorum0 aPromise and Pitfalls of Endemic Resistance for Cultural Resource cJan-05-2019 a760 - 7690 v1093 a

Invasive forest pathogens can harm cultural, economic, and ecological resources. Here, we demonstrate the potential of endemic tree pathogen resistance in forest disease management using Phytophthora ramorum, cause of sudden oak death, in the context of management of tanoak (Notholithocarpus densiflorus), an ecologically unique and highly valued tree within Native American communities of northern California and southern Oregon in the United States. We surveyed resistance to P. ramorum on the Hoopa Valley Indian Reservation and Yurok Indian Reservation in a set of study sites with variable management intensities. Variation in resistance was found at all sites with similar mean and variation across stands, and resistance tended to have a random spatial distribution within stands but was not associated with previous stand management (thinning or prescribed fire) or structural characteristics such as tree density, basal area, or pairwise relatedness among study trees. These results did not suggest host, genetic, management, or environment interactions that could be easily leveraged into treatments to increase the prevalence of resistant trees. We applied epidemiological models to assess the potential application of endemic resistance in this system and to examine our assumption that in planta differences in lesion size—our measure of resistance—reflect linkages between mortality and transmission (resistance) versus reduced mortality with no change in transmission (tolerance). This assumption strongly influenced infection dynamics but changes in host populations—our conservation focus—was dependent on community-level variation in transmission. For P. ramorum, slowing mortality rates (whether by resistance or tolerance) conserves host resources when a second source of inoculum is present; these results are likely generalizable to pathogens with a broader host range. However, when the focal host is the sole source of inoculum, increasing tolerant individuals led to the greatest stand-level pathogen accumulation in our model. When seeking to use variation in mortality rates to affect conservation strategies, it is important to understand how these traits are linked with transmission because tolerance will be more useful for management in mixed-host stands that are already invaded, compared with single-host stands with low or no pathogen presence, where resistance will have the greatest conservation benefits.

1 aCobb, Richard, C.1 aRoss, Noam1 aHayden, Katherine, J.1 aEyre, Catherine, A.1 aDodd, Richard, S.1 aFrankel, Susan, J.1 aGarbelotto, Matteo1 aRizzo, David, M uhttps://apsjournals.apsnet.org/doi/pdf/10.1094/PHYTO-04-18-0142-R00558nas a2200121 4500008004100000245007600041210006900117260009600186300001300282100001600295700001700311856010800328 2009 eng d00aPhytophthora siskiyouensis on alders in southern California: an update.0 aPhytophthora siskiyouensis on alders in southern California an u aHeidrick Ag Center, Woodland, CaliforniabCalifornia Forest Pest Council. Meeting Abstracts apg 46-471 aCoffey, M D1 aMathews, D M uhttps://forestphytophthoras.org/references/phytophthora-siskiyouensis-alders-southern-california-update02538nas a2200157 4500008004100000022001300041245011600054210006900170260001600239300001400255490000800269520199200277100002302269700002202292856006602314 1997 eng d a0953756200aPhylogenetic analysis of Phytophthora species based on ITS1 and ITS2 sequences of the ribosomal RNA gene repeat0 aPhylogenetic analysis of Phytophthora species based on ITS1 and  cJan-06-1997 a667 - 6770 v1013 a

The internal transcribed spacer regions (ITS1 and ITS2) of the ribosomal RNA gene repeat from Phytophthora species were amplified using the polymerase chain reaction and sequenced. Sequences from P. cambivora, P. cinnamomi, P. citricola, P. cryptogea, P. drechsleri, P. fragariae var. fragariae, P. fragariae var. rubi, P. megasperma var. megasperma and P. nicotianae were compared with published sequences and phylogenetic trees were produced. The resultant grouping of species generally agreed with groupings established using classical morphological criteria, primarily sporangial morphology. Amongst species with non-papillate sporangia two clades were evident, one consisting of P. fragariae, P. cambivora and P. cinnamomi and the other of P. megasperma, P. drechsleri and P. cryptogea. The latter three were placed in the tree between the non-papillate groups and the papillate and semi-papillate groups which formed three distinct clades. One group comprised P. citricola, P. citrophthora and P. capsici, another P. megakarya and P. palmivora and a third P. pseudotsugae, P. cactorum, P. idaei, P. nicotianae and P. infestans. More isolates of P. megasperma, P. drechsleri and P. cryptogea will need to be examined to settle more precisely the relationship of these species to the others. PCR amplification of ITS sequences using freeze-thawed mycelial scrapings from pure cultures growing on agar followed by digestion with restriction enzymes is a quick and easy way to compare and identify isolates without the need for laborious DNA extraction procedures. With improved technology, rapid automatic sequencing of PCR-amplified ITS regions is now possible and yields detailed information of relationships within the genus as well as allowing the design of species-specific PCR primers for diagnostic purposes.

1 aCooke, David, E.L.1 aDuncan, James, M. uhttp://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S095375620860488802354nas a2200157 4500008004100000022001400041245005000055210005000105300001000155490000700165520187700172100001802049700001402067700001502081856010002096 2006 eng d a0020-073500aPhytophthora tentaculata su gerbera in Italia0 aPhytophthora tentaculata su gerbera in Italia a23-250 v563 a

During spring 2002, gerbera (Gerbera jamesonii) plants showing blighted leaves and crown and stem rot symptoms were observed in a commercial gerbera planting located at Torre del Greco, near Naples. A Phytophthora sp. was consistently isolated from stem and collar tissues of symptomatic plants. The isolated oomycete was later further investigate, using traditional and polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based methods to determine species identity, as well as to test pathogenicity. On V8a-juice agar medium at 21±1°C, the observed morphological characters were similar to those of P. tentaculata whereas colony growth ceased at 32-34°C. Sequence analysis of PCR-amplified nuclear ribosomal DNA (rDNA), which includes the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions, ITS1 and ITS2 and 5.8S, obtained in template DNA extracted from pure culture fresh mycelium, revealed that the Italian Phytophthora sp. infecting gerbera was most closely related to P. tentaculata infecting Chrysanthemum, which had been reported from Germany. Also, extensive restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis of the rDNA repeat (ITS1, 5.8S and ITS2), using several restriction endonucleases, showed that the gerbera-infecting oomycete differed from several other Phytophthora species used for comparison, and had restriction fragments identical to those known from the German P. tentaculata. Thus, on the basis of biological, morphological and molecular data obtained, the chromist infecting gerbera in Italy was identified as P. tentaculata. Also, it proved to be the causal agent of crown and stem rot of gerbera according to Koch's rule fulfilment. This is the first report of the presence of P. tentaculata in Italy and further extends knowledge on the natural host range of such chromist.

1 aCristinzio, G1 aCamele, I1 aMarcone, C uhttp://www.cabdirect.org/abstracts/20063066005.html;jsessionid=C23F9F14D93FF641EEE94948EFEB99D500604nas a2200193 4500008004100000022001400041245008500055210006900140260002900209300001400238490000700252100001500259700001700274700001800291700001300309700001700322700001600339856005500355 2008 eng d a1365-305900aPhytophthora alni causing decline of black and grey alders in the Czech Republic0 aPhytophthora alni causing decline of black and grey alders in th bBlackwell Publishing Ltd a370–3700 v571 aČerny, K1 aGregorova, B1 aStrnadová, V1 aHolub, V1 aTomsovsky, M1 aCervenka, M uhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3059.2007.01718.x01599nas a2200229 4500008004100000245010600041210006900147300001000216490000700226520086000233653001801093653002001111653001701131653002001148653001701168653001901185653001501204653002201219100001501241700001801256856009501274 2010 eng d00aPhytophthora alder decline: disease symptoms, causal agent and its distribution in the Czech Republic0 aPhytophthora alder decline disease symptoms causal agent and its a12-180 v463 a

Phytophthora decline of riparian alder populations has recently become an important problem in many European countries, including the Czech Republic. The causal agent, Phytophthora alni, has spread quickly in the Czech Republic. Hundreds of kilometres of riparian alder stands, especially in the western part of the country, have been severely affected to date. Diseased trees show symptoms characteristic of Phytophthora root and collar rot; these include small, sparse and yellowing foliage, crown dieback, presence of exudates on the bark and necroses of collar and root tissues. Infected trees usually die within a few years, or they become irreversibly damaged, and their function in bank reinforcement declines. The ecological and mechanical functioning of severely affected alder stands may be seriously disrupted.

10aalder decline10aAlnus glutinosa10aAlnus incana10ableeding canker10acommon alder10aCzech Republic10agrey alder10aPhytophthora alni1 aČerny, K1 aStrnadová, V uhttp://www.agriculturejournals.cz/web/pps.htm?volume=46&firstPage=12&type=publishedArticle00497nas a2200109 4500008004100000245008800041210006900129260003900198100001800237700001600255856011600271 2003 eng d00aPathways of movement for Phytophthora ramorum, the causal agent of Sudden Oak Death0 aPathways of movement for Phytophthora ramorum the causal agent o bAmerican Phytopathological Society1 aDavidson, J M1 aShaw, C G T uhttps://forestphytophthoras.org/references/pathways-movement-phytophthora-ramorum-causal-agent-sudden-oak-death01895nas a2200181 4500008004100000022001400041245009500055210006900150260002900219300001400248490000700262520133000269100001401599700001401613700001601627700001501643856005501658 2009 eng d a1365-233800aPhytophthora ramorum and Phytophthora kernoviae on naturally infected asymptomatic foliage0 aPhytophthora ramorum and Phytophthora kernoviae on naturally inf bBlackwell Publishing Ltd a105–1110 v393 a

Phytophthora ramorum and Phytophthora kernoviae are recently discovered invasive Phytophthoras causing leaf necrosis and shoot tip dieback mostly on ornamental and forest understorey species, but also cause bleeding cankers on stems of a wide range of tree species. Sporulation occurs only on infected shoots or fruits and foliage so foliar hosts are central to the disease epidemiology. In field trials to assess infection in trap plants exposed to natural inoculum of P. ramorum and P. kernoviae on rhododendron in south west England, it was discovered that leaves of the trap plants (Rhododendron ‘Cunninghams White’) and holm oak (Quercus ilex) were asymptomatically infected and supported sporulation of both pathogens. More than half the rhododendron trap plants exposed to inoculum of P. kernoviae became infected compared with approximately a third of those exposed to P. ramorum in a natural situation. Approximately one third of the infections were detected from asymptomatic foliage for both pathogens. The significance of these findings for plant health regulation based on visual inspection as a measure to prevent introduction and dissemination of both these pathogens is explored and research gaps identified.

1 aDenman, S1 aKirk, S A1 aMoralejo, E1 aWebber, JF uhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2338.2009.02243.x00448nas a2200133 4500008004100000245004500041210004500086260003100131300001200162100002100174700001300195700002100208856008500229 2004 eng d00aPhytophthora diseases of Theobroma cacao0 aPhytophthora diseases of Theobroma cacao aMontpellier, FrancebCIRAD a15–441 aDespreaux, Denis1 aCilas, C1 aDespreaux, Denis uhttps://forestphytophthoras.org/references/phytophthora-diseases-theobroma-cacao02739nas a2200193 4500008004100000022001400041245012200055210006900177260001600246300000600262490000700268520212300275100001902398700001902417700001802436700001802454700002002472856005302492 2014 eng d a1179-539500aPathogenicity of Phytophthora pluvialis to Pinus radiata and its relation with red needle cast disease in New Zealand0 aPathogenicity of Phytophthora pluvialis to Pinus radiata and its cJan-01-2014 a60 v443 a

Background

Red needle cast, a new foliage disease of Pinus radiata in New Zealand is described. The disease has been variable in incidence and severity both regionally and in different years. The early symptoms of discrete olive coloured lesions, often with a narrow dark resinous mark or band, were first recognised in winter of 2008 in plantation forests on the eastern coast of the North Island. These lesions develop further to result in rapid needle senescence and premature defoliation. The disease has been termed red needle cast in New Zealand as affected trees have a reddish appearance prior to the casting of the needles. The subsequent four years of monitoring have confirmed that, depending on location, symptoms are first observed in late autumn through late winter. Newly developing spring and summer foliage is seldom affected. Isolation from needles using a Phytophthora-selective medium frequently yielded an unknown species of Phytophthora which was subsequently found to be identical to Phytophthora pluvialis, a species described from Oregon, USA in 2013 where it is not associated with disease. Infection appears to be limited to the needles with no recoveries of Phytophthora pluvialis having been made from the roots, stems or branches. Occasionally a second species of Phytophthora, P. kernoviae, was also recovered from needles with the same symptoms.

Methods

Needle symptoms were described in the field from 2008-2012 with isolation onto Phytophthora selective media. Koch’s postulates was completed on potted plants and detached needles.

Results

Symptoms were reproduced on both detached needles and potted plants of Pinus radiata when inoculated with zoospore suspensions of Phytophthora pluvialis.

Conclusions

This paper presents evidence that Phytophthora pluvialis is the primary cause of red needle cast in New Zealand.

1 aDick, Margaret1 aWilliams, Nari1 aBader, Martin1 aGardner, Judy1 aBulman, Lindsay uhttp://www.nzjforestryscience.com/content/44/1/602454nas a2200241 4500008004100000245010300041210006900144300001400213490000700227520172800234653001801962653002301980653002402003100001402027700001802041700001602059700001502075700001502090700001402105700001902119700001902138856005502157 2008 eng d00aPhytophthora pinifolia sp. nov. associated with a serious needle disease of Pinus radiata in Chile0 aPhytophthora pinifolia sp nov associated with a serious needle d a715–7270 v573 a

During the course of the past three years, a new disease of ,em>Pinus radiata, referred to as ‘Daño Foliar del Pino’ (DFP) has appeared in the Arauco province of Chile and subsequently spread to other areas. The disease is typified by needle infections, exudation of resin at the bases of the needle brachyblasts and, in younger trees, necrotic lesions in the cambium, which eventually girdle the branches. The disease causes the death of young seedlings and mature trees can also succumb after a few years of successive infection, probably hastened by opportunistic fungi such as ,em>Diplodia pinea. Isolations on selective medium for Phytophthora spp. led to the consistent isolation of a Phytophthora sp. from needle tissue. DNA sequence comparisons for the ITS rDNA and cox II gene regions, and morphological observation showed that this oomycete represents a previously undescribed species for which the name Phytophthora pinifolia sp. nov. is provided. This new species is characterized by unbranched sporangiophores, and non-papillate, sub-globose to ovoid sporangia that are occasionally free from the sporangiophore with medium length pedicels. Despite using a number of oospore inducing techniques, oogonia/antheridia were not observed in isolates of P. pinifolia. Pathogenicity trials with P. pinifolia showed that it is pathogenic to P. radiata and causes rapid death of the succulent apical parts of young plants. Phytophthora pinifolia is the first Phytophthora known to be associated with needles and shoots of a Pinus sp. and its aerial habit is well matched with the occurrence and symptoms of DFP in Chile.

10aMonterey pine10aoomycete phylogeny10aplantation forestry1 aDurán, A1 aGryzenhout, M1 aSlippers, B1 aAhumada, R1 aRotella, A1 aFlores, F1 aWingfield, B D1 aWingfield, M J uhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3059.2008.01893.x02015nas a2200229 4500008004100000022001400041245011600055210006900171260002900240300001400269490000700283520131600290100001501606700001701621700001301638700001701651700001301668700001301681700001701694700001901711856005501730 2009 eng d a1439-032900aPCR-RFLP markers identify three lineages of the North American and European populations of Phytophthora ramorum0 aPCRRFLP markers identify three lineages of the North American an bBlackwell Publishing Ltd a266–2780 v393 a

Phytophthora ramorum, the cause of sudden oak death and ramorum blight, has three major clonal lineages and two mating types. Molecular tests currently available for detecting P. ramorum do not distinguish between clonal lineages and mating type is determined by cultural methods on a limited number of samples. In some molecular diagnostic tests, cross-reaction with other closely related species such as P. hibernalis, P. foliorum or P. lateralis can occur. Regions in the mitochondrial gene Cox1 are different among P. ramorum lineages and mitochondrial genotyping of the North American and European populations seems to be sufficient to differentiate between mating types, because the EU1 lineage is mostly A1 and both NA1 and NA2 lineages are A2. In our study, we were able to identify P. ramorum isolates according to lineage using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment-length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) of the Cox1 gene, first by using ApoI to separate P. ramorum from other species and EU1 from North American populations, and then AvaI to distinguish between NA1 and NA2 genotypes. However, P. foliorum had the same restriction profile as P. ramorum NA1 isolates.

1 aElliott, M1 aSumampong, G1 aVarga, A1 aShamoun, S F1 aJames, D1 aMasri, S1 aBrière, S C1 aGrünwald, N J uhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0329.2008.00586.x01694nas a2200217 4500008004100000022001400041245007900055210006900134260002900203300001100232490000700243520106400250100001501314700001701329700001301346700001701359700001301376700001301389700001901402856005501421 2011 eng d a1439-032900aPhenotypic differences among three clonal lineages of Phytophthora ramorum0 aPhenotypic differences among three clonal lineages of Phytophtho bBlackwell Publishing Ltd a7–140 v413 a

There are three major clonal lineages of Phytophthora ramorum present in North America and Europe named NA1, NA2, and EU1. Twenty-three isolates representing all three lineages were evaluated for phenotype including (i) aggressiveness on detached Rhododendron leaves and (ii) growth rate at minimum, optimum, and maximum temperatures. Closely related species P. foliorum and P. hibernalis were included in phenotypic tests since these species are encountered in nursery surveys for P. ramorum. Isolates from the NA2 and EU1 lineages were the most aggressive and isolates from the NA1 group were the least aggressive. The NA1 lineage of P. ramorum was the most variable in aggressiveness and growth rate. The variability in the NA1 lineage was due to the presence of non-wild type (nwt) isolates. There was no significant difference in growth rate among NA1 wild type (wt), NA2, and EU1 lineages at any temperature tested. The difference between wt and nwt P. ramorum isolates is discussed.

1 aElliott, M1 aSumampong, G1 aVarga, A1 aShamoun, S F1 aJames, D1 aMasri, S1 aGrünwald, N J uhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0329.2009.00627.x00422nam a2200121 4500008004100000245003700041210003600078260006400114300001100178100001500189700001700204856007900221 1996 eng d00aPhytophthora diseases worldwide.0 aPhytophthora diseases worldwide aSt. Paul, MNbAPS Press, American Phytopathological Society a562 pp1 aErwin, D C1 aRibeiro, O K uhttps://forestphytophthoras.org/references/phytophthora-diseases-worldwide02504nas a2200277 4500008004100000022001400041245014100055210006900196260002900265300001600294490000700310520159700317653002301914653002101937653002201958653003801980653003402018100001602052700001602068700001802084700001502102700001402117700002102131700001902152856005502171 2011 eng d a1365-305900aPhosphite primed defence responses and enhanced expression of defence genes in Arabidopsis thaliana infected with Phytophthora cinnamomi0 aPhosphite primed defence responses and enhanced expression of de bBlackwell Publishing Ltd a1086–10950 v603 a

This paper describes the effect of phosphite (Phi), a systemic chemical, on the induction of defence responses in Phytophthora cinnamomi-infected Arabidopsis thaliana accessions Ler and Col-0. Application of Phi to non-inoculated A. thaliana seedlings of accession Ler elevated transcription of defence genes in the salicylic acid (PR1 and PR5) and jasmonic acid/ethylene (THI2.1 and PDF1.2) pathways. Furthermore, a systemic increase in the expression of the PR1 gene was demonstrated in Phi-treated seedlings using the transgenic line PR1::GUS in the presence/absence of the pathogen by 72 h after inoculation. The cells of Phi-treated A. thaliana Ler leaves responded to P. cinnamomi zoospore inoculation with a rapid increase in callose deposition and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) production. Phi treatment resulted in the production of callose papillae 6 h earlier than in non-Phi-treated inoculated seedlings and enhanced the production of H2O2 in the leaves of A. thaliana at the site of hyphal penetration and in cells away from the inoculation point. By 24 h after infection, clear differences in the amount of H2O2 production were observed between the Phi-treated and non-Phi-treated plants. These rapid host responses did not occur in non-Phi-treated inoculated seedlings. There was also a significant (P < 0·001) decrease in lesion size in Phi-treated plants. These results indicate that Phi primes the plant for a rapid and intense response to infection involving heightened activation of a range of defence responses.

10acallose deposition10adefence response10ahydrogen peroxide10apotassium phosphonate (phosphite)10areactive oxygen species (ROS)1 aEshraghi, L1 aAnderson, J1 aAryamanesh, N1 aShearer, B1 aMcComb, J1 aHardy, StJ., G E1 aO’Brien, P A uhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3059.2011.02471.x00918nas a2200205 4500008004100000245013300041210006900174260012100243300001000364490003200374100002700406700002000433700001700453700002000470700002200490700002200512700002300534700002700557856012800584 2009 eng d00aPersistence of Phytophthora ramorum and Phytophthora kernoviae in U.K. natural areas and implications for North American forests0 aPersistence of Phytophthora ramorum and Phytophthora kernoviae i aSanta Cruz, CaliforniabU.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station.c04/2010 a83-840 vGen. Tech. Rep. PSW-GTR-2291 aFichtner, Elizabeth, J1 aRizzo, David, M1 aWebber, Joan1 aKirk, Susan, A.1 aWhybrow, Alistair1 aFrankel, Susan, J1 aKliejunas, John, T1 aPalmieri, Katharine, M uhttps://forestphytophthoras.org/references/persistence-phytophthora-ramorum-and-phytophthora-kernoviae-uk-natural-areas-and01155nas a2200205 4500008004100000245006600041210006500107260012900172300001200301520040300313653001900716653002100735653002500756653002100781653001100802100002200813700002300835700002700858856006400885 2009 eng d00aProceedings of the sudden oak death fourth science symposium.0 aProceedings of the sudden oak death fourth science symposium aSanta Cruz, CaliforniabAlbany, CA: Pacific Southwest Research Station, Forest Service, U.S. Department of Agriculturec2010 a378 pp.3 a

The Sudden Oak Death Fourth Science Symposium provided a forum for current research on sudden oak death, caused by the exotic, quarantine pathogen, Phytophthora ramorum. Ninety submissions describing papers or posters on the following sudden oak death/P. ramorum topics are included: biology, genetics, nursery and wildland management, monitoring, ecology, and diagnostics.

10acoast live oak10ainvasive species10aPhytophthora ramorum10aSudden oak death10atanoak1 aFrankel, Susan, J1 aKliejunas, John, T1 aPalmieri, Katharine, M uhttp://www.fs.fed.us/psw/publications/documents/psw_gtr229/01277nas a2200205 4500008004100000245009300041210006900134260012700203300001200330520049800342653001900840653002100859653002500880653002100905653001100926100002300937700002200960700002500982856006401007 2005 eng d00aProceedings of the sudden oak death second science symposium: the state of our knowledge0 aProceedings of the sudden oak death second science symposium the aMonterey, CaliforniabAlbany, CA: Pacific Southwest Research Station, Forest Service, U.S. Department of Agriculturec2006 a571 pp.3 a

The Sudden Oak Death Second Science Symposium provided a forum for current research on sudden oak death, caused by the exotic, quarantine pathogen, Phytophthora ramorum. Ninety papers and forty-six posters on the following sudden oak death/P. ramorum topics are included: biology, genetics, nursery and wildland management, monitoring, ecology, and diagnostics. Several papers on P. kernoviae and other forest Phytophthora species are also presented.

10acoast live oak10ainvasive species10aPhytophthora ramorum10aSudden oak death10atanoak1 aFrankel, Susan, J.1 aShea, Patrick, J.1 aHaverty, Michael, I. uhttp://www.fs.fed.us/psw/publications/documents/psw_gtr196/01176nas a2200205 4500008004100000245006400041210006400105260012900169300001200298520042400310653001900734653002100753653002500774653002100799653001100820100002300831700002400854700002800878856006400906 2007 eng d00aProceedings of the sudden oak death third science symposium0 aProceedings of the sudden oak death third science symposium aSanta Rosa, CaliforniabAlbany, CA: Pacific Southwest Research Station, Forest Service, U.S. Department of Agriculturec2008 a491 pp.3 a

The Sudden Oak Death Third Science Symposium provided a forum for current research on sudden oak death, caused by the exotic, quarantine pathogen, Phytophthora ramorum. One hundred and seventeen submissions describing papers and posters on the following sudden oak death/ P. ramorum topics are included: biology, genetics, nursery, and wildland management, monitoring, ecology, and diagnostics.

10acoast live oak10ainvasive species10aPhytophthora ramorum10aSudden oak death10atanoak1 aFrankel, Susan, J.1 aKliejunas, John, T.1 aPalmieri, Katharine, M. uhttp://www.fs.fed.us/psw/publications/documents/psw_gtr214/02045nas a2200157 4500008004100000245004200041210004000083260007500123520150500198100001501703700001501718700001701733700002101750700001701771856009901788 2015 eng d00aPest Alert: Phytophthora tentaculata.0 aPest Alert Phytophthora tentaculata aAlbany, CA . bPacific Southwest Research Station, USDA Forest Service3 a

Phytophthora tentaculata has been detected in several California native plant nurseries and restoration sites. These are the first detections of P. tentaculata in the USA. Phytophthora tentaculata was initially noticed in a native plant nursery causing a severe root and crown rot in sticky monkey flower, Diplacus aurantiacus subsp. aurantiacus (Scrophulariaceae) in 2012 (figure 1). Since then it has been detected in four additional nurseries in three counties in CA in addition to three restoration sites where outplanted stock was found to be infected.

1 aFrankel, S1 aSwiecki, T1 aBernhardt, E1 aRooney-Latham, S1 aBlomquist, C uhttp://www.suddenoakdeath.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/P.tentaculata.Pest_.Alert_.022315.pdf02775nas a2200229 4500008004100000245013500041210006900176260001600245300000900261490000700270520202600277100002302303700002202326700002002348700001702368700001602385700001802401700002602419700002502445700002502470856005002495 2020 eng d00aPhytophthora Introductions in Restoration Areas: Responding to Protect California Native Flora from Human-Assisted Pathogen Spread0 aPhytophthora Introductions in Restoration Areas Responding to Pr cNov-30-2020 a12910 v113 a

Over the past several years, plantings of California native plant nursery stock in restoration areas have become recognized as a pathway for invasive species introductions, in particular Phytophthora pathogens, including first in the U.S. detections (Phytophthora tentaculata, Phytophthora quercina), new taxa, new hybrid species, and dozens of other soilborne species. Restoration plantings may be conducted in high-value and limited habitats to sustain or re-establish rare plant populations. Once established, Phytophthora pathogens infest the site and are very difficult to eradicate or manage—they degrade the natural resources the plantings were intended to enhance. To respond to unintended Phytophthora introductions, vegetation ecologists took a variety of measures to prevent pathogen introduction and spread, including treating infested areas by solarization, suspending plantings, switching to direct seeding, applying stringent phytosanitation requirements on contracted nursery stock, and building their own nursery for clean plant production. These individual or collective actions, loosely coordinated by the Phytophthoras in Native Habitats Work Group ensued as demands intensified for protection from the inadvertent purchase of infected plants from commercial native plant nurseries. Regulation and management of the dozens of Phytophthora species and scores of plant hosts present a challenge to the state, county, and federal agriculture officials and to the ornamental and restoration nursery industries. To rebuild confidence in the health of restoration nursery stock and prevent further Phytophthora introductions, a voluntary, statewide accreditation pilot project is underway which, upon completion of validation, is planned for statewide implementation.

1 aFrankel, Susan, J.1 aConforti, Christa1 aHillman, Janell1 aIngolia, Mia1 aShor, Alisa1 aBenner, Diana1 aAlexander, Janice, M.1 aBernhardt, Elizabeth1 aSwiecki, Tedmund, J. uhttps://www.mdpi.com/1999-4907/11/12/1291/htm00355nas a2200109 4500008004100000245004500041210004400086300001000130490000600140100001700146856008200163 1974 eng d00aPhytophthora heveae, a pathogen of kauri0 aPhytophthora heveae a pathogen of kauri a59-630 v41 aGadgil, P.D. uhttps://forestphytophthoras.org/references/phytophthora-heveae-pathogen-kauri00901nam a2200145 4500008004100000022002200041245007300063210006900136260006500205300000800270520032800278100001800606700001900624856011200643 2008 eng d a978-0-89054-364-100aPhytophthora: identifying species by morphology and DNA fingerprints0 aPhytophthora identifying species by morphology and DNA fingerpri aSt. Paul, MNbAmerican Phytopathological Society (APS Press) a1583 a

This book presents morphological (chapter 1) and DNA fingerprint (chapter 2) keys to various Phytophthora species, as well as a section that combines morphological details and DNA fingerprints for 59 Phytophthora species (chapter 3). Tabulated data on host range and geographic origin are included.

1 aGallegly, M E1 aHong, Chuanxue uhttps://forestphytophthoras.org/references/phytophthora-identifying-species-morphology-and-dna-fingerprints01333nas a2200133 4500008004100000245007000041210006900111300001000180490000700190520086400197100002601061700002401087856008801111 2009 eng d00aPhosphonate controls sudden oak death pathogen for up to 2 years.0 aPhosphonate controls sudden oak death pathogen for up to 2 years a10-170 v633 a

Since its emergence in the late 1990s, sudden oak death has killed mature oak trees and tanoaks in 14 California counties. Treatment options are now available to safeguard these trees from infection by Phytophthora ramorum, the aggressive and exotic pathogen responsible for sudden oak death. We provide an update on current knowledge regarding this emergent disease in California, and present results from three controlled experiments of two chemical treatments to manage the disease in oaks and tanoaks. Phosphonate treatments, legally registered in California to control sudden oak death, were effective in slowing both infection and growth rates for at least 18 months. Conversely, an alternative method consisting of an azomite soil amendment and bark lime wash was always ineffective, and did not reduce either growth or infection rates.

1 aGarbelotto, Matteo, M1 aSchmidt, Douglas, J uhttp://ucanr.org/repository/cao/landingpage.cfm?article=ca.v063n01p10&fulltext=yes#02251nas a2200169 4500008004100000022001400041245016600055210006900221260001600290300001400306490000700320520162300327100002301950700001801973700001901991856007102010 2021 eng d a0032-086200aPathogenicity and infectivity of Phytophthora ramorum vary depending on host species, infected plant part, inoculum potential, pathogen genotype, and temperature0 aPathogenicity and infectivity of Phytophthora ramorum vary depen cOct-19-2020 a287 - 3040 v703 a

A total of 25 ornamental plant species representing 10 families were inoculated using three genotypes, each representing one of the genetic lineages NA1, NA2, and EU1 of the pathogen Phytophthora ramorum. Leaves were inoculated using suspensions with two zoospore concentrations and exposure at three temperatures, while stems were inoculated using agar plugs colonized by mycelia. Susceptibility was determined by measuring either the success of pathogen reisolation or lesion length caused by the pathogen. Infectivity was determined by counting sporangia in washes of inoculated leaves or stems. Results from all three pathogen genotypes combined were used to rank each of the 25 plant species for susceptibility and infectivity, while pooled results per genotype from all 25 hosts combined were employed for a preliminary comparison of pathogenicity and infectivity among genotypes. Statistical analyses showed that leaf results were affected by the concentration of zoospores, temperature, plant host, pathogen genotype, and by the interaction between host and pathogen genotype. Stem results were mostly affected by host and by the interaction between host and pathogen genotype. Hosts ranked differently when looking at the various parameters, and differences in rankings were also significant when comparing stem and leaf results. Differences were identified among the 25 hosts and the three pathogen genotypes for all parameters: results can be used for decision‐making regarding regulations or selection of plants to be grown where infestations by P. ramorum are an issue.

1 aGarbelotto, Matteo1 aSchmidt, Doug1 aPopenuck, Tina uhttps://bsppjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/ppa.1329702603nas a2200277 4500008004100000022001400041245015200055210006900207260001200276300001400288490000700302520177700309653001602086653001202102653001302114653002002127653001402147653002702161100001602188700001602204700002002220700001702240700001502257700001302272856004002285 2013 eng d a1365-305900aPhytophthora acerina sp. nov., a new species causing bleeding cankers and dieback of Acer pseudoplatanus trees in planted forests in northern Italy0 aPhytophthora acerina sp nov a new species causing bleeding canke c08/2014 a858–8760 v633 a

A severe dieback of Acer pseudoplatanus trees was noticed in planted forest stands in northern Italy in 2010. Affected trees showed collar rot and aerial bleeding cankers along the stems, leading to crown dieback and eventually death. An unknown Phytophthora species was consistently isolated from necrotic bark and xylem tissue and from rhizosphere soil. Based on its unique combination of morphological and physiological characters and phylogenetic analysis, this new taxon is here described as Phytophthora acerina sp. nov. Phylogenetic analysis of ITS, cox1 and β-tubulin gene regions demonstrated that P. acerina is unique and forms a separate cluster within the ‘P. citricola complex’, closely related to P. plurivora. Phytophthora acerina is homothallic with smooth-walled oogonia, thick-walled, mostly aplerotic oospores with a high abortion rate, paragynous antheridia, and persistent, morphologically variable semipapillate sporangia. Four to 5-week-old cultures produced globose to subglobose, appressoria-like and coralloid hyphal swellings and characteristic stromata-like hyphal aggregations. Optimum and maximum temperatures for growth are 25°C and 32°C, respectively. Genetic uniformity of all 15 studied isolates and the apparent absence of this species in the extensive surveys of nurseries, forests and seminatural ecosystems conducted in the previous two decades across Europe indicate a recent clonal introduction to northern Italy. Under-bark inoculation tests demonstrated high aggressiveness of P. acerina to A. pseudoplatanus indicating that this pathogen might be a serious risk to maple plantations and forests in Europe.

10abiosecurity10aClade 210ainvasive10anursery pathway10aphylogeny10aPhytophthora citricola1 aGinetti, B.1 aMoricca, S.1 aSquires, J., N.1 aCooke, D E L1 aRagazzi, A1 aJung, T. uhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ppa.1215304151nas a2200181 4500008004100000022001400041245011100055210006900166260001600235300001600251490000700267520356300274100001603837700001903853700001503872700001603887856006603903 2014 eng d a0191-291700aPhytophthoraTaxon Pgchlamydo is a Cause of Shoot Blight and Root and Collar Rot of Viburnum tinus in Italy0 aPhytophthoraTaxon Pgchlamydo is a Cause of Shoot Blight and Root cJan-10-2014 a1432 - 14320 v983 a

The quarantine pathogen Phytophthora ramorum has recently been found on dying Viburnum tinus in the nursery area of Pistoia, central Italy (43°56′0″ N, 11°1′0″ E) (3). As part of a surveillance program aimed at detecting P. ramorum in this area, the Phytophthora taxon Pgchlamydo was consistently found associated with symptomatic V. tinus. The crowns of these plants were wilted, and some plants also showed root and collar rot and underbark necrosis. Water courses adjacent to the nursery with the infected V. tinus were tested for the pathogen. Samples from seven symptomatic plants were placed on a selective V8A-PARPNH medium within 24 h from sampling. Tissue pieces (2 mm2) of 12 baits (apple fruits) exposed for a week in water bodies were plated on the same medium. Cottony colonies arose after 2 to 3 days of incubation at 23°C in the dark and were transferred to potato dextrose agar (PDA) in purity. Mycelial DNA was extracted with a commercial kit (Sigma-Aldrich). The rDNA ITS region and a portion of the mtDNA cox1 gene were PCR-amplified and the amplicons digested with the restriction enzymes MspI and AluI (for the ITS region) and RsaI (for the cox1 gene region). Isolates R7 from V. tinus, and ES2M5, ES2M11, and ES1M12 from the water bodies belonged to the same taxon based on restriction analysis of both DNA regions coupled with ITS-rDNA sequence homology (GenBank Accession Nos. KJ396773 to 76). A BLAST search in GenBank found that all isolates had a 99% identity in the ITS-rDNA with the Phytophthora ITS Clade 6 member P. taxon Pgchlamydo. Sporangia produced after incubation in filtered pond water for 24 h were mostly ovoid (sometimes obpyriform), non-papillate, non-caducous. Some sporangia were emptied with external proliferation and had hyphal swellings. Thirty sporangia were measured and averaged 42.4 ± 6.2 × 29.9 ± 3.5 μm (range 30.0 to 56.1 × 22.5 to 38.0), with a length/width ratio of 1.4 ± 0.2 (1.2 to 2.0), and exit pores of 11.7 ± 1.5 μm (9.0 to 14.6). Optimum colony growth on V8A at 30°C was 4.4 ± 0.4 mm day–1, and the maximum temperature for growth was 32°C. Inoculation on twigs of Fagus sylvatica and V. tinus produced necrotic lesions of 2.6 ± 0.5 cm (2.1 to 3.5) and 4.7± 0.5 cm (3.8 to 5.6) respectively after 3 weeks of incubation at 23°C in the dark. Inoculation on V. tinus leaves resulted in lesions averaging 3.3 ± 1.1 × 2.1 ± 0.6 cm (range 2 to 5 × 1.5 to 3) after 2 weeks of incubation at 23°C in the dark. Control plant material showed no symptoms.The Phytophthora taxon Pgchlamydo has been reported on several ornamental and woody species, including Arctostaphylos sp., Camellia spp., Laurus nobilis, Buxus sempervirens, Rhododendron sp., Arbutus unedo, Prunus sp., Pseudotsuga sp., and Sequoia sempervirens, in North America and Europe (1,2). This is the first report, to our knowledge, of this taxon on V. tinus in Italy. V. tinus is widely sold in European nurseries, and it is also one of the most common hosts of P. ramorum (4). The fact that V. tinus is a host for both oomycetes, and the two microorganisms induce a similar symptomology (wilt), might complicate the control efforts of the phytosanitary inspection services aimed at restricting P. ramorum foci in Europe.

1 aGinetti, B.1 aCarmignani, S.1 aRagazzi, A1 aMoricca, S. uhttp://apsjournals.apsnet.org/doi/10.1094/PDIS-03-14-0282-PDN01284nas a2200169 4500008004100000024003200041245012900073210006900202260010900271300001000380520058500390100001600975700001700991700001601008700001701024856007301041 2007 eng d aGen. Tech. Rep. PSW-GTR-22100aProceedings of the fourth meeting of the International Union of Forest Research Organizations (IUFRO) Working Party 07.02.090 aProceedings of the fourth meeting of the International Union of  aMonterey, CaliforniabU.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station a334 p3 a

The fourth meeting of the International Union of Forest Research Organizations (IUFRO) Working Party S07.02.09, Phytophthoras in Forests and Natural Ecosystems provided a forum for current research on Phytophthora species worldwide. Seventy-eight submissions describing papers and posters on recent developments in Phytophthora diseases of trees and natural ecosystems in Europe, Australasia, and the Americas are included. Research topics covered are Phytophthora biodiversity, ecology, epidemiology, management, and host- pathogen interactions.

1 aGoheen, E M1 aFrankel, S J1 aGoheen, E M1 aFrankel, S J uhttp://www.iufro.org/science/divisions/division-7/70000/70200/70209/00588nas a2200169 4500008004100000245009600041210006900137300001200206490000800218100001900226700001600245700002600261700001900287700001900306700002600325856006700351 2011 eng d00aPhytophthora ramorum in Canada: evidence for migration within North America and from Europe0 aPhytophthora ramorum in Canada evidence for migration within Nor a166-1710 v1011 aGoss, Erica, M1 aLarsen, Meg1 aVercauteren, Annelies1 aWerres, Sabine1 aHeungens, Kurt1 aGrünwald, Niklaus, J uhttp://apsjournals.apsnet.org/doi/abs/10.1094/PHYTO-05-10-013301842nas a2200181 4500008004100000245009800041210006900139260003400208300001300242490000600255520123900261100001901500700001601519700002401535700002201559700002601581856005301607 2009 eng d00aPopulation genetic analysis infers migration pathways of Phytophthora ramorum in US nurseries0 aPopulation genetic analysis infers migration pathways of Phytoph bPublic Library of Sciencec09 ae10005830 v53 a

Author Summary

Sudden oak death, caused by the fungus-like pathogen Phytophthora ramorum, has caused devastating levels of mortality of live oak and tanoak trees in coastal California forests and in urban and suburban landscapes in the San Francisco Bay Area. This pathogen also causes non-lethal disease on popular ornamental plants, including rhododendrons, viburnums, and camellias. P. ramorum was discovered in California in the late 1990s and is exotic to the United States. Recently, presence of the disease in wholesale nurseries in California, Oregon, and Washington has led to shipments of diseased plants across the US, thus risking the introduction of the pathogen to other vulnerable forests. We examined the genetic diversity of this pathogen in US nurseries in order to better understand its evolution in nurseries and movement between states. We found that California populations were genetically different enough from Oregon and Washington populations that infestations of the pathogen found in nurseries in other states could be distinguished as having originated from California or the Northwest. Our inferences were consistent with trace forward investigations by regulatory agencies.

1 aGoss, Erica, M1 aLarsen, Meg1 aChastagner, Gary, A1 aGivens, Donald, R1 aGrünwald, Niklaus, J uhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.ppat.100058301952nas a2200205 4500008004100000022001400041245009600055210006900151260001600220300001400236490000800250520129900258100001901557700001601576700002601592700001901618700001901637700002601656856006401682 2011 eng d a0031-949X00aPhytophthora ramorum in Canada: Evidence for Migration Within North America and from Europe0 aPhytophthora ramorum in Canada Evidence for Migration Within Nor cJan-01-2011 a166 - 1710 v1013 a

Phytophthora ramorum, the cause of sudden oak death on oak and ramorum blight on woody ornamentals, has been reported in ornamental nurseries on the West Coast of North America from British Columbia to California. Long-distance migration of P. ramorum has occurred via the nursery trade, and shipments of host plants are known to have crossed the U.S.-Canadian border. We investigated the genotypic diversity of P. ramorum in Canadian nurseries and compared the Canadian population with U.S. and European nursery isolates for evidence of migration among populations. All three of the P. ramorum clonal lineages were found in Canada but, unexpectedly, the most common was the NA2 lineage. The NA1 clonal lineage, which has been the most common lineage in U.S. nurseries, was found relatively infrequently in Canada, and these isolates may have been the result of migration from the United States to Canada. The EU1 lineage was observed almost every year and shared multilocus genotypes with isolates from Europe and the United States. Estimation of migration rates between Europe and North America indicated that migration was higher from Europe to North America than vice versa, and that unidirectional migration from Europe to North America was more likely than bidirectional migration.

1 aGoss, Erica, M1 aLarsen, Meg1 aVercauteren, Annelies1 aWerres, Sabine1 aHeungens, Kurt1 aGrünwald, Niklaus, J uhttps://apsjournals.apsnet.org/doi/10.1094/PHYTO-05-10-013302385nas a2200169 4500008004100000245009900041210006900140260001600209300001400225490000700239520181300246100001302059700001502072700001802087700001902105856009102124 2015 eng d00aPhytophthora austrocedrae emerges as a serious threat to juniper Juniperus communis in Britain0 aPhytophthora austrocedrae emerges as a serious threat to juniper cJan-04-2015 a456 - 4660 v643 a

From 2011 to 2013, Phytophthora austrocedrae was isolated from diseased Juniperus communis exhibiting dieback and mortality at eight geographically separate sites in Scotland and northern England. The pathogen was also confirmed present either by standard PCR of the ITS locus and sequencing or by real-time PCR on J. communis with symptoms at a further 11 sites in northern Britain. Out of 167 J. communis sampled across the 19 sites, 154 had foliage dieback over all or part of the crown as a result of basal lesions, which extended up the stem. Thirteen sampled trees had aerial branch lesions or discrete stem lesions with no apparent connection to the base of the tree. At 13 sites, dieback was concentrated in areas of poor drainage and/or alongside streams and other watercourses. In artificial inoculation experiments, P. austrocedrae caused rapidly extending stem and root lesions on J. communis and was reisolated from these lesions. Lesions also developed on Chamaecyparis lawsoniana and Chamaecyparis nootkatensis but the pathogen was not reisolated. All P. austrocedrae isolates obtained from J. communis in Britain shared 100% identity across the ITS locus but were distinct at one sequence position from P. austrocedrae isolates collected in Argentina from diseased Austrocedrus chilensis. This study provides clear evidence that P. austrocedrae is a primary pathogen of Jcommunis and now presents a significant threat to this species in Britain. Pathways for the emergence of P. austrocedrae in Britain, and possible ways in which the pathogen may have spread within the country, are discussed.

1 aGreen, S1 aElliot, M.1 aArmstrong, A.1 aHendry, S., J. uhttp://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/ppa.2015.64.issue-2http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/ppa.1225301180nas a2200169 4500008004100000022001400041245012800055210006900183300001400252490000800266520055200274653001900826100002400845700002300869700001800892856010000910 2007 eng d a0953-756200aPhytophthora austrocedrae sp. nov., a new species associated with Austrocedrus chilensis mortality in Patagonia (Argentina)0 aPhytophthora austrocedrae sp nov a new species associated with A a308 - 3160 v1113 a

Phytophthora austrocedrae is a new species isolated from necrotic lesions of stem and roots of Austrocedrus chilensis. It is a homothallic species characterized by semipapillate sporangia, oogonia with amphigynous antheridia, and very slow growth (1-2†mm†d-1 on V-8 agar at 17.5†$ınfty$C optimum temperature). Phylogenetic analysis of ITS rDNA sequence indicates that its closest relative is Phytophthora syringae, another species frequently isolated from soil and streams in A. chilensis forests.

10asoil pathogens1 aGreslebin, Alina, G1 aHansen, Everett, M1 aSutton, Wendy uhttp://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B7XMR-4MWPSTC-2/2/cd293441766ba86e83832d81ab837e1a01694nas a2200193 4500008004100000245012400041210006900165260001600234300001400250490000700264520106900271653001201340653002101352653001301373653002401386100001901410700001601429856005501445 2010 eng d00aPathogenicity of Phytophthora austrocedrae on Austrocedrus chilensis and its relation with mal del ciprés in Patagonia0 aPathogenicity of Phytophthora austrocedrae on Austrocedrus chile cAugust 2010 a604–6120 v593 a

Field observations, isolations and pathogenicity tests were performed on Austrocedrus chilensis (Cupressaceae) trees to determine the pathogenicity of Phytophthora austrocedrae and its role in the aetiology of the cypress disease mal del ciprés (MDC) in Argentina. It was found that P. austrocedrae is a primary pathogen of A. chilensis. It was isolated from large necrotic lesions in the inner bark, and superficially in the sapwood, at the root collar and stem, in most of the MDC-affected stands surveyed along the range of A. chilensis in Argentina. The main symptom in naturally infected trees was a necrotic lesion extending from killed roots up to 1 m up the tree bole. Seedlings, saplings and adult trees were all susceptible to inoculation with P. austrocedrae. Under favourable experimental conditions (flooding), inoculated seedlings suffered massive mortality in less than a month. The importance of diseases caused by Phytophthora spp. in South American forests is discussed.

10acypress10aforest pathology10aroot rot10asoilborne pathogens1 aGreslebin, A G1 aHansen, E M uhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3059.2010.02258.x01442nas a2200157 4500008004100000245009500041210006900136300001200205490000700217520090800224100002401132700002301156700002301179700002301202856005901225 2005 eng d00aPhytophthora species from declining Austrocedrus chilensis forests in Patagonia, Argentina0 aPhytophthora species from declining Austrocedrus chilensis fores a218-2280 v973 a

A survey of Phytophthora spp. in declining and healthy Austrocedrus chilensis forest was conducted to obtain an overview of the species that inhabit these forests. Seventeen declining and three healthy stands plus 11 associated streams were surveyed. Five Phytophthora species were recovered. P. syringae was the most common species isolated from soil and/or streams at nine declining sites and one healthy site. P. gonapodyides was isolated from streams only, at five declining sites. P. cambivora was isolated from soil and the undescribed taxa P. taxon Pgchlamydo’ and 22 P. taxon Raspberry’ were isolated from streams at one declining site each. The species were identified by ITS rDNA sequences and morphological features. Brief descriptions of each species and a discussion of their possible relationship with "mal del cipres" are presented.

1 aGreslebin, Alina, G1 aHansen, Everett, M1 aWinton, Loretta, M1 aRajchenberg, Mario uhttp://www.mycologia.org/cgi/content/abstract/97/1/21803672nas a2200169 4500008004100000245007500041210006900116260001200185300000700197490000700204520317600211100001803387700001803405700001503423700001503438856004903453 2013 eng d00aPhytophthora multivora causing leaf spot on rhododendrons in Argentina0 aPhytophthora multivora causing leaf spot on rhododendrons in Arg c06/2013 a200 v273 a

Rhododendron is a genus belonging to the family Ericaceae and contains over 1000 species commonly known as rhododendrons and azaleas (Dimitri, 1978). Phytophthora multivora is a species that was described in Western Australia in 2008 but before that it was misidentified as . citricola (Scott et al., 2009). During the early spring of 2011, leaf spot symptoms were observed on rhododendrons in two gardens in Tigre (northern Buenos Aires province) and in containers in a nursery near Buenos Aires city. Leaf spots were dark brown to almost black, visible on both sides near the leaf tips and margins, while tissue death continued down the leaf along the midrib (Fig. 1A). The veins under the diseased area of the leaves presented a reddish tint (Fig. 1B). Some leaves became brown and died, while in others the infection remained as spots on leaves.

A Phytophthora species was consistently isolated from symptom-bearing leaf tissues on PARBH medium (Jeffers & Martin, 1986). Hyphal tips reaching the surface of the medium were transferred onto potato dextrose agar (PDA) without inhibitors for purification and identification. Sporangia were produced abundantly in non-sterile soil extract. The majority of them were semi-papillate and ovoid, limoniform, ellipsoid or obpyriform (Fig. 2). Sporangia with two papillae were occasionally formed (Scott et al., 2009). Chlamydospores were not observed. Isolates were homothallic with plerotic oospores, 22.9 ± 1.9 μm and paragynous antheridia (Fig. 3). The optimum growth temperature was 25 ± 1°C on V8A (Scott et al., 2009) and the maximum growth temperature was 32 ± 1°C. The ITS was amplified and sequenced (GenBank Accession No. JQ812127) and showed that it was identical to P. multivora, ex-type CBS 124.094 (FJ237517) by BLAST analysis (Altschul et al., 1997). The isolate (ARod 110) was deposited in the culture collection of the Phytopathology Chair of the Faculty of Agronomy of Buenos Aires (FAUBA).

Due to the difficulty of performing pathogenicity tests in the field, detached leaves of Rhododendron spp., Camellia sp. Viburnum tinus and Photinia fraseri were inoculated in the laboratory with the ARod 110 isolate. The tests were performed by inoculating five detached leaves with a 5 mm mycelium plug taken from a seven-day-old PDA culture. Controls were inoculated with PDA discs. Leaves were incubated at 20-22ºC under 12h light/12h dark cycle. All the inoculated leaves, except Camellia sp., developed necrotic lesions seven days after inoculation. . multivora was re-isolated from infected tissue. Symptoms were not detected on the controls. These characteristics conformed to those of Phytophthora multivora Scott & Jung. To our knowledge, this is the first record of P. multivora causing leaf spot on Rhododendron in Argentina and in Latin America, and it may be a potential pathogen for Viburnum tinus and Photinia fraseri.

1 aGrijalba, P E1 aPalmucci, H E1 aGuillin, E1 aHerrera, C uhttp://www.ndrs.org.uk/article.php?id=02702002911nas a2200169 4500008004100000022001400041245014400055210006900199260002900268300001400297490000600311520230100317100002602618700001902644700002302663856005502686 2008 eng d a1364-370300aPhytophthora ramorum: a pathogen with a remarkably wide host range causing sudden oak death on oaks and ramorum blight on woody ornamentals0 aPhytophthora ramorum a pathogen with a remarkably wide host rang bBlackwell Publishing Ltd a729–7400 v93 a

Phytophthora ramorum is an oomycete plant pathogen classified in the kingdom Stramenopila. P. ramorum is the causal agent of sudden oak death on coast live oak and tanoak as well as ramorum blight on woody ornamental and forest understorey plants. It causes stem cankers on trees, and leaf blight or stem dieback on ornamentals and understorey forest species. This pathogen is managed in the USA and Europe by eradication where feasible, by containment elsewhere and by quarantine in many parts of the world. Genomic resources provide information on genes of interest to disease management and have improved tremendously since sequencing the genome in 2004. This review provides a current overview of the pathogenicity, population genetics, evolution and genomics of P. ramorum. Taxonomy: Phytophthora ramorum (Werres, De Cock & Man in’t Veld): kingdom Stramenopila; phylum Oomycota; class Peronosporomycetidae; order Pythiales; family Pythiaceae; genus Phytophthora.Host range: The host range is very large and the list of known hosts continues to expand at the time of writing. Coast live oak and tanoak are ecologically, economically and culturally important forest hosts in the USA. Rhododendron, Viburnum, Pieris, Syringa and Camellia are key ornamental hosts on which P. ramorum has been found repeatedly, some of which have been involved in moving the pathogen via nursery shipments. Disease symptoms: P. ramorum causes two different diseases with differing symptoms: sudden oak death (bleeding lesions, stem cankers) on oaks and ramorum blight (twig dieback and/or foliar lesions) on tree and woody ornamental hosts.Useful websites: http://nature.berkeley.edu/comtf/, http://rapra.csl.gov.uk/, http://www.aphis.usda.gov/plant_health/plant_pest_info/pram/index.shtml, http://genome.jgi-psf.org/Phyra1_1/Phyra1_1.home.html, http://pamgo.vbi.vt.edu/, http://pmgn.vbi.vt.edu/, http://vmd.vbi.vt.edu./, http://web.science.oregonstate.edu/bpp/labs/grunwald/resources.htm, http://www.defra.gov.uk/planth/pramorum.htm, http://www.invasive.org/browse/subject.cfm?sub=4603, http://www.forestry.gov.uk/forestry/WCAS-4Z5JLL

1 aGrünwald, Niklaus, J1 aGoss, Erica, M1 aPress, Caroline, M uhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1364-3703.2008.00500.x02122nas a2200265 4500008004100000022001400041245008700055210006900142260004000211300001400251490000700265520134700272653002701619653002101646653001301667653001101680653001701691653001301708100001901721700001401740700001401754700001601768700001701784856005501801 2012 eng d a1365-305900aPhytophthora obscura sp. nov., a new species of the novel Phytophthora subclade 8d0 aPhytophthora obscura sp nov a new species of the novel Phytophth bBlackwell Publishing LtdcJune 2012 a610–6220 v613 a

A new Phytophthora species was detected (i) in the USA, infecting foliage of Kalmia latifolia, (ii) in substrate underneath Pieris, and (iii) in Germany in soil samples underneath Aesculus hippocastanum showing disease symptoms. The new species Phytophthora obscura sp. nov. is formally named based on phylogenetic analysis, host range, Koch’s postulates and morphology. Phytophthora obscura is homothallic with paragynous antheridia and semipapillate sporangia. It is genetically closely related to P. syringae and P. austrocedrae and together these three species define a new Phytophthora subclade 8d, with significant support for all genetic loci analysed including seven nuclear genes and the mitochondrial gene coxII. The morphological and ecological characteristics are very similar to P. syringae, and it is likely that P. obscura was not described earlier because it was identified as P. syringae. Artificial inoculations indicated that horse chestnut, kalmia, pieris and rhododendron might be hosts, and Koch’s postulates were confirmed for kalmia from which it was isolated. This pathogen was named after its elusive nature since it has to date rarely been detected in the US and Germany.

10aAesculus hippocastanum10aKalmia latifolia10aoomycete10aPieris10aRhododendron10ataxonomy1 aGrünwald, N J1 aWerres, S1 aGoss, E M1 aTaylor, C R1 aFieland, V J uhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3059.2011.02538.x00656nas a2200193 4500008004100000245007500041210006900116300001200185490000700197100002600204700002100230700002400251700002900275700002300304700002300327700002300350700002300373856006600396 2011 eng d00aPhytophthora-ID.org: a sequence-based Phytophthora identification tool0 aPhytophthoraIDorg a sequencebased Phytophthora identification to a337-3420 v951 aGrünwald, Niklaus, J1 aMartin, Frank, N1 aLarsen, Meredith, M1 aSullivan, Christopher, M1 aPress, Caroline, M1 aCoffey, Michael, D1 aHansen, Everett, M1 aParke, Jennifer, L uhttp://apsjournals.apsnet.org/doi/abs/10.1094/PDIS-08-10-060901289nas a2200133 4500008004100000245007700041210006900118300001600187490000700203520077400210100001400984700001600998856014101014 1983 eng d00aPhytophthora pseudotsugae, a new species causing root rot of Douglas-fir0 aPhytophthora pseudotsugae a new species causing root rot of Doug a2626–26310 v613 a

Phytophthora pseudotsugae n. sp. was isolated from rotted roots of Douglas-fir growing in forest tree nurseries in Oregon and Washington. It is distinguished by large oogonia and oospores, mostly paragynous antheridia, and predominantly spherical or ovoid, persistent sporangia borne primarily on simple and unbranched sporangiophores. Sporangia are formed occasionally in liquid culture, rarely in solid media. Phytophthora pseudotsugae is distinguished most readily from P. cactorum by its unbranched sporangiophores and persistent sporangia. It also differs in growth on defined media, electrophoretic protein patterns, and pathogenicity. Comparison is also made with P. iranica, the other species in group 1 of Waterhouse.

1 aHamm, P B1 aHansen, E M uhttp://rparticle.web-p.cisti.nrc.ca/rparticle/AbstractTemplateServlet?calyLang=eng&journal=cjb&volume=61&year=1983&issue=10&msno=b83-28901640nas a2200157 4500008004100000022001400041245007200055210006900127260002900196300001400225490000700239520114900246100001401395700001601409856005701425 1982 eng d a1439-032900aPathogenicity of Phytophthora species to Pacific Northwest conifers0 aPathogenicity of Phytophthora species to Pacific Northwest conif bBlackwell Publishing Ltd a167–1740 v123 a

Phytophthora root rot is described for the first time killing sugar pine (Pinus lambertiana) in a seed orchard and four species of true fir (Abies spp.) in a forest nursery. P. cactorum was recovered from true firs and P. megasperma was recovered from sugar pine. P. cryptogea was recovered from sugar pine and true fir but isolates from the two locations differed from each other in pathogenicity and colony appearance. Isolates recovered from these hosts and isolates of 6 Phytophthora species previously recovered from Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) were then tested for pathogenicity on seedlings of 9 Northwest conifers. P. megasperma Group 1, P. cryptogea, and P. cinnamomi were pathogenic to all tree species except western redcedar (Thujaplicata). Western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla) and true firs were susceptible to most species tested; ponderosa (P. ponderosa) and sugar pines were damaged only by P. cryptogea and P. cinnamomi; western redcedar was resistant to all isolates.

1 aHamm, P B1 aHansen, E M uhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0329.1982.tb01390.x01828nas a2200157 4500008004100000245011300041210006900154300001200223490000800235520128500243100002301528700002101551700002001572700001801592856006001610 2009 eng d00aPhytophthora rosacearum and P. sansomeana, new species segregated from the Phytophthora megasperma "complex"0 aPhytophthora rosacearum and P sansomeana new species segregated  a129-1350 v1013 a

Phytophthora megasperma sensu lato was a conglomeration of morphologically similar but phylogenetically unrelated species. In this paper we continue the segregation of species from the old P. megasperma complex, formally naming two previously recognized isolate groups. Isolates recovered from rosaceous fruit trees (especially apple and cherry) are in ITS clade 6, related to but distinct from P. megasperma sensu strictu. They are named here Phytophthora rosacearum. They have been referred to previously as the "AC" or "high temperature small oospore" group of P. megasperma. A second group of isolates, earlier called "soybean race non-classifiable", recovered from soybeans in Indiana and other Midwestern states, are morphologically similar to P. megasperma sensu strictu but unrelated to that species, falling in ITS clade 8. They are named here P. sansomeana. Isolates recovered from Douglas-fir seedlings in nurseries in the Pacific Northwest and various weedy hosts in New York State, referred to in earlier work as "P. megasperma DF1", appear to be conspecific with the soybean isolates, although they include certain ITS DNA polymorphisms. Both new species are supported by a combination of new and previously published morphological, growth and molecular data.

1 aHansen, Everett, M1 aWilcox, Wayne, F1 aReeser, Paul, W1 aSutton, Wendy uhttp://www.mycologia.org/cgi/content/abstract/101/1/12901381nas a2200253 4500008004100000245012200041210006900163300001400232490000700246520058000253653002800833653002400861653002500885653002200910653002900932100001600961700001400977700001800991700001801009700001301027700001401040700001501054856005801069 2003 eng d00aPhytophthora nemorosa, a new species causing cankers and leaf blight of forest trees in California and Oregon, U.S.A.0 aPhytophthora nemorosa a new species causing cankers and leaf bli a129–1380 v883 a

Phytophthora nemorosa, a new species isolated from stem cankers on two species of Fagaceae and leaves of various hosts, is described. The new species resembles P. ilicis with homothallic, amphigynous antheridia and deciduous, semi-papillate sporangia, and has a related ITS-DNA sequence. Symptoms and host range are similar to P. ramorum, cause of Sudden Oak Death and leaf blight and shoot dieback diseases in California and Oregon forests, although P. nemorosa does not appear to cause wide-spread mortality of oak trees.

10aLithocarpus densiflorus10aPhytophthora ilicis10aPhytophthora ramorum10aQuercus agrifolia10aUmbellularia californica1 aHansen, E M1 aReeser, P1 aDavidson, J M1 aGarbelotto, M1 aIvors, K1 aDouhan, L1 aRizzo, D M uhttp://www.mycotaxon.com/vol/abstracts/88/88-129.html01510nas a2200133 4500008004100000245006100041210006000102300001200162490000700174520111200181100001601293700002101309856004601330 1999 eng d00aPhytophthora species in oak forests of north-east France0 aPhytophthora species in oak forests of northeast France a539-5470 v563 a

Phytophthora species were surveyed from the end of 1997 through July 1998 in oak forests in NE France. Healthy (Amance) or declining (Illwald) forests were compared. The Phytophthora population in both was diverse and locally abundant. At least eight species were present at Amance and six at Illwald. At Amance Phytophthora species had a localized distribution in water and low-lying soils. At Illwald distribution was more uniform apparently due to flooding events. Most often recovered were P. citricola, P. gonapodyides and P. quercina. P. gonapodyides was ubiquitous in water and colonized leaf debris. P. quercina was widely distributed in soil but not abundant, and was found in sites that did not otherwise appear to favor Phytophthora. No correlation was detected between presence of Phytophthora in soil and health of trees. Unusual combinations of environmental factors may be required for resident Phytophthora to have a detrimental impact on oaks. © 1999 Editions scientifiques et médicales Elsevier SAS.

1 aHansen, E M1 aDelatour, Claude uhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1051/forest:1999070201643nas a2200169 4500008004100000022001400041245003600055210003600091260001200127300001400139490000700153520117500160100002301335700002001358700001801378856007701396 2012 eng d a0066-428600aPhytophthora beyond agriculture0 aPhytophthora beyond agriculture c09/2012 a359 - 3780 v503 a

Little is known about indigenous Phytophthora species in natural ecosystems. Increasing evidence, however, suggests that a diverse, trophically complex Phytophthora community is important in many forests. The number of described species has steadily increased, with a dramatic spike in recent years as new species have been split from old and new species have been discovered through exploration of new habitats. Forest soil, streams, and the upper canopies of trees are now being explored for Phytophthora diversity, and a new appreciation for the ecological amplitude of the genus is emerging. Ten to twenty species are regularly identified in temperate forest surveys. Half or more of this Phytophthora diversity comes from species described since 2000. Taxa in internal transcribed spacer (ITS) Clade 6 are especially numerous in forest streams and may be saprophytic in this habitat. Three ecological assemblages of forest Phytophthora species are hypothesized: aquatic opportunists, foliar pathogens, and soilborne fine-root and canker pathogens. Aggressive invasive species are associated with all three groups.

1 aHansen, Everett, M1 aReeser, Paul, W1 aSutton, Wendy uhttp://www.annualreviews.org/doi/pdf/10.1146/annurev-phyto-081211-17294601498nas a2200157 4500008004100000022001400041245006100055210006000116260001600176300001400192490000700206520103100213100002001244700002101264856005501285 1999 eng d a0003-431200aPhytophthora species in oak forests of north-east France0 aPhytophthora species in oak forests of northeast France cJan-01-1999 a539 - 5470 v563 a

Phytophthora species were surveyed from the end of 1997 through July 1998 in oak forests in NE France. Healthy (Amance) or declining (Illwald) forests were compared. The Phytophthora population in both was diverse and locally abundant. At least eight species were present at Amance and six at Illwald. At Amance Phytophthora species had a localized distribution in water and low-lying soils. At Illwald distribution was more uniform apparently due to flooding events. Most often recovered were P. citricola, P. gonapodyides and P. quercina. P. gonapodyides was ubiquitous in water and colonized leaf debris. P. quercina was widely distributed in soil but not abundant, and was found in sites that did not otherwise appear to favor Phytophthora. No correlation was detected between presence of Phytophthora in soil and health of trees. Unusual combinations of environmental factors may be required for resident Phytophthora to have a detrimental impact on oaks. © 1999 Editions scientifiques et médicales Elsevier SAS.

1 aHansen, Everett1 aDelatour, Claude uhttp://www.afs-journal.org/10.1051/forest:1999070200470nas a2200109 4500008004100000245007300041210006900114260003900183300001000222100001400232856011400246 1882 eng d00aPhytophthora omnivora (Phytophthora fagi und Peronospora sempervivi)0 aPhytophthora omnivora Phytophthora fagi und Peronospora sempervi aBerlinbVerlag von Julius Springer a42-461 aHartig, R uhttps://forestphytophthoras.org/references/phytophthora-omnivora-phytophthora-fagi-und-peronospora-sempervivi00528nas a2200133 4500008004100000022001400041245009600055210006900151260001400220300001400234490000700248100001100255856012800266 2002 eng d a0093-466600aPhytophthora cinnamomi var. robiniae var. nova on black locust in jiangsu province of China0 aPhytophthora cinnamomi var robiniae var nova on black locust in  bMycotaxon a391–3960 v821 aHo, HH uhttps://forestphytophthoras.org/references/phytophthora-cinnamomi-var-robiniae-var-nova-black-locust-jiangsu-province-china01521nas a2200157 4500008004100000245006900041210006900110300001200179490000800191520101800199100001901217700002401236700002801260700001501288856006001303 2011 eng d00aPhytophthora pini Leonian resurrected to distinct species status0 aPhytophthora pini Leonian resurrected to distinct species status a351-3600 v1033 a

Phytophthora pini was named by Leonian in 1925, but this species was largely ignored until 1956 and then merged with P. citricola by Waterhouse in 1963. This study compared the ex-type and ex-authentic cultures of these two species with isolates of P. plurivora and the P. citricola subgroups Cil I and III reported previously. Examination of these isolates revealed that the ex-type culture of P. pini is identical to P. citricola I. Phytophthora pini Leonian therefore is resurrected to distinct species status and redescribed here with a Latin description, replacing P. citricola I. Molecular, physiological and morphological descriptions of this species are presented. The molecular description includes DNA sequences of five nuclear and mitochondrial regions as well as PCR-SSCP fingerprints. The relationship among the above species and other species recently segregated from the P. citricola complex also is discussed.

1 aHong, Chuanxue1 aGallegly, Mannon, E1 aRichardson, Patricia, A1 aKong, Ping uhttp://www.mycologia.org/cgi/content/abstract/103/2/35101551nas a2200145 4500008004100000022004400041245009900085210006900184300001200253490000700265520104500272100001601317700001601333856005601349 2013 eng d a1175-9003 (print), 1179-352X (online)},00aPhosphorus acid for controlling Phytophthora ‘taxon Agathis’ in kauri: glasshouse trials. 0 aPhosphorus acid for controlling Phytophthora taxon Agathis in ka a242-2480 v663 a

Phytophthora taxon Agathis (PTA) is a serious problem in Auckland and Northland kauri forests. Phosphorous acid (phosphite) is a potential treatment for infected or threatened trees. In vitro tests on phosphite-amended agar showed that PTA was more sensitive to phosphite than other Phytophthora species commonly controlled by this chemical. Before progressing to forest trials, phosphite efficacy was tested on PTA-inoculated kauri seedlings in the glasshouse. Two-year-old kauri seedlings were inoculated with PTA applied directly to trunk wounds or by soil application. Phosphite was applied as a foliar spray, as a trunk injection or as a soil drench either 5 days before or 5 days after inoculation. All untreated control trees died, whether trunk- or soil-inoculated. With phosphite injection, survival was 100% following PTA soil inoculation and 67% following trunk inoculation. Foliar spray and soil drench-applied phosphite treatments were less effective than trunk injection, although some trees survived.

1 aHorner, I J1 aHough, E.G. uhttp://www.nzpps.org/nzpp_abstract.php?paper=66242001908nas a2200157 4500008004100000022001400041245013800055210006900193260002900262300001100291490000700302520135200309100001601661700001801677856005501695 2012 eng d a1439-032900aPhytophthora ramorum is a generalist plant pathogen with differences in virulence between isolates from infectious and dead-end hosts0 aPhytophthora ramorum is a generalist plant pathogen with differe bBlackwell Publishing Ltd a8–130 v423 a

Variation in virulence was examined among isolates of Phytophthora ramorum from epidemiologically important or infectious (non-oak) and transmissive dead-end (oak) hosts from North America. Twelve isolates representative of the genetic, geographic and host range of P. ramorum in the western United States were inoculated on leaves of Umbellularia californica (bay laurel or bay) and stems of Quercus agrifolia (coast live oak). In spite of extreme genetic similarity among the isolates employed, and even within the same genotype, significant differences in lesion size were measured, suggesting virulence in this pathogen is also controlled by epigenetic factors. A strong positive correlation between lesion size on bay laurel and coast live oak provides experimental evidence P. ramorum is a generalist pathogen that lacks host specificity. Isolates from non-transmissive oaks were significantly less pathogenic both on oaks and bays than isolates from infectious hosts. These results are essential to further our understanding of the epidemiology and evolutionary potential of this pathogen. A quantitative differential in virulence of isolates from hosts with different epidemiological roles has been described for many animal diseases, but is a novel report for a plant disease.

1 aHüberli, D1 aGarbelotto, M uhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0329.2011.00715.x02306nas a2200205 4500008004100000022001400041245012500055210006900180260002900249300001400278490000700292520164900299100001701948700001601965700001201981700001501993700001502008700002202023856005502045 2011 eng d a1439-032900aPotential susceptibility of Australian flora to a NA2 isolate of Phytophthora ramorum and pathogen sporulation potential0 aPotential susceptibility of Australian flora to a NA2 isolate of bBlackwell Publishing Ltd a305–3200 v423 a

Phytophthora ramorum is an invasive plant pathogen and the cause of considerable and widespread damage in nurseries, gardens and natural woodland ecosystems of the USA and Europe. It is considered to be a significant plant disease as it could cause biodiversity loss and severe economic losses in plant industries in areas where it is not yet known to exist, such as Australasia. Foliar susceptibility and sporulation potential were tested using detached-leaf assays for 70 Australian native plant species sourced from established gardens and arboreta in California using a NA2 isolate of P. ramorum. Correa ’Sister Dawn’, Eucalyptus regnans, Isopogon cuneatus, I. formosus, Leptospermum scoparium, L. lanigerum and Melaleuca squamea were identified as potentially highly susceptible host species. Hedycarya angustifolia, Olearia argophylla, Phyllocladus aspleniifolius, Pittosporum undulatum and Podocarpus lawrencei were identified as potentially resistant. All 70 species were able to be infected with P. ramorum, as confirmed by reisolation. Putative sporulating hosts include five members of the Myrtaceae, Agonis flexuosa, Corymbia ficifolia, Eucalyptus haemastoma, E. delegatensis and E. viminalis. As a part of a precautionary strategy, the potentially highly susceptible species found in this study are suitable candidates for targeted surveillance programmes in high-risk incursion areas of Australia and within the global horticultural trade.

1 aIreland, K B1 aHüberli, D1 aDell, B1 aSmith, I W1 aRizzo, D M1 aHardy, St., G E J uhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0329.2011.00755.x02169nas a2200253 4500008004100000022001400041245013800055210006900193260002900262300001400291490000700305520136800312653002201680653001301702653002701715653002101742100001701763700001601780700001201796700001501808700001501823700002201838856005501860 2012 eng d a1365-305900aPotential susceptibility of Australian native plant species to branch dieback and bole canker diseases caused by Phytophthora ramorum0 aPotential susceptibility of Australian native plant species to b bBlackwell Publishing Ltd a234–2460 v613 a

Susceptibility to branch dieback caused by Phytophthora ramorum was tested using a detached branch assay for 66 Australian native plant species sourced from established gardens and arboreta in California. Six of these species were further tested for their susceptibility to bole cankers caused by P. ramorum using a sealed log assay. Isopogon formosus and Eucalyptus denticulata were identified as potentially highly susceptible Australian branch dieback hosts. Thirteen potentially tolerant Australian host species included Banksia attenuata, B. marginata, E. haemastoma, E. regnans, Pittosporum undulatum and Billardiera heterophylla. Eucalyptus regnans was identified as a potentially highly susceptible bole canker host, while E. diversicolor and E. viminalis were considered potentially tolerant species to bole cankers caused by P. ramorum. Phytophthora ramorum was able to infect all 66 species, as confirmed by reisolation. These results extend the known potential host range for P. ramorum, confirm it as a possible threat to Australian plant industries and ecosystems and highlight additional associated hosts that are important in the global horticultural trade, native forests and plantation forestry.

10ainvasive organism10aoomycete10aramorum branch dieback10aSudden oak death1 aIreland, K B1 aHüberli, D1 aDell, B1 aSmith, I W1 aRizzo, D M1 aHardy, St., G E J uhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3059.2011.02513.x01995nas a2200181 4500008004100000022001400041245008200055210006900137260001600206300001600222490000700238520138200245100002001627700003801647700003001685700002301715856007501738 2020 eng d a0032-086200aPotential host range of four Phytophthora interspecific hybrids from Clade 8a0 aPotential host range of four Phytophthora interspecific hybrids  cMay-11-2020 a1281 - 12900 v693 a

In recent years several interspecific hybrids have been reported in the plant pathogenic oomycete genus Phytophthora. Due to the large genotypic and phenotypic changes, these hybrids might have broader or more limited host ranges compared with their parental species. It is crucial to understand the host range of Phytophthora hybrids to minimize the economic losses caused by their infection. The potential host range of four hybrids belonging to Clade 8a of the Phytophthora phylogenetic tree was investigated in this study. Thirty species of herbaceous plants as well as eight species of woody plants were inoculated and monitored for any symptom of infection. In addition, the detached twigs of 32 tree species, fruits of six plant species, tubers of potato, and roots of carrot and sugar beet were investigated for susceptibility to these hybrids. Almost all hybrids caused severe rot on all tested fruits, tubers, and roots, although different isolates showed different pathogenicity on detached tree twigs. All hybrids tested had a different host range compared with their parental species: they were able to infect plants outside the host range of their parents, infect hosts of both parental species, although these parents did not have overlapping hosts, or, in some cases, they were not able to infect hosts infected by the parents.

1 aJafari, Fatemeh1 aMostowfizadeh‐Ghalamfarsa, Reza1 aSafaiefarahani, Banafsheh1 aBurgess, Treena, I uhttps://bsppjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/ppa.1320502395nas a2200193 4500008004100000022001400041245010300055210006900158260001200227300001400239490000800253520170300261100002101964700001701985700002202002700002102024700002202045856013402067 2003 eng d a0028-646X00aPathogenicity of Swedish isolates of Phytophthora quercina to Quercus robur in two different soils0 aPathogenicity of Swedish isolates of Phytophthora quercina to Qu c05/2003 a355 - 3640 v1583 a
1 aJönsson, Ulrika1 aJung, Thomas1 aRosengren, Ulrika1 aNihlgård, Bengt1 aSonesson, Kerstin uhttps://forestphytophthoras.org/references/pathogenicity-swedish-isolates-phytophthora-quercina-quercus-robur-two-different-soils02540nas a2200277 4500008004100000022001300041245012500054210006900179300001400248490000700262520170100269653003101970653001002001653001202011653001302023653003002036653001202066653001202078653001202090653001702102653001502119653001902134100001202153700001602165856008102181 2004 eng d a0032086200aPhytophthora root and collar rot of alders in Bavaria: distribution, modes of spread and possible management strategies.0 aPhytophthora root and collar rot of alders in Bavaria distributi a197 - 2080 v533 a

A survey of symptoms of phytophthora root and collar rot of common (Alnus glutinosa) and grey alder (A. incana) in riparian and forest stands in Bavaria was conducted by the Bavarian State Forestry and river authorities. Symptoms were seen in 1041 out of 3247 forest alder stands. The majority of the affected stands (80·9%) were less than 21 years old; 46% of these young stands were growing on nonflooded sites and 92% had been planted. The riparian survey showed that symptoms were widespread along more than 50% of the river systems. Along some rivers the disease incidence exceeded 50%. The ‘alder Phytophthora’ was recovered from 166 of 185 riparian and forest alder stands with symptoms. In 58 of the 60 rivers and streams investigated in detail, the source of inoculum was traced back to infested young alder plantations growing on the river banks or on forest sites that drain into the rivers. Once introduced to a river system, the ‘alder Phytophthora’ infects alders downstream. Baiting tests showed that the ‘alder Phytophthora’ was present in rootstocks of alders from three out of four nurseries which regularly bought in alder plants for re-sale, but not in rootstocks from four nurseries that grew their own alders from seed. In addition, the infected nurseries used water from infested water courses for irrigation. The Bavarian State Ministry for Agriculture and Forestry has developed a code of practice for producing healthy alder plants in forest nurseries. This includes a 3-year fallow period between bare-rooted alder crops because of poor survival of the ‘alder Phytophthora’ in soil.

10aALDER – Diseases & pests10aAlnus10aBavaria10adiseases10afungal diseases of plants10aGERMANY10anursery10apathway10aPhytophthora10aplantation10ariparian areas1 aJung, T1 aBlaschke, M uhttp://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.0032-0862.2004.00957.x/abstract02261nas a2200157 4500008004100000022001300041245012600054210006900180260001200249300001600261490000800277520164800285100001701933700001901950856013401969 2008 eng d a0953756200aPhytophthora gallica sp. nov., a new species from rhizosphere soil of declining oak and reed stands in France and Germany0 aPhytophthora gallica sp nov a new species from rhizosphere soil  c10/2008 a1195 - 12050 v1123 a

A non-papillate, slow-growing Phytophthora species, which could not be assigned to any existing taxon, was isolated from rhizosphere soil of a declining oak in Northeast France, and from the rhizosphere of Phragmites australis at Lake Constance in south-west Germany in 1998 and 2004, respectively. We describe this species, previously informally designated Phytophthora taxon ‘G’, as Phytophthora gallica sp. nov. Morphology, growth rates, and pathogenicity against cuttings of riparian tree species and leaves of reed are described and compared with those of morphologically and phylogenetically similar Phytophthora species. P. gallica produces colonies with limited aerial mycelium and variable growth patterns. Gametangia are not formed in single or mixed cultures with tester strains of known mating types. P. gallica produces globose and elongated irregular chlamydospores, of which a high proportion is abortive. In water culture irregular hyphal swellings and non-papillate persistent sporangia are formed abundantly. P. gallica is moderately aggressive to Alnus glutinosa and Fagus sylvatica, weakly aggressive to Quercus robur and Salix alba and non-pathogenic to Fraxinus excelsior and Phragmites australis. According to ITS and mtDNA sequence data P. gallica belongs to a distinct Phytophthora clade, with P. boehmeriae and P. kernoviae being the closest relatives. The origin of P. gallica and its ecological role in wet ecosystems remain unclear.

1 aJung, Thomas1 aNechwatal, Jan uhttps://forestphytophthoras.org/references/phytophthora-gallica-sp-nov-new-species-rhizosphere-soil-declining-oak-and-reed-stands03160nas a2200229 4500008004100000022001300041245012000054210006900174260001100243300001400254490000800268520234900276100001702625700001902642700002202661700002202683700002102705700002502726700002102751700002102772856013702793 2003 eng d a0953756200aPhytophthora pseudosyringae sp. nov., a new species causing root and collar rot of deciduous tree species in Europe0 aPhytophthora pseudosyringae sp nov a new species causing root an c7/2003 a772 - 7890 v1073 a

In several studies of oak decline in Europe, a semi-papillate homothallic Phytophthora taxon was consistently isolated, together with other Phytophthora species, from rhizosphere soil samples. It was also found associated with necrotic fine roots and stem necroses of Fagus sylvatica and Alnus glutinosa. Due to morphological and physiological similarities, the semi-papillate isolates were previously identified as P. syringae by various authors. The morphology, physiology and pathogenicity against fine roots of Quercus robur, Q. petraea and F. sylvatica, bark of A. glutinosa, leaves of Ilex aquifolium and apple fruits of this Phytophthora species are described and compared with those of related and similar Phytophthora species, namely P. ilicis, P. psychrophila, P. quercina, P. citricola and P. syringae. The phylogenetic placement on the basis of ITS and mtDNA sequence data was also examined. Isolates of this taxon produce colonies with stellate to rosaceous growth patterns and limited aerial mycelium on various agar media. Antheridia are predominantly paragynous. In water culture catenulate hyphal swellings and semi-papillate caducous sporangia, that are usually limoniform, ellipsoid or ovoid, are formed abundandly, mostly in lax or dense sympodia. This taxon is a moderately slow growing, low temperature species with optimum and maximum temperatures around 20 and 25 °C, respectively. Tested isolates are moderately aggressive to fine roots of oaks and beech, highly aggressive to holly leaves and apple fruits, and slightly pathogenic to alder bark. Thirteen tested isolates had an identical and distinct ITS sequence which was more similar to that of P. ilicis and P. psychrophila than any other known taxa. On the basis of their unique combination of morphological characters, colony growth patterns, cardinal temperatures for growth, growth rates, pathogenicity to oaks, beech, alder, apple and holly, their host range, and ITS and mtDNA sequences the semi-papillate caducous Phytophthora isolates from oaks, beech and alder are clearly separated from related and similar Phytophthora spp., and described as a new species, P. pseudosyringae sp. nov.

1 aJung, Thomas1 aNechwatal, Jan1 aCooke, David, E L1 aHartmann, ünther1 aBlaschke, Markus1 aOßwald, Wolfgang, F1 aDuncan, James, M1 aDelatour, Claude uhttps://forestphytophthoras.org/references/phytophthora-pseudosyringae-sp-nov-new-species-causing-root-and-collar-rot-deciduous-tree02554nas a2200193 4500008004100000022001300041245007000054210006700124260001100191300001400202490000800216520198900224100001202213700001702225700001602242700001602258700001502274856007102289 1999 eng d a0953756200aPhytophthora quercina sp. nov., causing root rot of European oaks0 aPhytophthora quercina sp nov causing root rot of European oaks c7/1999 a785 - 7980 v1033 a

In a 3 year study of oak (Quercus robur, Q. petraea, Q. cerris, Q. pubescens and Q. ilex) decline in Central and Southern Europe, a papillate homothallic Phytophthora species was isolated consistently, with other Phytophthora spp., from necrotic fine roots by direct plating on to selective agar medium and from rhizosphere soil samples by baiting with leaves of Quercus robur. The morphology, physiology, RAPD banding patterns and pathogenicity against apple fruits of this Phytophthora sp. are described and compared with those of other papillate Phytophthora species from Waterhouse's Group I, namely P. cactorum, P. clandestina, P. idaei, P. iranica, P. pseudotsugae and P. tentaculata, and papillate Group III P. citricola. The papillate Phytophthora isolates from oak differed from all other Group I species by their uniform, dome-shaped and cottonwool-like colony growth pattern on V8 juice agar and malt extract agar, the frequent occurrence of sympodially branched primary hyphae, a high proportion of elongated, ellipsoid or ovoid oogonia, the absence of amphigynous antheridia and RAPD banding patterns. Additionally, there was no other species in Group I with as much variation in size and shape of the sporangia or large proportion of sporangia with a curved apex, hyphal projections, lateral displacement of the papilla and lateral attachment to the sporangiophore. In pathogenicity tests with infested soil, the isolates proved to be more pathogenic to Q. robur than any other Phytophthora sp. recovered from declining oaks in Central Europe. Based on their unique combination of cultural, sporangial and gametangial morphology, pathogenicity and close association with Quercus but not other trees, the papillate Phytophthora isolates from oak are described as Phytophthora quercina sp. nov.

1 aJung, T1 aCooke, D E L1 aBlaschke, H1 aDuncan, J M1 aOßwald, W uhttp://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S095375620860611502233nas a2200157 4500008004100000022001400041245012400055210006900179260001600248300001400264490000700278520170300285100001301988700001602001856005802017 2004 eng d a0032-086200aPhytophthora root and collar rot of alders in Bavaria: distribution, modes of spread and possible management strategies0 aPhytophthora root and collar rot of alders in Bavaria distributi cJan-04-2004 a197 - 2080 v533 a

A survey of symptoms of phytophthora root and collar rot of common (Alnus glutinosa) and grey alder (A. incana) in riparian and forest stands in Bavaria was conducted by the Bavarian State Forestry and river authorities. Symptoms were seen in 1041 out of 3247 forest alder stands. The majority of the affected stands (80·9%) were less than 21 years old; 46% of these young stands were growing on nonflooded sites and 92% had been planted. The riparian survey showed that symptoms were widespread along more than 50% of the river systems. Along some rivers the disease incidence exceeded 50%. The ‘alder Phytophthora’ was recovered from 166 of 185 riparian and forest alder stands with symptoms. In 58 of the 60 rivers and streams investigated in detail, the source of inoculum was traced back to infested young alder plantations growing on the river banks or on forest sites that drain into the rivers. Once introduced to a river system, the ‘alder Phytophthora’ infects alders downstream. Baiting tests showed that the ‘alder Phytophthora’ was present in rootstocks of alders from three out of four nurseries which regularly bought in alder plants for re‐sale, but not in rootstocks from four nurseries that grew their own alders from seed. In addition, the infected nurseries used water from infested water courses for irrigation. The Bavarian State Ministry for Agriculture and Forestry has developed a code of practice for producing healthy alder plants in forest nurseries. This includes a 3‐year fallow period between bare‐rooted alder crops because of poor survival of the ‘alder Phytophthora’ in soil.

1 aJung, T.1 aBlaschke, M uhttp://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/j.0032-0862.2004.00957.x01543nas a2200205 4500008004100000245010800041210007000149260001600219300001400235490000700249520086500256100002201121700002001143700001501163700001501178700002201193700001401215700001701229856009101246 2016 eng d00aPhytophthora ×alni and Phytophthora lacustris associated with common alder decline in Central Portugal0 aPhytophthora ×alni and Phytophthora lacustris associated with co cJan-04-2016 a174 - 1760 v463 a

Since the early 1990s, an emerging disease induced by the highly aggressive oomycete Phytophthora ×alni has caused widespread alder decline across Europe. In parallel, P. lacustris, a recently described species associated with riparian habitats, has been subject of increasing interest. A field survey conducted in 2014 showed high mortality rates in alder stands located in the riparian gallery along two rivers in Central Portugal. The pathogens isolated from necrotic alder stem base during this study were identified as P. ×alni and P. lacustris. This paper is the first to report the occurrence of P. lacustris in Portugal and presents the first finding of P. ×alni affecting mature trees in natural ecosystems located in Central Portugal.

1 aKanoun-Boulé, M.1 aVasconcelos, T.1 aGaspar, J.1 aVieira, S.1 aDias-Ferreira, C.1 aHusson, C1 aWoodward, S. uhttp://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/efp.2016.46.issue-2http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/efp.1227302705nas a2200193 4500008004100000245014100041210006900182260003900251300001100290490000600301520203400307100001802341700002202359700001302381700002102394700002002415700002302435856005302458 2012 eng d00aPhenotypic diversification Is associated with host-induced transposon derepression in the sudden oak death pathogen Phytophthora ramorum0 aPhenotypic diversification Is associated with hostinduced transp bPublic Library of Sciencec04/2012 ae347280 v73 a

The oomycete pathogen Phytophthora ramorum is responsible for sudden oak death (SOD) in California coastal forests. P. ramorum is a generalist pathogen with over 100 known host species. Three or four closely related genotypes of P. ramorum (from a single lineage) were originally introduced in California forests and the pathogen reproduces clonally. Because of this the genetic diversity of P. ramorum is extremely low in Californian forests. However, P. ramorum shows diverse phenotypic variation in colony morphology, colony senescence, and virulence. In this study, we show that phenotypic variation among isolates is associated with the host species from which the microbe was originally cultured. Microarray global mRNA profiling detected derepression of transposable elements (TEs) and down-regulation of crinkler effector homologs (CRNs) in the majority of isolates originating from coast live oak (Quercus agrifolia), but this expression pattern was not observed in isolates from California bay laurel (Umbellularia californica). In some instances, oak and bay laurel isolates originating from the same geographic location had identical genotypes based on multilocus simples sequence repeat (SSR) marker analysis but had different phenotypes. Expression levels of the two marker genes analyzed by quantitative reverse transcription PCR were correlated with originating host species, but not with multilocus genotypes. Because oak is a nontransmissive dead-end host for P. ramorum, our observations are congruent with an epi-transposon hypothesis; that is, physiological stress is triggered on P. ramorum while colonizing oak stems and disrupts epigenetic silencing of TEs. This then results in TE reactivation and possibly genome diversification without significant epidemiological consequences. We propose the P. ramorum-oak host system in California forests as an ad hoc model for epi-transposon mediated diversification.

1 aKasuga, Takao1 aKozanitas, Melina1 aBui, Mai1 aHüberli, Daniel1 aRizzo, David, M1 aGarbelotto, Matteo uhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.003472801775nas a2200133 4500008004100000245009400041210006900135300001600204490000700220520127400227100001901501700001501520856010601535 1979 eng d00aPhytophthora cinnamomi in Hawaiian forest soils: seasonal variations in population levels0 aPhytophthora cinnamomi in Hawaiian forest soils seasonal variati a1268–12720 v693 a

Soils from three ohia forest sites with trees showing varying degrees of decline, and from adjacent healthy and declining sites, were sampled biweekly for population levels of Phytophthora cinnamomi over an 8- to 13-mo period. Population levels varied considerably among sites and within the same site throughout the course of the study. At the three sites, the fungus generally was undetectable or its population levels were lowest in the winter months when minimum soil temperatures were near 10 C and then they increased as soil temperatures increased. Population levels decreased after extended periods of heavy rain and measurements at six of the eight monthly sampling times were significantly higher at the decline site than at the adjacent healthy site. Significant correlations between P. cinnamomi population levels and maximum soil temperature, minimum soil temperature, and rainfall were found at some sites but not at others. Soil matric potentials at all sites ranged from 0 to –30 mb and were seldom less than –25 mb. High water holding capacity of the soils combined with rainfall averages ranging 2,984–3,489 mm/yr apparently were favorable for sporangium formation. Zoospores were prevalent at certain times of the year.

1 aKliejunas, J T1 aNagata, JT uhttp://www.apsnet.org/publications/phytopathology/backissues/Documents/1979Abstracts/Phyto69_1268.htm01518nas a2200169 4500008004100000022001300041245006200054210005900116300001400175490000700189520097600196653001501172653002901187100001901216700001501235856009801250 1981 eng d a0191291700aPhytophthora root rot of Port-Orford-cedar in California.0 aPhytophthora root rot of PortOrfordcedar in California a446–4470 v653 a

Phytophthora Root Rot of {Port-Orford-Cedar} in California. John T. Kliejunas, Plant Pathologist, Forest Pest Management, Forest Service, {U.S.} Department of Agriculture, San Francisco, {CA} 94111. David H. Adams, Forest Pathologist, Department of Forestry, State of California, Sacramento 95814. Plant Dis. 65:446-447. . This article is in the public domain and not copyrightable. It may be freely reprinted with customary crediting of the source. The American Phytopathological Society, 1981. {DOI:} {10.1094/PD-65-446.} The {Port-Orford-cedar} stands on federal, state, and private lands in northern California were surveyed in the spring of 1980 for Phytophthora root rot caused by Phytophthora lateralis. The disease was present at six sites on the Gasquet Ranger District, Six Rivers National Forest, and Jedediah Smith Redwoods State Park, Del Norte County, and on six ornamental cedars at a residence in Eureka, Humboldt County.

10aCalifornia10aChamaecyparis lawsoniana1 aKliejunas, J T1 aAdams, D H uhttps://forestphytophthoras.org/references/phytophthora-root-rot-port-orford-cedar-california00575nas a2200157 4500008004100000024001200041245011500053210006900168100001400237700001500251700001400266700001400280700001200294700002100306856009000327 2022 eng d aEM 933000aPreventing Phytophthora infestations in restoration nurseries: a key to protecting wildland plant communities.0 aPreventing Phytophthora infestations in restoration nurseries a 1 aKline, N.1 aElliott, M1 aParke, J.1 aStark, D.1 aShaw, D1 aChristiansen, A. u https://catalog.extension.oregonstate.edu/sites/catalog/files/project/pdf/em9330.pdf00673nas a2200157 4500008004100000022001300041245005500054210005300109260003500162300001600197490000700213520022800220100001200448700001500460856004000475 1979 eng d a0027551400aPhytophthora katsurae, a new name for P. castaneae0 aPhytophthora katsurae a new name for P castaneae bMycological Society of America app. 840-8440 v713 a

P. katsurae is proposed to replace P. castaneae Katsura & Uchida from chestnut [RPP 57, 2024] which is illegitimate, being a later homonym of P. castaneae (Mangin) Clements & Shear.

1 aKo, W H1 aChang, H S uhttp://www.jstor.org/stable/375919800562nas a2200133 4500008004100000245012800041210006900169300001400238490000700252100001200259700001300271700001200284856013200296 2006 eng d00aThe possible origin and relation of Phytophthora katsurae and P. heveae, discovered in a protected natural forest in Taiwan0 apossible origin and relation of Phytophthora katsurae and P heve a273–2770 v471 aKo, W H1 aWang, SY1 aAnn, PJ uhttps://forestphytophthoras.org/references/possible-origin-and-relation-phytophthora-katsurae-and-p-heveae-discovered-protected02297nas a2200217 4500008004100000245012800041210006900169260001600238300001600254490000700270520152100277100001501798700002001813700001501833700001401848700001501862700001301877700001401890700001401904856016101918 2015 eng d00aPotential of Ypt1 and ITS gene regions for the detection of Phytophthora species in a lab-on-a-chip DNA hybridization array0 aPotential of Ypt1 and ITS gene regions for the detection of Phyt cJan-10-2015 a1176 - 11890 v643 a

A novel DNA-chip hybridization assay that uses the ras-related GTP-binding protein 1 gene (Ypt1) was developed for the identification of several devastating Phytophthora species. The hybridization was conducted in a portable microfluidic lab-on-a-chip device for fast and accurate detection of 40 Phytophthora, two Pythium and one Phytopythium species. Moreover, the functionality of the Ypt1 region was examined in comparison to an array for the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region by in silico modelling. The difference in species-specific capture probe sequences was lower for the ITS than for the Ypt1 region. While ITS-probes of Phytophthora ramorum, Phytophthora fragariae and Phytophthora lateralis cross-reacted with up to 11 non-target species, Ypt1-probes were specific except for P. fragariae/Phytophthora rubi. First analyses of artificially inoculated Rhododendron leaves successfully demonstrated the usability of the respective capture probes for the Ypt1 and the ras-related plant protein Rab1a gene region. The on-chip hybridization enabled the detection of up to 1 pg μL−1 target DNA depending on the species examined. Due to the complementarity of ITS and Ypt1 genetic features, the use of multiple loci is recommended to identify targets of different taxonomic rank.

1 aKönig, S.1 aSchwenkbier, L.1 aPollok, S.1 aRiedel, M1 aWagner, S.1 aPopp, J.1 aWeber, K.1 aWerres, S uhttp://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/ppa.2015.64.issue-5http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/ppa.12357http://api.wiley.com/onlinelibrary/tdm/v1/articles/10.1111%2Fppa.1235701089nas a2200133 4500008004100000245014000041210006900181300001200250490000800262520061400270100001400884700001600898856004100914 1993 eng d00aPhytophthora tentaculata sp. nov. und Phytophthora cinnamomi var. parvispora var. nov., zwei neue Pilze von Zierpflanzen in Deutschland0 aPhytophthora tentaculata sp nov und Phytophthora cinnamomi var p a250-2580 v1003 a

Während der letzten beiden Jahre sind in Deutschland in einigen stark geschädigten Gewächshausbeständen von Zierpflanzen wiederholt zwei Vertreter der Gattung Phytophthora isoliert worden, die bisher noch nicht bekannt waren. Sie werden hier als P. tentaculata und als P. cinnamomi vai. parvispora beschrieben.

From severely damaged ornamental plants found in greenhouses in Germany, two representatives of the genus Phytophthora were isolated. Because these fungi are unknown until now they are described in this treatise as new fungi, namely P. tentaculata and P. cinnamomi var. parvispora.

1 aKrober, K1 aMarwitz, RZ uhttp://www.jstor.org/stable/4338617300594nas a2200133 4500008004100000022001400041245014000055210006900195300001500264490001400279100001500293700001500308856013700323 1993 eng d a0340-815900aPhytophthora tentaculata sp. nov. and Phytophthora cinnamomi var. parvispora var. nov., two new fungi from ornamental plants in Germany0 aPhytophthora tentaculata sp nov and Phytophthora cinnamomi var p ap. 250-2580 vv. 100(3)1 aKroeber, H1 aMarwitz, R uhttps://forestphytophthoras.org/references/phytophthora-tentaculata-sp-nov-and-phytophthora-cinnamomi-var-parvispora-var-nov-two-new01773nas a2200193 4500008004100000022001300041245009900054210006900153260001600222300001400238490000700252520116000259100001901419700001601438700002501454700001901479700001501498856006601513 2004 eng d a1087184500aPhylogenetic analysis of Phytophthora species based on mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequences0 aPhylogenetic analysis of Phytophthora species based on mitochond cJan-08-2004 a766 - 7820 v413 a

A molecular phylogenetic analysis of the genus Phytophthora was performed, 113 isolates from 48 Phytophthora species were included in this analysis. Phylogenetic analyses were performed on regions of mitochondrial (cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1; NADH dehydrogenase subunit 1) and nuclear gene sequences (translation elongation factor 1α; β-tubulin) and comparisons made to test for incongruence between the mitochondrial and nuclear data sets. The genus Phytophthora was confirmed to be monophyletic. In addition, results confirm that the classical taxonomic grouping as described by [Waterhouse (1963)] does not reflect true phylogenetic relations. Phytophthora species were redistributed into 8 clades, providing a more accurate representation of phylogenetic relationships within the genus Phytophthora. The evolution and transition of morphological, pathogenic, and reproductive traits was inferred from the cladogram generated in this study. Mating system was inferred to be a homoplasious trait, with at least eight independent transitions from homothallism to heterothallism observed.

1 aKroon, L.P.N.M1 aBakker, F.T1 avan den Bosch, G.B.M1 aBonants, P.J.M1 aFlier, W.G uhttp://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S108718450400061102181nas a2200169 4500008004100000022001400041245010900055210006900164260001600233300001400249490000800263520160700271100002101878700002101899700002001920856007101940 2017 eng d a1861-382900aPhytophthora chlamydospora and P. megasperma associated with root and crown rot of sour cherry in Turkey0 aPhytophthora chlamydospora and P megasperma associated with root cJan-08-2017 a403 - 4060 v1243 a

Sour cherry is a very important commercial crop of Turkey. In a newly established orchard in Ankara province of Turkey, some of young sour cherry trees did not leaf out or collapsed after a while turning green in spring, 2014. Lateral and hairy roots of symptomatic trees showed poor growth. Occurrence of necrotic and decay tissues girdling the whole roots resulted in tree mortality. Two Phytophthora spp. were isolated from necrotic tissues on taproots and crowns. The pathogens were identified as Phytophthora chlamydospora and P. megasperma based on morphological characteristics and DNA sequences of the internal transcribed spacer region. Pathogenicity of the isolates was tested by stem inoculation to sour cherry seedlings. P. chlamydospora caused canker lesions and killed the seedlings within 4 weeks, while no cankers occurred on stem of the plants inoculated with P. megasperma and on control plants. Also P. megasperma was found as pathogen on roots of sour cherry seedlings in soil infestation test. This is the first report of P. chlamydospora and P. megasperma causing crown and root rot of sour cherry in Turkey. In addition, P. chlamydospora is a new pathogen of sour cherry grafted on Prunus mahaleb.

1 aKurbetli, İlker1 aAydoğdu, Mehmet1 aSülü, Görkem uhttp://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s41348-017-0075-y.pdf05777nas a2200157 4500008004100000022001400041245004000055210003700095300000900132490000700141520530100148100001605449700001805465700001805483856011805501 2013 eng d a2191-139800aPhytophthora on Betula spp. (birch)0 aPhytophthora on Betula spp birch a7 pp0 v803 a

Birch is an important forest tree especially in colder climates. It is monoecious and wind polli- nated species, and it has wind-dispersed seeds. The genus contains more than 60 taxa including trees and shrubs. B. pendula Roth (silver birch) and B pubescens Ehrh. (downy birch) have both wide distribution in Europe and are also found in northern parts of Asia (Hämet-Ahti et al., 1989, Niemistö et al., 2008). B. alleghaniensis Britton (yellow birch), B. lenta L. (sweet birch), B. papyrifera Marshall (paper birch) B. populifolia Marsh. (grey birch) and B. nigra L. (river birch) are species typical for North America (Hämet-Ahti et al., 1989; Verkasalo, 1990). In Scandinavia and northern Europe B. pendula is an important tree species for forest industry, but also used as amenity trees in parks, alleys and in gardens. B. alleghaniensis, B. lenta and B. papyrifera are also valuable for forest industry. Birches are cold tolerant pioneer species and in southern Europe they are found mainly on higher altitudes. Many Betula species such as B. nana L. (dwarf birch), B. pubescens subsp. czerepanovii (Orlova) Hämet-Ahti (arctic moor birch) and B. utilis D. Don (Himalayan birch) are typi- cal for treeline. B. nana and it’s subspecies are shrubs native to arctic and cool temperate regions of northern Europe, northern Asia and northern North America. They are also present in Greenland as well as in mountains in Scotland and the Alps. B. utilis is growing as a shrub or tree native to the the Himalayas (Hämet-Ahti et al., 1989; http://www.discoverlife.org).

1 aLilja, Arja1 aThinggaard, K1 aMunda, Alenka uhttp://www.jki.bund.de/fileadmin/dam_uploads/_veroeff/JKI_Datenblaetter/Phytophthora/englisch/final_Betula_en.pdf00498nas a2200157 4500008004100000022001400041245003700055210003700092260002900129300001400158490000700172520006900179100001800248700001700266856005700283 1989 eng d a1365-305900aPhytophthora katsurae from cocoa0 aPhytophthora katsurae from cocoa bBlackwell Publishing Ltd a627–6290 v383 aPhytophthora katsurae is reported for the first time from cocoa.1 aLiyanage, NIS1 aWheeler, BEJ uhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3059.1989.tb01463.x01070nas a2200301 4500008004100000022001300041245016400054210006900218300001600287490000800303653001500311653002500326653001700351653001900368653003300387653002200420653002600442653001400468653001700482653002500499653002700524653001200551653001800563653002200581100001600603700001600619856013300635 2003 eng d a0953756200aPhylogenetic relationships of Phytophthora ramorum, P. nemorosa, and P. pseudosyringae, three species recovered from areas in California with sudden oak death.0 aPhylogenetic relationships of Phytophthora ramorum P nemorosa an a1379–13910 v10710aCalifornia10acytochrome-c oxidase10aforest trees10afungal anatomy10ainternal transcribed spacers10amitochondrial DNA10amolecular systematics10aphylogeny10aPhytophthora10aPhytophthora ramorum10aplant pathogenic fungi10aQuercus10aribosomal DNA10asequence analysis1 aMartin, F N1 aTooley, P W uhttps://forestphytophthoras.org/references/phylogenetic-relationships-phytophthora-ramorum-p-nemorosa-and-p-pseudosyringae-three01938nas a2200157 4500008004100000022001400041245010300055210006900158260001600227300001400243490000700257520141200264100002201676700001301698856006901711 2014 eng d a0191-291700aPhytophthora cinnamomi as a Contributor to White Oak Decline in Mid-Atlantic United States Forests0 aPhytophthora cinnamomi as a Contributor to White Oak Decline in  cJan-03-2014 a319 - 3270 v983 a

To evaluate Phytophthora cinnamomi as a cause of white oak (Quercus alba) decline in mid-Atlantic forests, sampling was conducted at 102 sites from 2011 to 2012. Soil and roots from healthy and declining white oak trees were collected. Phytophthora spp. were isolated using baiting and CFU of P. cinnamomi quantified using wet-sieving. Fine roots were scanned and measured. Phytophthora spp. were isolated from 43% of the sites. P. cinnamomi was common; six other species were isolated infrequently. Little difference in lesion size existed on white oak seedlings inoculated with 32 isolates of P. cinnamomi; only 13 isolates caused significant mortality. Soils from white oak versus nine other hosts did not have significantly different CFU. P. cinnamomi was restricted to United States Department of Agriculture hardiness zones six and seven and never found in zone five. The presence of Phytophthora spp. in soil can be associated with white oak fine root health. When Phytophthora spp. were present, white oak trees in zones five and six had less fine roots. In mid-Atlantic oak forests, however, environmental conditions appear to play a key role in determining the impact of P. cinnamomi on the root system. P. cinnamomi alone does not appear to be a causal factor of white oak decline.

1 aMcConnell, M., E.1 aBalci, Y uhttp://apsjournals.apsnet.org/doi/abs/10.1094/PDIS-06-13-0649-RE02984nas a2200121 4500008004100000245013300041210006900174260003900243490000800282520249600290100002702786856004902813 2000 eng d00aPort-Orford-cedar and Phytophthora lateralis: grafting and heritability of resistance in the host, and variation in the pathogen0 aPortOrfordcedar and Phytophthora lateralis grafting and heritabi aCorvallisbOregon State University0 vPhD3 a

Port-Orford-cedar (Chamaecyparis lawsoniana) is a forest tree native to a small area of Oregon and California. A root disease caused by Phytophthora lateralis causes widespread mortality of Port-Orford-cedar. This dissertation examines three important elements of the Port-Orford-cedar P. lateralis pathosystem related to breeding for disease resistance: use of resistant rootstocks to maintain genotypes of Port-Orford-cedar for breeding; the heritability and genetic basis of disease resistance; and variability in virulence and DNA fingerprint among a sample of P. lateralis isolates. Port-Orford-cedar was reciprocally grafted to western redcedar (Thuja plicata), incense cedar (Calocedrus decurrens), and Alaska yellow-cedar (Chamaecyparis nootkatensis). Port-Orford-cedar scion graft success was moderate with western red cedar and incense cedar, but extreme overgrowth of the rootstock by the scion indicated incompatibility. Xylem union was good, but phloem union was incomplete or lacking. Nearly all Port-Orford-cedar rootstocks and seedlings exposed to P. lateralis died of root disease. Four percent of the Alaska yellow-cedar exposed also died, confirming this tree as a host for P. lateralis. Resistance of Port-Orford-cedar to P. lateralis is rare. A small number of trees have been identified exhibiting resistance. A number of families were tested to determine the genetic basis for resistance. Estimates of narrow-sense and family mean heritability of resistance, as exhibited by restriction of lesion length after inoculation, were determined. Both narrow-sense and family mean heritabilities were between 0.61 and 0.98 in most tests. Between 21% and 32% of the variance was due to differences among families. Thirteen isolates of P. lateralis were collected from three hosts throughout the geographic range of the fungus. Variation in growth rate on artificial media at three temperatures, virulence when used to inoculate Port-Orford-cedar, and DNA fingerprint were compared. There were significant differences in growth rate among isolates at 24C, but fewer differences at lower temperatures and on a rich medium. One isolate produced significantly shorter lesions in three different inoculation tests. Isolates differed at only two of 189 bands produced by Inter Simple Sequence Repeat (ISSR) DNA primers, indicating very little genetic variation among isolates.

1 aMcWilliams, Michael, G uhttp://oasis.oregonstate.edu/record=b215596903641nas a2200133 4500008004100000245012800041210007200169260006300241300000800304490001300312520308200325100001803407856008203425 2007 eng d00aProdutividade e sustentabilidade de plantações de acácia-negra (Acacia mearnsii De Wild.) no Rio Grande do Sul. Curitiba0 aProdutividade e sustentabilidade de plantações de acácianegra Ac aCuritiba, BrazilbUniversidade Federal do Paranác03/2007 a2660 vDoctoral3 a

This work aimed to evaluate the factors related to the productivity, sustainability and environmental impacts of the black wattle plantation in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. The studies made about those plantations analyzed the utilization of the genetically improved seeds, the soil attributes influence, the P and K fertilization profit, the uptake, cycling and exportation of nutrients, the biomass production and partition, the black wattle invasion in the grassland area and riparian forest, the forest succession and the understorey herbaceous vegetation of the black wattle plantation. The timber production at the age of five years increased in 9.1 m3/ha through the seed improvement adoption that represented a net profit of R$ 180.00 per ha; however those increments depended on the utilization of suitable silvicultural practices. The gummosis (Phytophthora sp.) was observed in 33.9% of the dead trees during the period from three to five years and reduced in 9.0% the growth of attacked plants. The optimal economic rotation defined by the net present worth, considering an infinite horizon, was at the age of four years for the land owner and at the age of six years for the renters. The P, K and organic matter on the soil had positive effects on the black wattle growth. Similarly, it was found the response to the P and K fertilization, with a medium increase of 36.2% in the timber volume, and the P also promoted the greatest increments and the response to the K were great on the optimal dose of the P. The greatest foliage efficiency for the biomass production and the maximum timber productivity occurred at the age of five years. At the age of seven years the trunk represented around 80% of the aboveground biomass and stored a greater quantity of P,K, Ca and Mg. The N and S accumulation was greater in the crown trees compartments. The nutrients cycling rate via litter during de rotation of seven years varied from 25.3 to 59.6% and after the age of four years they represented more then 60% of the nutrients absorbed by the plants. The Ca and K were the nutrients exported in a greater quantity by the forest harvest. The best efficiency of the nutrients to the trunk biomass production and the least nutrients exportation per biomass unit harvested occurred when the plantations were six and seven years old. The black wattle was able to invade only disturbed grassland area with total exposure of the soil, for this reason it must be considered as a causal invasive plant. The native vegetation recomposition of those areas provoked mortality of a greater number of invasive plants. In the other hand, the black wattle does not become an invasive plant in the riparian forest and when planted in those areas proportioned an abundant and diversified succession in its understorey. The black wattle plantation in grassland area reduced part of the floristic diversity of the herbaceous vegetation and propitiated the typical species settlement in the understorey forests, however they did not affected the site environmental resilience.

1 aMochiutti, S. uhttp://www.floresta.ufpr.br/pos-graduacao/defesas/pdf_dr/2007/t218_0266-D.pdf00484nas a2200109 4500008004100000245009200041210006900133250001500202260009200217100001000309856005500319 2006 eng d00aPhytophthora alni (Brasier et al.) update on alder Phytophthora and potential new hosts0 aPhytophthora alni Brasier et al update on alder Phytophthora and a04/05/2006 bNorth American Plant Protection Organization, NSF Center for Integrated Pest Management1 aNAPPO uhttp://www.pestalert.org/viewNewsAlert.cfm?naid=1502787nas a2200169 4500008004100000245009400041210006900135260001600204300001400220490000700234520215500241100001602396700001302412700001502425700001602440856016102456 2015 eng d00aPathogenicity to alder of Phytophthora species from riparian ecosystems in western Oregon0 aPathogenicity to alder of Phytophthora species from riparian eco cJan-10-2015 a358 - 3660 v453 a

Described as one of the most destructive pathogens of agricultural crops and forest trees, Phytophthora is a genus of microorganisms containing over 100 known species. Phytophthora alni has caused collar and root disease in alders throughout Europe, and a subspecies has recently been isolated in North America. Reports of canopy dieback in red alder, Alnus rubra, prompted a survey of their overall health and to determine whether P. alni was present in western Oregon riparian ecosystems. Over 1100 Phytophthora isolates were recovered, representing 20 species and 2 taxa. Phytophthora-type cankers were observed in many trees, and their incidence was positively correlated with canopy dieback. High levels of mortality for red alder were not observed, which suggests these Phytophthora species are not aggressive pathogens. To test this hypothesis, three stem wound inoculations and one root dip were conducted on red alder seedlings using 13 Phytophthora species recovered from the riparian survey. Ten of the 13 Phytophthora species produced significant lesions in at least one pathogenicity test. Phytophthora siskiyouensis produced the largest lesions on red alder from the two stem wound inoculation tests conducted under summer conditions, while P. taxon Pgchlamydo caused the largest lesions during the winter stem wound inoculation test. Phytophthora gonapodyides, P. taxon Pgchlamydo and P. siskiyouensis have previously been found associated with necrotic alder roots and bole cankers in the field, and with the pathogenicity results reported here, we have established these species as causes of Phytophthora root disease and Phytophthora bole canker of alder in Oregon. While none of the Phytophthora species were especially aggressive towards red alder in the pathogenicity tests, they did cause localized disease symptoms. By weakening the root systems or boles of alders, the Phytophthoras could be leaving alders more susceptible to other insects and pathogens.

1 aNavarro, S.1 aSims, L.1 aHansen, E.1 aVannini, Á uhttp://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/efp.2015.45.issue-5http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/efp.12175http://api.wiley.com/onlinelibrary/tdm/v1/articles/10.1111%2Fefp.1217500555nas a2200133 4500008004100000245011100041210006900152300001400221490000700235100001400242700001500256700001400271856013600285 2010 eng d00aPrevalence, distribution and identification of Phytophthora species from bleeding canker on European beech0 aPrevalence distribution and identification of Phytophthora speci a150–1580 v281 aNelson, A1 aWeiland, G1 aHudler, G uhttps://forestphytophthoras.org/references/prevalence-distribution-and-identification-phytophthora-species-bleeding-canker-european02576nas a2200277 4500008004100000022001400041245012600055210006900181260002900250300001600279490000700295520170800302653003202010653002602042653001602068653002402084100001302108700001702121700001302138700002702151700001902178700001402197700001702211700001502228856005502243 2011 eng d a1365-305900aPotential for eradication of the exotic plant pathogens Phytophthora kernoviae and Phytophthora ramorum during composting0 aPotential for eradication of the exotic plant pathogens Phytopht bBlackwell Publishing Ltd a1077–10850 v603 a

Temperature and exposure time effects on Phytophthora kernoviae and Phytophthora ramorum viability were examined in flasks of compost and in a large-scale composting system containing plant waste. Cellophane, rhododendron leaf and peat-based inoculum of P. kernoviae and P. ramorum isolates were used in flasks; naturally infected leaves were inserted into a large-scale system. Exposures of 5 and 10 days respectively at a mean temperature of 35°C in flask and large-scale composts reduced P. kernoviae and P. ramorum inocula to below detection limits using semi-selective culturing. Although P. ramorum was undetectable after a 1-day exposure of inoculum to compost at 40°C in flasks, it survived on leaves exposed to a mean temperature of 40·9°C for 5 days in a large-scale composting system. No survival of P. ramorum was detected after exposure of infected leaves for 5 days to a mean temperature of >=41·9°C (32·8°C for P. kernoviae) or for 10 days at >=31·8°C (25·9°C for Phytophthora pseudosyringae on infected bilberry stems) in large-scale systems. Fitted survival probabilities of P. ramorum on infected leaves exposed in a large-scale system for 5 days at 45°C or for 10 days at 35°C were <3%, for an average initial infection level of leaves of 59·2%. RNA quantification to measure viability was shown to be unreliable in environments that favour RNA preservation: high levels of ITS1 RNA were recovered from P. kernoviae- and P. ramorum-infected leaves exposed to composting plant wastes at >53°C, when all culture results were negative.

10aPhytophthora pseudosyringae10aRhododendron ponticum10atemperature10aVaccinium myrtillus1 aNoble, R1 aBlackburn, J1 aThorp, G1 aDobrovin-Pennington, A1 aPietravalle, S1 aKerins, G1 aAllnutt, T R1 aHenry, C M uhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3059.2011.02476.x00456nas a2200145 4500008004100000022001300041245005900054210005600113300001400169490000700183100001000190700001700200700001600217856007700233 2006 eng d a1437478100aPort-Orford-cedar resistant to Phytophthora lateralis.0 aPortOrfordcedar resistant to Phytophthora lateralis a385–3940 v361 aOh, E1 aSniezko, R A1 aHansen, E M uhttp://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1439-0329.2006.00474.x/full02329nas a2200205 4500008004100000022001400041245010500055210006900160260002900229300001400258490000700272520168900279100002001968700001501988700001802003700001702021700001802038700001202056856005502068 2011 eng d a1439-032900aPhytophthora root and collar rot of mature Fraxinus excelsior in forest stands in Poland and Denmark0 aPhytophthora root and collar rot of mature Fraxinus excelsior in bBlackwell Publishing Ltd a510–5190 v413 a

In recent years, Common ash (Fraxinus excelsior) throughout Europe has been severely impacted by a leaf and twig dieback caused by the hyphomycete Chalara fraxinea. The reasons for its current devastating outbreak, however, still remain unclear. Here, we report the presence of four Phytophthora taxa in declining ash stands in Poland and Denmark. Phytophthora cactorum, Phytophthora plurivora, Phytophthora taxon salixsoil and Phytophthora gonapodyides were isolated from rhizosphere soil samples and necrotic bark lesions on stems and roots of mature declining ash trees in four stands. The first three species proved to be aggressive to abscised roots, twigs and leaves of F. excelsior in inoculation experiments. Soil infestation tests also confirmed their pathogenicity towards fine and feeder roots of ash seedlings. Our results provide first evidence for an involvement of Phytophthora species as a contributing factor in current decline phenomena of F. excelsior across Europe. Specifically, they may act as a predisposing factor for trees subsequently infected by C. fraxinea. Phytophthora species from ash stands also proved to be aggressive towards a wide range of tree and shrub species commonly associated with F. excelsior in mixed stands. Although damage varied considerably depending on the Phytophthora species/isolate-host plant combination, these results show that many woody species may be a potential source for survival and inoculum build-up of soilborne Phytophthora spp. in ash stands and forest ecosystems in general.

1 aOrlikowski, L B1 aPtaszek, M1 aRodziewicz, A1 aNechwatal, J1 aThinggaard, K1 aJung, T uhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0329.2011.00714.x00558nas a2200169 4500008004100000245010000041210006900141300001400210490000700224100001500231700001000246700001500256700001600271700001500287700001900302856006700321 2007 eng d00aPhytophthora ramorum colonizes tanoak xylem and is associated with reduced stem water transport0 aPhytophthora ramorum colonizes tanoak xylem and is associated wi a1558-15670 v971 aParke, J L1 aOh, E1 aVoelker, S1 aHansen, E M1 aBuckles, G1 aLachenbruch, B uhttp://apsjournals.apsnet.org/doi/abs/10.1094/PHYTO-97-12-155800719nas a2200205 4500008004100000245006500041210006000106260011100166300000800277490003200285100001500317700001600332700001300348700001500361700001900376700001700395700001900412700001800431856006400449 2010 eng d00aThe Phytophthora online course: Training for nursery growers0 aPhytophthora online course Training for nursery growers aSanta Cruz, CaliforniabU.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station a3550 vGen. Tech. Rep. PSW-GTR-2291 aParke, J L1 aPscheidt, J1 aRegan, R1 aHedberg, J1 aGrünwald, N J1 aFrankel, S J1 aKliejunas, J T1 aPalmieri, K M uhttp://www.fs.fed.us/psw/publications/documents/psw_gtr229/01142nas a2200145 4500008004100000022001400041245008000055210006900135260001600204300001400220490000800234520069100242100002500933856003800958 2013 eng d a2154-888900aPhytophthora castaneae, the correct name for P. katsurae nom. nov. superfl.0 aPhytophthora castaneae the correct name for P katsurae nom nov s cSep-01-2013 a327 - 3310 v1213 a

Phytophthora katsurae was proposed as a nom. nov. for P. castaneaeon the assumption that the replaced name was an illegitimate later homonym. This assumption was based on the invalid nomen nudum publication of “Phytophthora castaneae” in a host–pathogen index as a synonym of Mycelophagus castaneae, and an erroneous interpretation of Clements & Shear’s listing of the type of the genus Mycelophagus. There is no valid earlier homonym. Phytophthora castaneae is the correct legitimate name for the taxon causing trunk rot of Castanea crenata, and P. katsurae is an illegitimate superfluous name.

1 aPennycook, Shaun, R. uhttp://dx.doi.org/10.5248/121.32702979nas a2200205 4500008004100000022001400041245013800055210006900193260001200262300001400274490000700288520232700295100002102622700002202643700001302665700002402678700001902702700001202721856004002733 2013 eng d a1439-032900aPreviously unrecorded low-temperature Phytophthora species associated with Quercus decline in a Mediterranean forest in eastern Spain0 aPreviously unrecorded lowtemperature Phytophthora species associ c08/2013 a331–3390 v433 a

Oak decline has been a serious problem in Europe since the beginning of the twentieth century. In south-west Spain, Quercus ilex and Q. suber are the main affected species, and their decline has been associated with Phytophthora cinnamomi. During the last 10 years, a severe decline of Q. ilex and Q. faginea accompanied by a significant decrease in the production of acorns affecting natural regeneration was observed in the eastern part of the Iberian Peninsula. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the possible involvement of Phytophthora spp. in the decline. A forest in the Natural Park ‘Carrascar de la Font Roja’ in Comunidad Valenciana (eastern Spain), which is dominated by Q. ilex and Q. faginea, was surveyed during 2010–2011. Symptomatic trees showed thinning and dieback of the crown, withering of leaves and death. An extensive loss of both lateral small woody roots and fine roots and callusing or open cankers on suberized roots were observed. Soil samples containing fine roots were baited using both Q. robur leaves and apple fruits. Six Phytophthora species were isolated: P. cryptogea, P. gonapodyides, P. megasperma, P. quercina, P. psychrophila and P. syringae. These are the first records of P. quercina and P. psychrophila on Q. faginea, of P. quercina in Spain and of P. psychrophila in mainland Spain. A soil infestation trial was conducted for 6 months under controlled conditions with 1-year-old seedlings of Q. ilex and Q. faginea. Phytophthora cinnamomi was included in the pathogenicity test for comparison. The results showed that Q. ilex seedlings were generally more susceptible to infection than Q. faginea with P. cinnamomi being the most aggressive pathogen to both oak species. The two most commonly isolated Phytophthora species, P. quercina and P. psychrophila, also proved their pathogenicity towards both Q. ilex and Q. faginea.

1 aPérez-Sierra, A1 aLópez-García, C1 aLeón, M1 aGarcía-Jiménez, J1 aAbad-Campos, P1 aJung, T uhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1111/efp.1203704709nas a2200169 4500008004100000245008000041210006900121260001600190300000700206490000700213520414600220100002104366700002204387700002104409700001804430856009104448 2015 eng d00aPhytophthora siskiyouensis causing stem lesions and cankers on Alnus incana0 aPhytophthora siskiyouensis causing stem lesions and cankers on A cJun-06-2017 a170 v313 a

In late summer 2013, stem cankers and sparse foliage were reported on European grey alder (Alnus incana) growing on a 500 ha site recently-planted with broadleaf and coniferous trees in south-west England. A site visit showed that approximately 10% of  more than 1000 grey alders (thought to have been imported from Europe and planted in the late 1990s) had symptoms including bleeding stem lesions similar to those caused by Phytophthora alni (Gibbs et al., 2003). In November 2013, samples were collected from stem lesions (Fig. 1), roots (internal lesions tracking-down from stem lesions) and rhizosphere soil from symptom-bearing trees. Tissue from root and stem lesion margins was plated onto Phytophthora selective medium (SMA) (amended as per Brasier et al., 2005) and incubated at 20°C for 48 hrs. Green apples were used as baits for soil samples by inserting a few grams of soil under a flap cut in the side of the apple and incubating for 4-7 days at 20°C. Isolation from developing SMA mycelial cultures and incubated apple baits onto potato dextrose agar (PDA) and carrot agar (CA) was then undertaken.

After 14 days on PDA at 20°C in the dark, colonies exhibited a distinctive stellate growth pattern (Fig. 2a). On CA they had a diffuse 'frosty' appearance (Fig. 2b). On CA, oogonia with predominantly paragynous antheridia and aplerotic oospores were abundant. Partially-caducous sporangia formed when plugs from colonies on CA were submerged in unsterile pond water held at 20°C in the dark. Sporangia (46-51 μm wide) were semi-papillate and were ovoid, reniform, elongated or irregular in shape (Fig. 3). Sporangial morphology and dimensions corresponded to Phytophthora siskiyouensis (Reeser et al., 2007) and sequences of ITS and coxII regions supported this identification (GenBank Accession Nos. KP207601 and KP207602). 

One isolate of P. siskiyouensis was obtained from each of three different symptomatic trees; one from a root lesion, one from a stem lesion and one from associated soil. Koch’s postulates were tested by inoculating two-year-old potted A. incana saplings with the three isolates. A small wound was made on the stem 10 cm above soil level. A CA plug colonised by P. siskiyouensis was inserted and the wound was sealed with Parafilm. Nine saplings were inoculated per isolate and maintained at 20°C with a 12-hr-photoperiod. Three control saplings were inoculated with sterile CA plugs. After 20 days, cankers and bleeding were visible externally on all of the trees inoculated with P. siskiyouensis (Fig. 4). The bark was peeled away to reveal phloem lesions extending approximately 2-4 cm above and below the inoculation point. No lesions developed on control trees. After re-isolation onto SMA, a Phytophthora sp. was recovered from all of the inoculated trees but not from the controls and it was identified as P. siskiyouensis by morphology (Reeser et al., 2007) and sequencing of the ITS region.

Phytophthora siskiyouensis is a recently-described species in the USA, isolated from stem lesions on myrtlewood (Umbellularia californica) and tanoak (Lithocarpus densiflorus; synonym of Nothocarpus densiflorus) and from soil and stream water, in south-west Oregon (Reeser et al., 2007). It has also been reported causing stem lesions on Italian alder (Alnus cordata) in California (Rooney-Latham et al., 2007). This is the first report of P. siskiyouensis in the UK and, to our knowledge, in Europe, and the first report of P. siskiyouensis causing stem cankers on A. incana. Its occurrence within a recently-planted site suggests a possible origin on introduced nursery stock. P. siskiyouensis has the potential to cause further damage to Alnus spp. and other plant species in Europe. Its comparative pathogenicity on various alder species is under investigation.

1 aPérez-Sierra, A1 aKalantarzadeh, M.1 aSancisi-Frey, S.1 aBrasier, C.M. uhttp://www.ndrs.org.uk/contents.php?vol=31http://www.ndrs.org.uk/article.php?id=03101702579nas a2200181 4500008004100000245011000041210006900151260001200220300001600232490000700248520199700255100001602252700001902268700001602287700001602303700001502319856006302334 2013 eng d00aPhytophthora diversity and the population structure of Phytophthora ramorum in Swiss ornamental nurseries0 aPhytophthora diversity and the population structure of Phytophth c10/2013 a1063–10710 v623 a

Invasive oomycete pathogens have been causing significant damage to native ecosystems worldwide for over a century. A recent well-known example is Phytophthora ramorum, the causal agent of sudden oak death, which emerged in the 1990s in Europe and North America. In Europe, this pathogen is mainly restricted to woody ornamentals in nurseries and public greens, while severe outbreaks in the wild have only been reported in the UK. This study presents the results of the P. ramorum survey conducted in Swiss nurseries between 2003 and 2011. In all 120 nurseries subjected to the plant passport system, the main P. ramorum hosts were visually checked for above ground infections. Phytophthora species were isolated from tissue showing symptoms and identified on the basis of the morphological features of the cultures and sequencing of the ribosomal ITS region. Phytophthora was detected on 125 plants (66 Viburnum, 58 Rhododendron and one Pieris). Phytophthora ramorum was the most frequent species (59·2% of the plants), followed by P. plurivora, P. cactorum, P. citrophthora, P. cinnamomi, P. cactorum/P. hedraiandra, P. multivora and P. taxon PgChlamydo. The highest incidence of P. ramorum was observed on Viburnum × bodnantense. Microsatellite genotyping showed that the Swiss P. ramorum population is highly clonal and consists of seven genotypes (five previously reported in Europe, two new), all belonging to the European EU1 clonal lineage. It can therefore be assumed that P. ramorum entered Switzerland through nursery trade. Despite sanitation measures, repeated P. ramorum infections have been recorded in seven nurseries, suggesting either reintroduction or unsuccessful eradication efforts.

1 aProspero, S1 aVercauteren, A1 aHeungens, K1 aBelbahri, L1 aRigling, D uhttps://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/ppa.1202701973nas a2200157 4500008004100000245014000041210006900181300001200250490001400262520134300276100001601619700001501635700001401650700001401664856013701678 2011 eng d00aPhytophthora leaf blight - a new disease of California wax-myrtle (Morella californica) in Oregon, USA caused by a Phytophthora species0 aPhytophthora leaf blight a new disease of California waxmyrtle M aS57-S630 v41 Suppl.3 a

In spring, 2009, the Oregon State University Plant Clinic received reports of severe defoliation of California wax-myrtle plants (Morella californica (Cham. & Schlecht.) Wilbur) on the north-central coast of Oregon, in western North America. Isolations from necrotic leaf tissue yielded an organism which, from morphological characteristics and a genus-specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, was identified as a species of the genus Phytophthora. Total DNA was extracted from hyphal tip-derived cultures from leaf or twig tissue and subjected to a polymerase chain reaction process aimed at species identification. Sequencing techniques revealed a 99.7% match with P. syringae although our isolates differed from published descriptions of this species in some respects. Inoculation of healthy plants with cultured mycelium resulted in symptoms similar to those originally observed in the field, and reisolations produced colonies of the same organism. This is the first report of a species of Phytophthora causing disease in M. californica. Leaf blight of California wax-myrtle is now widespread on the north-central coast of Oregon. This disease is serious and is adversely affecting the health of this native understory species which is frequently used for amenity plantings.

1 aPutnam, M L1 aSerdani, M1 aCurtis, M1 aAngima, S uhttps://forestphytophthoras.org/references/phytophthora-leaf-blight-new-disease-california-wax-myrtle-morella-californica-oregon-usa00351nas a2200121 4500008004100000245003300041210003200074300001400106490000700120100001500127700001500142856007200157 1984 eng d00aPhytophthora rot of coconut.0 aPhytophthora rot of coconut a143–1470 v391 aQuillec, G1 aRenard, JL uhttps://forestphytophthoras.org/references/phytophthora-rot-coconut01636nas a2200217 4500008004100000245004200041210004200083260010800125300001000233490004100243520090600284100001901190700001401209700001601223700001601239700001801255700001401273700002701287700002201314856008201336 2009 eng d00aPhytophthora kernoviae in New Zealand0 aPhytophthora kernoviae in New Zealand aMonterey, CaliforniabU.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service Pacific Southwest Research Station a47-530 vGeneral Technical Report PSW-GTR-2213 a

Phytophthora kernoviae was first recognised in New Zealand in 2005 by DNA sequencing of an isolate that had been recovered from diseased Annona cherimola (cherimoya or custard apple) in an abandoned orchard in Northland in 2002. Subsequent investigation has recovered P. kernoviae from the soil in Northland, Auckland, Bay of Plenty and Taupo regions. Similarity between P. kernoviae and descriptions of an undescribed Phytophthora sp. found previously in New Zealand indicates that the organism has been present here since at least 1953. This, along with the geographic range of P. kernoviae, and a polymorphism in the ITS sequence, suggest that the pathogen has been present in New Zealand for an even longer time. Little is known of the ecological behaviour of the pathogen in New Zealand; disease has only been recorded on A. cherimola.

1 aRamsfield, T D1 aDick, M A1 aBeever, R E1 aHorner, I J1 aMcAlonan, M J1 aHill, C F1 aGoheen, Ellen Michaels1 aFrankel, Susan, J uhttps://forestphytophthoras.org/references/phytophthora-kernoviae-new-zealand00593nas a2200145 4500008004100000245006200041210005700103260008600160300001100246100002200257700002200279700002000301700001900321856010700340 2007 eng d00aPhytophthora kernoviae – of southern hemisphere origin?0 aPhytophthora kernoviae of southern hemisphere origin aMonterey, Calif. Coll. of Nat. Resourc., Univ. of Calif., Berkeley.cAugust, 2007 a1 page1 aRamsfield, Tod, D1 aDick, Margaret, A1 aBeever, Ross, E1 aHorner, Ian, J uhttps://forestphytophthoras.org/references/phytophthora-kernoviae-%E2%80%93-southern-hemisphere-origin02555nas a2200217 4500008004100000022001400041245011100055210006900166300001200235490000700247520187500254653001602129653002302145653001802168100002202186700001702208700002302225700002602248700002502274856003802299 2010 eng d a0815-319100aPhytophthora elongata sp. nov., a novel pathogen from the Eucalyptus marginata forest of Western Australia0 aPhytophthora elongata sp nov a novel pathogen from the Eucalyptu a477-4910 v393 a

A novel homothallic species of Phytophthora producing semipapillate sporangia on sympodially branching sporangiophores, thick-walled oospores in smooth-walled oogonia, and paragynous antheridia is described here as Phytophthora elongata sp. nov. DNA sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) DNA and coxI gene confirm P. elongata as a distinct species within ITS clade 2. It has been isolated in the northern jarrah forest of Western Australia (WA) from the roots and collars of dead and dying Eucalyptus marginata and occasionally Corymbia calophylla in rehabilitated bauxite mine pits. It has also been associated with dead and dying plants of several mid- and understorey species in the northern and southern jarrah forest—Banksia grandis, Leucopogon propinquus, Dryandra squarrosa and an Andersonia sp., as well as the monocotyledonous Xanthorrhoea preissii, X. gracilis and Patersonia xanthina. P. elongata has also been isolated from sandy soils and loams in Victoria in eastern Australia. The pathogenicity of P. elongata to E. marginata and Banksia spp. has been shown in this and earlier studies. Due to the uniformity of the ITS DNA and cox 1 sequence data in WA, P. elongata may be the result of a recent clonal introduction. More pathogenicity tests on a wider range of native plant species are needed to assess the host range of P. elongata and its invasive potential in WA.

10abiosecurity10anatural ecosystems10aphylogenetics1 aRea, Alexander, J1 aJung, Thomas1 aBurgess, Treena, I1 aStukely, Michael, J C1 aHardy, Giles St, E J uhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1071/AP1001401614nas a2200169 4500008004100000245006400041210006400105300001000169490000800179520109600187100002001283700001801303700002301321700002101344700002001365856005901385 2011 eng d00aPhytophthora species in forest streams in Oregon and Alaska0 aPhytophthora species in forest streams in Oregon and Alaska a22-350 v1033 a

Eighteen Phytophthora species and one species of Halophytophthora were identified in 113 forest streams in Alaska, western Oregon and southwestern Oregon that were sampled by baiting or filtration of stream water with isolation on selective media. Species were identified by morphology and DNA characterization with single strand conformational polymorphism, COX spacer sequence and ITS sequence. ITS Clade 6 species were most abundant overall, but only four species, P. gonapodyides (37% of all isolates), P. taxon Salixsoil, P. taxon Oaksoil and P. pseudosyringae, were found in all three regions. The species assemblages were similar in the two Oregon regions, but P. taxon Pgchlamydo was absent in Alaska and one new species present in Alaska was absent in Oregon streams. The number of Phytophthora propagules in Oregon streams varied by season and in SW Oregon, where sampling continued year round, P. taxon Salixsoil, P. nemorosa and P. siskiyouensis were recovered only in some seasons.

1 aReeser, Paul, W1 aSutton, Wendy1 aHansen, Everett, M1 aRemigi, Philippe1 aAdams, Gerry, C uhttp://www.mycologia.org/cgi/content/abstract/103/1/2200615nas a2200121 4500008004100000245013500041210006900176260005700245100001700302700001800319700002000337856013600357 2010 eng d00aPhytophthora species in tanoak trees, canopy drip, soil, and streams in the sudden oak death epidemic area in southwestern Oregon.0 aPhytophthora species in tanoak trees canopy drip soil and stream aAuckland and Rotorua, New ZealandbN. Z. J. Forestry1 aReeser, Paul1 aSutton, Wendy1 aHansen, Everett uhttps://forestphytophthoras.org/references/phytophthora-species-tanoak-trees-canopy-drip-soil-and-streams-sudden-oak-death-epidemic07882nas a2200157 4500008004100000245007600041210006900117260001200186300000900198490000700207520741400214100002007628700001407648700001607662856004607678 2008 eng d00aPhytophthora species causing tanoak stem cankers in southwestern Oregon0 aPhytophthora species causing tanoak stem cankers in southwestern c08/2008 a12520 v923 a

Tanoak (Lithocarpus densiflorus) is a principal host of Phytophthora ramorum, cause of sudden oak death (SOD), in the western United States (1). In the course of SOD surveys in southwestern Oregon, other Phytophthora species were encountered to be causing stem cankers on tanoak that were indistinguishable from those caused by P. ramorum. In Oregon, SOD is subject to quarantine and eradication. Aerial surveys are flown two or more times a year to locate symptomatic tanoaks, which are then examined from the ground to determine the cause of death. Isolations on selective media were attempted from all trees with stem cankers typical of Phytophthora. Phytophthora species were identified by morphological features and DNA sequencing of either internal transcribed spacer (ITS) or the mitochondrial COX spacer region. ITS sequences were compared with validated GenBank records, and COX spacer sequences were compared with known reference isolates in the OSU collection. From 2001 through 2006, Phytophthora spp. were isolated from 482 of 1,057 tanoak stem cankers sampled. P. ramorum was isolated from 359 cankers, P. nemorosa was isolated from 102 cankers, P. gonapodyides was isolated from six cankers, P. cambivora was isolated from four cankers (all A1 mating type), P. siskiyouensis was isolated from four cankers, P. pseudosyringae was isolated from two cankers, P. cinnamomi was isolated from one canker (mating type A2), and P. taxon “Pgchlamydo” was isolated from one canker. Three cankers yielded isolates that were not identified but were closely related to P. pseudosyringae based on ITS sequence. No Phytophthora spp. were cultured from the remaining cankers. One isolate from each species identified (except P. ramorum and P. pseudosyringae) was tested for pathogenicity on tanoak stems (11.4 to 16.0 cm DBH) in the field. A 5-mm-diameter plug from the margin of a V8 agar culture was placed in a hole in the bark, covered with wet cheesecloth, and sealed with aluminum foil and duct tape. Each isolate was inoculated into five different stems. Each stem received three different isolates and an agar control. After 4 weeks, bark was removed to reveal lesion development. Lesions were measured (length by width), and pieces from four points on the lesion margin were plated in selective media to reisolate. P. cambivora, P. cinnamomi, P. gonapodyides, P. nemorosa, P. siskiyouensis and P. taxon “Pgchlamydo” all caused substantial lesions in inoculated tanoak trees (average area 11.5 to 18.6 cm2). In all cases, the species used for inoculation was recovered on reisolation from lesion margins. Control inoculations caused necrotic areas averaging 0.2 cm2. Isolations from these areas were clean. Prior to the recent SOD epidemic, no species of Phytophthora were known as pathogens of tanoak. The discovery of P. ramorum as a pathogen of tanoak in California was quickly followed by the discovery that P. nemorosa and P. pseudosyringae were also associated with tanoak cankers (2). Six years of diagnostic support for survey and detection of P. ramorum in tanoak forests of southwest Oregon has revealed the occurrence, at very low frequency, of at least five additional species of Phytophthora causing stem cankers in tanoak.

1 aReeser, Paul, W1 aSutton, W1 aHansen, E M uhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-92-8-1252B01920nas a2200145 4500008004100000245016200041210006900203300001200272490000700284520136300291100002001654700002301674700001801697856005901715 2007 eng d00aPhytophthora siskiyouensis, a new species from soil, water, myrtlewood (Umbellularia californica) and tanoak (Lithocarpus densiflorus) in southwestern Oregon0 aPhytophthora siskiyouensis a new species from soil water myrtlew a639-6430 v993 a

An unknown Phytophthora species was recovered in southwestern Oregon from rhododendron and tanoak leaf baits used for monitoring streams and soils for the presence of Phytophthora ramorum, from a blighted shoot of myrtlewood and from tanoak bark cankers. Isolates of this species yielded ITS-DNA sequences that differed substantially from other Phytophthora sequences in GenBank. Morphological features also differed from available descriptions of known Phytophthora species. Based on the combination of unique morphology and unique ITS sequences a new species is proposed. The new species, Phytophthora siskiyouensis, is homothallic with globose to subglobose oogonia, which may be terminal, sessile or laterally intercalary. Antheridia are capitate and mostly paragynous but sometimes amphigynous. Oospores are mostly aplerotic. Sporangia are variable but commonly ovoid to reniform, with apical, subapical or lateral semipapillae (occasionally more than one). Sporangia are terminal, subterminal or occasionally intercalary on unbranched sporangiophores, with basal, subbasal or lateral attachment. Sporangia are weakly deciduous, with variable length pedicels. This combination of characters clearly separates Phytophthora siskiyouensis from other known Phytophthora species.

1 aReeser, Paul, W1 aHansen, Everett, M1 aSutton, Wendy uhttp://www.mycologia.org/cgi/content/abstract/99/5/63900500nas a2200121 4500008004100000245008700041210006900128260001800197100001400215700001400229700001600243856011900259 2007 eng d00aPhytophthora species associated with stem cankers on tanoak in southwestern Oregon0 aPhytophthora species associated with stem cankers on tanoak in s aSanta Rosa CA1 aReeser, P1 aSutton, W1 aHansen, E M uhttps://forestphytophthoras.org/references/phytophthora-species-associated-stem-cankers-tanoak-southwestern-oregon00892nas a2200241 4500008004100000245008600041210006900127260012400196300001400320490004100334653001900375653002100394653002500415653002100440653001100461100001400472700001400486700001400500700002200514700002300536700002700559856006400586 2010 eng d00aPhytophthora siskiyouensis, a new species from soil and water in southwest Oregon0 aPhytophthora siskiyouensis a new species from soil and water in  aSanta Rosa, CAbU.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station, Albany, CAc03/2008 a439–4410 vGeneral Technical Report PSW-GTR-21410acoast live oak10ainvasive species10aPhytophthora ramorum10aSudden oak death10atanoak1 aReeser, P1 aHansen, E1 aSutton, W1 aFrankel, Susan, J1 aKliejunas, John, T1 aPalmieri, Katharine, M uhttp://www.fs.fed.us/psw/publications/documents/psw_gtr214/01185nas a2200229 4500008004100000245010600041210006900147260001300216300000800229490000900237520051400246653001600760653003100776653001400807653001400821653000900835653001200844100001500856700001800871700002000889856004600909 2013 eng d00aPhytophthora pluvialis, a new species from mixed tanoak-Douglas-fir forests of western Oregon, U.S.A.0 aPhytophthora pluvialis a new species from mixed tanoakDouglasfir cMay/2013 a1-80 v8(7)3 a

A new species, Phytophthora pluvialis is described. P. pluvialis has been recovered from streams, soil and canopy drip in the mixed tanoak-Douglas-fir forest in Curry County, Oregon, and in two additional streams in other areas of western Oregon. It has been found only rarely in association with twig and stem cankers on tanoak but not with any other plant host. The earliest isolate of P. pluvialis was from soil in 2002. P. pluvialis is classified in ITS Clade 3.

10acanopy drip10aenvironmental Phytophthora10aoomycetes10arainwater10asoil10astreams1 aReeser, P.1 aSutton, Wendy1 aHansen, Everett uhttp://dx.doi.org/10.2509/naf2013.008.00701675nas a2200193 4500008004100000022001400041245006400055210006400119260001600183300001200199490000800211520110500219100002001324700001801344700002301362700002101385700002001406856005501426 2011 eng d a0027-551400aPhytophthora species in forest streams in Oregon and Alaska0 aPhytophthora species in forest streams in Oregon and Alaska cAug-01-2012 a22 - 350 v1033 a

Eighteen Phytophthora species and one species of Halophytophthora were identified in 113 forest streams in Alaska, western Oregon and southwestern Oregon that were sampled by baiting or filtration of stream water with isolation on selective media. Species were identified by morphology and DNA characterization with single strand conformational polymorphism, COX spacer sequence and ITS sequence. ITS Clade 6 species were most abundant overall, but only four species, P. gonapodyides (37% of all isolates), P. taxon Salixsoil, P. taxon Oaksoil and P. pseudosyringae, were found in all three regions. The species assemblages were similar in the two Oregon regions, but P. taxon Pgchlamydo was absent in Alaska and one new species present in Alaska was absent in Oregon streams. The number of Phytophthora propagules in Oregon streams varied by season and in SW Oregon, where sampling continued year round, P. taxon Salixsoil, P. nemorosa and P. siskiyouensis were recovered only in some seasons.

1 aReeser, Paul, W1 aSutton, Wendy1 aHansen, Everett, M1 aRemigi, Philippe1 aAdams, Gerry, C uhttps://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.3852/10-01301227nas a2200145 4500008004100000245011900041210006900160300000800229490000700237520074000244100001500984700001800999700001601017856004801033 2005 eng d00aPhytophthora ramorum: integrative research and management of an emerging pathogen in California and Oregon forests0 aPhytophthora ramorum integrative research and management of an e a3090 v433 a

Phytophthora ramorum, causal agent of sudden oak death, is an emerging plant pathogen first observed in North America associated with mortality of tanoak (Lithocarpus densiflorus) and coast live oak (Quercus agrifolia) in coastal forests of California during the mid-1990s. The pathogen is now known to occur in North America and Europe and have a host range of over 40 plant genera. Sudden oak death has become an example of unintended linkages between the horticultural industry and potential impacts on forest ecosystems. This paper examines the biology and ecology of P. ramorum in California and Oregon forests as well discussing research on the pathogen in a broader management context.

1 aRizzo, D M1 aGarbelotto, M1 aHansen, E M uhttp://www.annualreviews.org/toc/phyto/43/101926nas a2200169 4500008004100000245011900041210006900160300001200229490000700241520135400248100001501602700001801617700001801635700001901653700001501672856006901687 2002 eng d00aPhytophthora ramorum as the cause of extensive mortality of Quercus spp. and Lithocarpus densiflorus in California0 aPhytophthora ramorum as the cause of extensive mortality of Quer a205-2140 v863 a

A new canker disease, commonly known as sudden oak death, of Lithocarpus densiflorus, Quercus agrifolia, Q. kelloggii, and Q. parvula var. shrevei in California is shown to be caused by Phytophthora ramorum. The pathogen is a recently described species that previously was known only from Germany and the Netherlands on Rhododendron spp. and a Viburnum sp. This disease has reached epidemic proportions in forests along approximately 300 km of the central coast of California. The most consistent and diagnostic symptoms on trees are cankers that develop before foliage symptoms become evident. Cankers have brown or black discolored outer bark and seep dark red sap. Cankers occur on the trunk at the root crown up to 20 m above the ground, but do not enlarge below the soil line into the roots. Individual cankers are delimited by thin black lines in the inner bark and can be over 2 m in length. In L. densiflorus saplings, P. ramorum was isolated from branches as small as 5 mm in diameter. L. densiflorus and Q. agrifolia were inoculated with P. ramorum in the field and greenhouse, and symptoms similar to those of naturally infected trees developed. The pathogen was reisolated from the inoculated plants, which confirmed pathogenicity.

1 aRizzo, D M1 aGarbelotto, M1 aDavidson, J M1 aSlaughter, G W1 aKoike, S T uhttp://apsjournals.apsnet.org/doi/abs/10.1094/PDIS.2002.86.3.20501836nas a2200193 4500008004100000022001400041245012100055210006900176260001600245520117000261100001901431700001901450700002001469700001801489700002001507700002601527700002001553856006901573 2014 eng d a0191-291700aPathogenicity of Phytophthora lateralis lineages on resistant and susceptible selections of Chamaecyparis lawsoniana0 aPathogenicity of Phytophthora lateralis lineages on resistant an cOct-10-20153 a

Phytophthora lateralis, the cause of Chamaecyparis lawsoniana root disease, was introduced in North America about 1950, and has since killed trees along roads and streams throughout the tree’s range. Recent results suggest an Asian origin for this Oomycete and four genetic lineages were identified. This raised questions for the genetic exapted resistance demonstrated in 1989 within the wild population of C. lawsoniana but with only one P. lateralis lineage. The main goal of the present research was to test the durability of the demonstrated resistance and to compare the pathogenicity of isolates representing the four lineages. No breakdown of resistance was observed in five separate tests using different inoculation techniques, resistant and susceptible C. lawsoniana trees, and seedling families. Differences in mortality and lesion length were observed between the lineages. The higher aggressiveness of isolates of the TWJ and PNW lineages and the lower aggressiveness of the TWK lineage are discussed in view of the hypotheses on the history of spread and evolutionary history of the P. lateralis lineages.

1 aRobin, Cécile1 aBrasier, Clive1 aReeser, Paul, W1 aSutton, Wendy1 aVannini, Andrea1 aVettraino, Anna Maria1 aHansen, Everett uhttp://apsjournals.apsnet.org/doi/abs/10.1094/PDIS-07-14-0720-RE02242nas a2200169 4500008004100000245008700041210006900128260001600197300001000213520166800223100002101891700002001912700002301932700002801955700001901983856007002002 2016 eng d00aPotential risk of occurrence of Phytophthora alni in forests of the Czech Republic0 aPotential risk of occurrence of Phytophthora alni in forests of  cJun-06-2018 a1 - 53 a

Phytophthora alni is an invasive organism that causes root and collar rot in alders, which significantly damages the forest and riparian vegetation of alder trees in Central and Western Europe. In the Czech Republic, this pathogen was first confirmed in 2001, and since then it has been gradually spreading from the west to the east. Here, we applied a model of potential distribution that estimates the level and spatial variability of the pathogen occurrence and spread risk for Czech Republic forests to target the early detection and control the further invasion of P. alni in this region. Our predictions are based on a rigorous statistical analysis of data obtained from field survey as well as available geodatabases. We used two sets of predictor variables describing (i) the forest stands and (ii) neighbourhood of the stands, and generalized linear modelling with forward stepwise selection of predictors. The results of statistical analysis showed the significant effect of the area of the forest stand, forest vegetation zone, presence of watercourse and area of alder stands in the neighbourhood on the probability of occurrence of P. alni in the study region. The map derived based on the final model shows the potential risk of occurrence and impact of P. alni in forests of the Czech Republic as classified on a five-point scale ranging from very low risk for alder stands with a low level of likely invasion to very sensitive alder stands with high probability of pathogen occurrence and high levels of damage. This is a unique output not only for the Czech Republic but also throughout Europe.

1 aRomportl, Dušan1 aChumanová, Eva1 aHavrdová, Ludmila1 aPešková, Vítězslava1 aČerný, Karel uhttp://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/17445647.2016.119899601929nas a2200133 4500008004100000245007100041210006900112300001600181490000700197520146800204100001901672700002301691856008101714 1966 eng d00aPhytophthora cinnamomi, an unlikely threat to Douglas-fir forestry0 aPhytophthora cinnamomi an unlikely threat to Douglasfir forestry a147-159(13)0 v123 a

Phytophthora cinnamomi has damaged forests around the world in regions with mild climates. Its pathogenesis on Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) in southern Europe and southeastern United States suggested a potential threat to Douglas-fir forests of the Pacific Coast. Concern increased in 1950 with discovery of P. cinnamomi in nurseries growing ornamentals and in landscape plantings in western Oregon and Washington and research was undertaken to evaluate the threat. A temperature of 60° F was found necessary for infection. While summer soil temperatures on south exposures are above 60° F most of the time from June to October soil moisture is continuously below field capacity and too dry for infection. On north exposures summer soil moisture is adequate but temperatures are too low; 60° F is reached for only a few hours near the first of August. Forest soils of western Oregon are generally too dry for infection during the summer. The fall rains provide necessary moisture but concurrently depress temperatures below the critical 60° F. Adverse soil temperature and moisture influence disease by impeding infection rather than reducing survival of P. cinnamomi. The disease in ornamentals is sustained by summer irrigation of warm locations such as the south side of buildings. The data show that P. cinnamomi is unlikely to become a problem in forests of the Pacific Northwest.

1 aRoth, Lewis, F1 aKuhlman, George, E uhttp://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/saf/fs/1966/00000012/00000002/art0000500463nas a2200133 4500008004100000022005500041245003000096210002800126260007700154100001400231700001600245700001900261856004900280 1987 eng d aForest Pest Management Report No. R6 FPM PR 010 9100aPort-Orford-cedar disease0 aPortOrfordcedar disease bU.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Region1 aRoth, L F1 aHarvey, R D1 aKliejunas, J T uhttp://www.fs.fed.us/r6/nr/fid/fidls/poc.htm01714nas a2200253 4500008004100000022001300041245008800054210006900142300001400211490000700225520092000232653001701152653002701169653001301196653002201209653001101231653003001242653001001272653001901282100001601301700001601317700001601333856011101349 2007 eng d a1437478100aPhytophthora cambivora in Oregon and its pathogenicity to Chrysolepis chrysophylla.0 aPhytophthora cambivora in Oregon and its pathogenicity to Chryso a409 - 4190 v373 a

A new canker disease causing mortality of golden chinquapin trees [Chrysolepis chrysophylla (Dougl.) Hjelmqvist], in Oregon was recently observed. Most of the symptomatic or dead trees were located near roads. The cankers on the lower boles of trees are similar to those caused by species of Phytophthora on other trees in western North America. The cankers in the inner bark were reddish-orange in colour and extended upward from necrotic roots. Phytophthora (Petri) Buisman was isolated from the cankers; identity was confirmed by morphological comparison with known isolates and internal transcribed spacer sequence analysis. Pathogenicity was confirmed by inoculation of chinquapin seedlings and mature trees. Seven of nine isolates from chinquapin were A2 mating type; 27 of 28 isolates from other hosts in Oregon and Washington were A1 mating type.

10aBiodiversity10aCanker (Plant disease)10adiseases10aForests. forestry10aOregon10aPathogenic microorganisms10apests10aPLANT diseases1 aSaavedra, A1 aHansen, E M1 aGoheen, D J uhttp://onlinelibrary.wiley.com.proxy.library.oregonstate.edu/doi/10.1111/j.1439-0329.2007.00515.x/abstract01619nas a2200181 4500008004100000022001400041245006400055210006300119260002700182300001100209490000700220520109400227100001701321700001501338700001401353700001501367856005501382 2002 eng d a1439-032900aPhytophthora disease of Quercus ilex in south-western Spain0 aPhytophthora disease of Quercus ilex in southwestern Spain bBlackwell Science Ltd. a5–180 v323 a

Oak decline that was affecting three holm oak sites in the province of Huelva (south-western Spain) was studied during 1998–1999. The syndromes of dieback and sudden death have been observed and, in both cases, foliar symptoms were associated with root rot. Characterization of the fungal isolates from necrotic roots led us to identify Phytophthora cinnamomi A2 as consistently associated with the disease. The optimum growth temperatures of these isolates were very high (30°C). Inoculation tests under controlled conditions demonstrated the pathogenicity of the isolates on holm and cork oak seedlings. None of the other biotic factors of Mediterranean oak decline that have been previously described were found in the present study and so, in this case, the forest decline model does not seem to be necessary in order to explain the disease observed. The defoliation and mortality of the oaks was primarily caused by P. cinnamomi, although some abiotic factors such as alternating periods of drought and wet weather in the region may play an important role.

1 aSanchez, M E1 aCaetano, P1 aFerraz, J1 aTrapero, A uhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1439-0329.2002.00261.x00958nas a2200169 4500008004100000245010800041210006900149260001600218490000700234520041000241100001900651700001600670700001400686700001500700700001800715856005500733 2016 eng d00aPhytophthora kernoviae isolated from fallen leaves of Drymis winteri in native forest of southern Chile0 aPhytophthora kernoviae isolated from fallen leaves of Drymis win cJan-06-20160 v113 a

Phytophthora kernoviae is an invasive species first described from Britain and later New Zealand. We conducted surveys for Phytophthora species in forests in southern Chile. Symptomatic fallen leaves of Drimys winteri were encountered in a native forest. P. kernoviae was isolated. This is the first report of P. kernoviae outside of UK and New Zealand.

1 aSanfuentes, E.1 aFajardo, S.1 aSabag, M.1 aHansen, E.1 aGonzález, M. uhttp://link.springer.com/10.1007/s13314-016-0205-601786nas a2200229 4500008004100000245009000041210006900131260001200200300001400212490000800226520110900234653001801343653002101361653001801382653001701400653001701417100001501434700001801449700001801467700001601485856005501501 2006 eng d00aPathogenicity of four Phytophthora species on wild cherry and Italian alder seedlings0 aPathogenicity of four Phytophthora species on wild cherry and It c03/2006 a163–1670 v1543 a

Abstract Inoculation tests were carried out in the greenhouse on wild cherry (Prunus avium) and Italian alder (Alnus cordata) seedlings, to determine their susceptibility to certain Phytophthora species (P. citrophthora, P. alni, P. megasperma and P. cinnamomi) that are commonly present in the soil. Host susceptibility was evaluated in accordance with a disease index, with the lesion length after stem inoculation, and with a root system disease index. Wild cherry was found to be highly susceptible to P. citrophthora, and was also found to be susceptible to P. alni, although to a lesser extent. Italian alder was very susceptible to P. alni, but had only low susceptibility to P. citrophthora. The other Phytophthora species caused only modest symptoms. The danger to alder and wild cherry is all the greater because these trees not only share the same pathogens, but also commonly planted together in mixed stands. The results will now have to be confirmed by using a more natural inoculation method.

10aAlnus cordata10ainoculation test10apathogenicity10aPhytophthora10aPrunus avium1 aSantini, A1 aBiancalani, F1 aBarzanti, G P1 aCapretti, P uhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0434.2006.01077.x01568nas a2200193 4500008004100000022001400041245011500055210006900170260001500239300001400254490000700268520089900275100002301174700002501197700002401222700002301246700001401269856009101283 2004 eng d a0100-415800aPrimeiro relato da podrida da estipe da pupunheira, causada por Phytophthora palmivora, no estado do Parana‘0 aPrimeiro relato da podrida da estipe da pupunheira causada por P bscieloc12 a680 - 6820 v293 a

Phytophthora palmivora was isolated from infected peach palm (Bactris gasipaes) plants with stem rot symptoms in Paraná State, in 2002. Pathogenicity tests and subsequent reisolations of P. palmivora confirmed the hypothesis that this fungus was the causal agent of the disease. This is the first report of P. palmivora causing stem rot on peach palm (Bactris gasipaes) in the southern State of Paraná. RESUMO Phytophthora palmivora foi isolado de plantas de pupunheira (Bactris gasipaes) com sintomas de podridão da estipe, no Paraná, em 2002. Testes de patogenicidade e o subseqüente reisolamento do fungo confirmaram a hipótese de que P. palmivora é o agente causal da podridão do estipe. Este é o primeiro relato de P. palmivora causando podridão do estipe na pupunheira no estado do Paraná.

1 aSantos, A., F. dos1 aLuz, Edna Dora., M N1 aFinato, Priscila, D1 aTessmann, Dauri, J1 aVida, J B uhttp://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0100-41582004000600016&nrm=iso01919nas a2200157 4500008004100000022001500041245008500056210007100141300001100212490000700223520142300230100002301653700001401676700001801690856005301708 2005 eng d a1982-5676 00aPhytophthora nicotianae: agente etiológico da gomose da acácia negra no Brasil0 aPhytophthora nicotianae agente etiológico da gomose da acácia ne a81–40 v303 a

A gomose, causada por Phytophthora sp., é a mais importante enfermidade da acácia-negra (Acacia mearnsii) no Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. A identificação específica permanecia indeterminada. Procurou-se, então, identificar a espécie de Phytophthora causadora desta doença no Rio Grande do Sul, usando características fisiomorfológicas e estudos moleculares baseados no seqüenciamento das regiões de Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS). A patogenicidade dos isolados estudados para a acácia-negra foi confirmada. Os estudos confirmaram Phytophthora nicotianae como a correta identidade dos isolados fitopatogênicos. Este é o primeiro relato de P. nicotianae em acácia-negra no Brasil.

Gummosis caused by Phytophthora sp. is the most important disease of black wattle (Acacia mearnsii) in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Isolates of Phytophthora sp. associated with diseased plants were obtained from Rio Grande do Sul and their pathogenicity was confirmed. In order to elucidate the correct identity of the fungus at the species level physiomorphological characteristics were determined and molecular studies were conducted based on sequences of Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) region. The fungus was identified as Phytophthora nicotianae. This is the first report of P. nicotianae on black wattle in Brazil.

1 aSantos, A., F. dos1 aLuz, EDMN1 aSouza, J., T. uhttps://doi.org/10.1590/s0100-41582005000100015 00504nas a2200133 4500008004100000024001100041245007700052210007400129260006000203100002300263700001400286700001300300856005700313 2014 eng d a 5268800aPhytophthora spp: distribuição e associação com espécies florestais0 aPhytophthora spp distribuição e associação com espécies floresta aLondrina, BrazilbSociedade Brasileira de Fitopatologia1 aSantos, A., F. dos1 aLuz, EDMN1 aReis, A. uhttp://www.alice.cnptia.embrapa.br/handle/doc/99379202024nas a2200169 4500008004100000022001400041245009100055210006900146260001200215300001300227490000700240520151100247100001901758700001501777700002001792856004201812 2007 eng d a0191-291700aPhytophthora species associated with diseased woody ornamentals in Minnesota nurseries0 aPhytophthora species associated with diseased woody ornamentals  c01/2007 a97 - 1020 v913 a

Phytophthora species are responsible for causing extensive losses of ornamental plants worldwide. Recent international and national surveys for the detection of P. ramorum have led to the finding of previously undescribed Phytophthora species. Since no previous Phytophthora surveys have been carried out in Minnesota, surveys of ornamental nurseries were performed over 4 years to isolate and identify the Phytophthora species causing diseases of woody plants in Minnesota. Species were identified by direct sequencing of internal transcribed spacer (ITS) rDNA, β-tub, and mitochondrial coxI genes. Species associated with diseased ornamental plants include P. cactorum, P. cambivora, P. citricola, P. citrophthora, P. hedraiandra, P. megasperma, P. nicotianae, and the previously identified but undescribed taxon P. Pgchlamydo. The most common species encountered were P. cactorum, P. citricola, and P. citrophthora. Two additional isolates obtained did not match known species. One was similar to P. alni subsp. alni, and the other appeared to be a new species and is referred to as P. sp. MN1. In addition, species are reported for the first time from several hosts. Results indicated that several Phytophthora species were more widespread in the nursery industry than previously thought, and undescribed species were causing disease in Minnesota ornamental nurseries.

1 aSchwingle, B W1 aSmith, J A1 aBlanchette, R A uhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1094/PD-91-0097 02914nas a2200205 4500008004100000022001400041245009700055210006900152260002900221300001400250490000700264520228600271100001502557700001202572700001702584700001602601700001402617700002202631856005502653 2011 eng d a1439-032900aPathogenicity of Phytophthora multivora to Eucalyptus gomphocephala and Eucalyptus marginata0 aPathogenicity of Phytophthora multivora to Eucalyptus gomphoceph bBlackwell Publishing Ltd a289–2980 v423 a

Phytophthora multivora is associated with the rhizosphere of declining Eucalyptus gomphocephala, Eucalyptus marginata and Agonis flexuosa. Two pathogenicity experiments were conducted. The first experiment examined the pathogenicity of five P. multivora isolates and one Phytophthora cinnamomi isolate on the root systems of E. gomphocephala and one P. multivora isolate on the root system of E. marginata. In the second experiment, the pathogenicity of P. multivora to E. gomphocephala and E. marginata saplings was measured using under-bark stem inoculation. In Experiment 1, the P. cinnamomi isolate was more aggressive than all P. multivora isolates causing significant loss of fine roots and plant death. Two P. multivora isolates and the P. cinnamomi isolate caused significant losses of E. gomphocephala fine roots 0-2 mm in diameter and significantly reduced the surface area of roots 0-1 mm in diameter. One P. multivora and the P. cinnamomi isolate significantly reduced the surface area of roots 1-2 mm in diameter. Two of the P. multivora isolates significantly reduced the number of E. gomphocephala root tips. In E. marginata, the length and surface area of roots 0-1 mm in diameter and number of root tips were significantly reduced by P. multivora infestation. Rhizosphere infestation with the P. multivora isolates and P. cinnamomi isolate on E. gomphocephala, and one P. multivora isolate on E. marginata, did not significantly influence the foliar nutrient concentrations. In Experiment 2, under-bark inoculation with P. multivora caused significant lesion extension in E. gomphocephala and E. marginata saplings, compared to the control. We propose that P. multivora is inciting E. gomphocephala and E. marginata decline by causing fine root loss and subsequently interfering with nutrient cycling throughout the plant. The impact of fine root loss on the physiology of plants in sites infested with P. multivora requires further research.

1 aScott, P M1 aJung, T1 aShearer, B L1 aBarber, P A1 aCalver, M1 aHardy, St., G E J uhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0329.2011.00753.x01615nas a2200193 4500008004100000245014900041210006900190300001300259490000700272520096800279100001501247700001701262700001601279700001701295700001901312700002101331700001201352856005701364 2009 eng d00aPhytophthora multivora sp. nov., a new species recovered from declining Eucalyptus, Banksia, Agonis and other plant species in Western Australia0 aPhytophthora multivora sp nov a new species recovered from decli a1-13(13)0 v223 a

A new Phytophthora species, isolated from rhizosphere soil of declining or dead trees of Eucalyptus gomphocephala, E. marginata, Agonis flexuosa, and another 13 plant species, and from fine roots of E. marginata and collar lesions of Banksia attenuata in Western Australia, is described as Phytophthora multivora sp. nov. It is homothallic and produces semipapillate sporangia, smooth-walled oogonia containing thick-walled oospores, and paragynous antheridia. Although morphologically similar to P. citricola, phylogenetic analyses of the ITS and cox1 gene regions demonstrate that P. multivora is unique. Phytophthora multivora is pathogenic to bark and cambium of E. gomphocephala and E. marginata and is believed to be involved in the decline syndrome of both eucalypt species within the tuart woodland in south-west Western Australia.

1 aScott, P M1 aBurgess, T I1 aBarber, P A1 aShearer, B L1 aStukely, M J C1 aHardy, G.E.St.J.1 aJung, T uhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2789538/02311nas a2200133 4500008004100000245004900041210004900090300001000139490000700149520191500156100001702071700001902088856007002107 2014 eng d00aPhytophthora diseases in New Zealand forests0 aPhytophthora diseases in New Zealand forests a14-210 v593 a

This article provides a brief overview of the status of Phytophthora diseases in New Zealand forests. Recent outbreaks of Phytophthora diseases internationally and within these forests, including Red Needle Cast of Pinus radiata caused by Phytophthora pluvialis and Agathis australis (kauri) dieback caused by Phytophthora taxon Agathis (PTA), have highlighted the biosecurity threat these species pose to New Zealand. In isolated cases, Red Needle Cast has impacted P. radiata plantations through the premature defoliation of mature needles. Kauri dieback, caused by Phytophthora taxon Agathis, has resulted in devastating disease within some sites. Preliminary research indicates that both these diseases will respond to treatment with phosphite, consistent with current international Phytophthora management. Ongoing research into Red Needle Cast, Phytophthora taxon Agathis induced kauri dieback and other Phytophthora diseases within P. radiata and kauri is focusing on understanding the epidemiology of the diseases, the chemical and genetic mechanisms of resistance, and also screening for durable resistance to multiple Phytophthora species. Many other Phytophthora pathogens have been identified within New Zealand. These have not been found to cause serious disease in native or exotic forest systems, despite some being known to cause diseases of great consequence internationally. Significant examples include P. cinnamomi, P. multivora and P. kernoviae. As a result of increased global movement of plant material, New Zealand’s and other international forests are vulnerable to new Phytophthora diseases. However, through the world’s best practice adaptive management the threat and impacts of these diseases can be reduced.

1 aScott, Peter1 aWilliams, Nari uhttp://www.nzjf.org/abstract.php?volume_issue=j59_2&first_page=1401898nas a2200205 4500008004100000022001400041245010100055210006900156260001600225300001400241490000800255520122600263100002401489700001601513700001601529700002601545700002801571700002301599856007001622 2018 eng d a0191-291700aPhytophthora Contamination in a Nursery and Its Potential Dispersal into the Natural Environment0 aPhytophthora Contamination in a Nursery and Its Potential Disper cJan-01-2018 a132 - 1390 v1023 a

A detailed site investigation of a eucalypt nursery suffering disease losses revealed the causal agent to be Phytophthora boodjera. The pathogen was detected in vegetation surrounding the nursery production area, including the lawn, under the production benches during the growing season, and, most importantly, from plant debris in used trays. However, it was not found in the container substrate, water supplies, or production equipment or on the workers themselves. The sterilization methods used by the nursery were shown to be ineffective, indicating that a more rigorous method was required. Boiling trays for 15 min or steaming at 65°C for 60 min eradicated P. boodjera. This pathogen was more pathogenic to the eucalypts tested in their early seedling stage than P. cinnamomi. Tracing of out-planting to revegetation sites showed that P. boodjera was able to spread into the environment. Dispersal via out-planting to native vegetation may affect seedling recruitment and drive long-term shifts in native plant species. Inadequate nursery hygiene increases the risk of an outbreak and can limit the success of biosecurity efforts as well as damage conservation efforts.

1 aSimamora, Agnes, V.1 aPaap, Trudy1 aHoward, Kay1 aStukely, Michael, J C1 aHardy, Giles, E. St. J.1 aBurgess, Treena, I uhttps://apsjournals.apsnet.org/doi/abs/10.1094/PDIS-05-17-0689-RE04183nas a2200181 4500008004100000022001400041245010600055210006900161260001700230300001400247490000800261520361500269100001703884700001403901700001503915700001903930856005203949 2015 eng d a0027-551400aThe Phytophthora species assemblage and diversity in riparian alder ecosystems of western Oregon, USA0 aPhytophthora species assemblage and diversity in riparian alder  cOctober 2015 a889 - 9020 v1073 a

Phytophthora species were systematically sampled, isolated, identified and compared for presence in streams, soil and roots of alder (Alnus species) dominated riparian ecosystems in western Oregon. We describe the species assemblage and evaluate Phytophthora diversity associated with alder. We recovered 1250 isolates of 20 Phytophthora species. Only three species were recovered from all substrates (streams, soil, alder roots): P. gonapodyides, the informally described “P. taxon Pgchlamydo”, and P. siskiyouensis. P. alni ssp. uniformis along with five other species not previously recovered in Oregon forests are included in the assemblage: P.citricola s.l., P. gregata, P. gallica, P. nicotianae and P. parsiana. Phytophthora species diversity was greatest in down- stream riparian locations. There was no significant difference in species diversity comparing soil and unwashed roots (the rhizosphere) to stream water. There was a difference between the predominating species from the rhizosphere compared to stream water. The most numerous species was the informally described “P. taxon Oaksoil”, which was mainly recovered from, and most predominant in, stream water. The most common species from riparian forest soils and alder root systems was P. gonapodyides.

1 aSims, L., L.1 aSutton, W1 aReeser, P.1 aHansen, E., M. uhttp://www.mycologia.org/cgi/doi/10.3852/14-25503635nas a2200121 4500008004100000245007400041210006900115260001200184490001000196520325300206100001603459856003803475 2013 eng d00aPhytophthora species and riparian alder tree damage in western Oregon0 aPhytophthora species and riparian alder tree damage in western O c02/20140 vPh.D.3 a

The genus Phytophthora contains some of the most destructive pathogens of forest trees, including the most destructive pathogen of alder in recent times, Phytophthora alni. Alder trees were reported to be suffering from canopy dieback in riparian ecosystems in western Oregon, which prompted a survey of alder health and monitoring for P. alni. In 2010 surveys in western Oregon riparian ecosystems were initiated to gather baseline data on damage and on the Phytophthora species associated with alder. Damage was recorded and analyzed from transects containing alder trees with canopy dieback symptoms according to damage type: (1) pathogen, (2) insect, or (3) wound. Phytophthora species from western Oregon riparian ecosystems were systematically sampled, isolated, identified, stored and compared. Koch's Postulates were evaluated for three key Phytophthora species recovered: P. alni, P. siskiyouensis and P. taxon Oaksoil, and alder disease in the western United States was described. Then, the ecological role of the most abundant Phytophthora species from streams was evaluated. The data indicated that many of the same agents reported causing damage to alder trees in the western United States were also damaging alder trees in western Oregon including the alder flea beetle, sawflies, flood debris, Septoria alnifolia, and Mycopappus alni. The most important damage correlated with canopy dieback was incidence of Phytophthora cankers, and isolation of Phytophthora siskiyouensis. In the initial systematic survey of Phytophthora species, 1190 individual Phytophthora isolates were recovered but were of many different species. In the survey of alder roots, P. alni subsp. uniformis was one of the species recovered from necrotic red alder roots, but overall incidence was low; it was isolated four times. From the evaluation of Koch's postulates, Phytophthora canker of alder in the western United States was described, and is a bole canker caused by Phytophthora. Phytophthora canker of alder was only found caused by P. siskiyouensis in nature, and it was isolated 74 times. Isolation was mainly from bole cankers and diseased roots on red and white alder, and from water and alder leaf debris floating in the stream. The most abundant Phytophthora species associated with red alder is an informally described species P. taxon Oaksoil, which appears to be a relatively benign aquatic saprotroph of alder leaf debris. Canopy dieback was more prevalent in riparian alder trees from transects with P. siskiyouensis than from transects with P. taxon Oaksoil but without P. siskiyouensis (70% and 35%, respectively). The informally described P. taxon Oaksoil from western Oregon is formally described here as P. obrutafolium sp. nov., closely related to P. bilorbang from western Australia, and P. taxon Oaksoil ss from an oak forest in France. In summary, other agents besides Phytophthora can damage alder trees in western Oregon. Many Phytophthora species associate with alder in western Oregon but not all of them are important damaging agents of alder. However, Phytophthora canker of alder is widespread in western Oregon. In the United States, Phytophthora canker of alder has only been found to be caused by P. siskiyouensis.

1 aSims, Laura uhttp://hdl.handle.net/1957/46441 00602nas a2200181 4500008004100000245007800041210006900119260001200188300001400200490000700214100001300221700002100234700001700255700001500272700001400287700001200301856010700313 2010 eng d00aPhytophthora alni on Alnus glutinosa reported for the first time in Spain0 aPhytophthora alni on Alnus glutinosa reported for the first time c08/2010 a798 - 7980 v591 aSolla, A1 aPérez-Sierra, A1 aCorcobado, T1 aHaque, M M1 aDiez, J J1 aJung, T uhttps://forestphytophthoras.org/references/phytophthora-alni-alnus-glutinosa-reported-first-time-spain00994nas a2200121 4500008004100000245006800041210006100109300001400170490000700184520055500191100001600746856011000762 1985 eng d00aPhytophthora katsurae. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
0 aPhytophthora katsurae Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria aSheet 8370 v843 a

A description is provided for Phytophthora katsurae. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Chestnut, coconut. DISEASE: Trunk rot of chestnut. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Asia (Japan, Taiwan), Oceania (Hawaii), Africa (Ivory Coast), Australasia (Australia (Queensland), Papua New Guinea). TRANSMISSION: Soil-borne, isolated from forest soils in Taiwan (59, 2349), Queensland and Papua New Guinea and from chestnut orchard soils in Japan (58, 2951).

1 aStamps, D J uhttps://forestphytophthoras.org/references/phytophthora-katsurae-descriptions-fungi-and-bacteria%E2%80%A801915nas a2200181 4500008004100000022001400041245010000055210006900155260002600224300001400250490000700264520132900271100001701600700001701617700001401634700003001648856005501678 2002 eng d a1439-032900aPhytophthora disease of alder (Alnus glutinosa) in France: investigations between 1995 and 19990 aPhytophthora disease of alder Alnus glutinosa in France investig bBlackwell Verlag GmbH a179–1910 v323 a

A severe decline of alder associated with an undescribed Phytophthora species was identified for the first time in England in 1993. No generalized decline of alder was reported in France before 1990. The first diebacks and mortalities of common alder were observed at the beginning of the 1990s, but the so-called alder Phytophthora was not isolated in France until 1996. First, a synthesis about alder declines that were known in France before 1995 is presented. Then, a survey was established in north-eastern France; 108 sites were visited and the alder Phytophthora was isolated from 57 of them. All the main rivers were found to be affected and damage levels are significant along some of them. The frequency of the alder Phytophthora and other fungi isolated from declining alders is discussed. Finally, information on other alder declines in France is presented region by region, and a map summarizes the known distribution of the disease. The alder Phytophthora is quite common and widespread in France, with western and north-eastern France being especially affected; however, the number of diseased or dead trees varies greatly from one site to another. All records are from Alnus glutinosa; other Alnus species were seldom seen in the surveys.

1 aStreito, J-C1 aLegrand, PH.1 aTabary, F1 aDe Villartay, Jarnouen, G uhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1439-0329.2002.00282.x02064nas a2200157 4500008004100000022001400041245007200055210006900127260001600196300001400212490000700226520154800233100001801781700002301799856008401822 2015 eng d a0008-084500aPhytophthora ramorum can survive introduction into finished compost0 aPhytophthora ramorum can survive introduction into finished comp cJan-10-2015 a237 - 2410 v693 a

Composted municipal green waste is a potential vehicle for the transmission of Phytophtora ramorum, the pathogen responsible for the disease known as sudden oak death. To assess the survival rate of the pathogen in compost, we introduced zoospores — a type of infectious propagule — into six composts of varying provenance and maturity. The compost samples represented three production facilities, two production techniques (turned windrow and forced air static pile) and two levels of maturity (fresh, defined as aged for less than 1 week; and mature, aged for more than 4 weeks). Positive re-isolations — indicating survival of the pathogen — were obtained from all composts. The re-isolation rate from the compost from one of the three production facilities was greater than that obtained from an inert substrate (filter paper) inoculated with the pathogen (P < 0.01), while re-isolation rates from the other two sources were statistically indistinguishable from those obtained from the inert substrate (P < 0.01). There was no significant difference in re-isolation rate between composts produced by the turned windrow method and composts produced by the forced air static pile technique. Re-isolation rates were greater from mature composts than from fresh composts (P < 0.01). The results show that P. ramorum may be present and infectious if introduced into finished compost, and that variations in compost characteristics appear to influence survival rates.

1 aSwain, Steven1 aGarbelotto, Matteo uhttp://californiaagriculture.ucanr.edu/landingpage.cfm?articleid=ca.v069n04p23700527nas a2200157 4500008004100000245008600041210006900127300001200196490000700208100001700215700001900232700001800251700001400269700001700283856006900300 2000 eng d00aPhytophthora cinnamomi as a cause of oak mortality in the state of Colima, Mexico0 aPhytophthora cinnamomi as a cause of oak mortality in the state  a394-3980 v841 aTainter, F H1 aO’Brien, J G1 aHernández, A1 aOrozco, F1 aRebolledo, O uhttp://apsjournals.apsnet.org/doi/abs/10.1094/PDIS.2000.84.4.39401782nas a2200193 4500008004100000245005200041210005200093260001600145300001400161490000700175520113100182100001901313700002101332700001901353700001701372700001101389700002701400856016101427 2015 eng d00aPhytophthora cambivora found on beech in Norway0 aPhytophthora cambivora found on beech in Norway cJan-10-2015 a415 - 4250 v453 a

In 2011, Phytophthora cambivora was isolated for the first time from a European beech (Fagus sylvatica) in the largest beech forest in Norway, in Larvik. This led to a survey of Phytophthora, both in Larvik and in a small beech stand in Ås. Both locations are in urban areas in south-eastern Norway. Trees with a circumference above 20 cm at chest height were examined for bleeding cankers. Samples from the leading edge of canker wounds were collected from selected trees in both locations and isolations were carried out on a Phytophthora-selective medium. Quantification of diseased trees in three areas of the forest in Larvik showed a variation from 1.8 to 22.7% trees with bleeding cankers. In Ås, 9.2% of the trees had bleeding cankers. Isolation from diseased beech in both Larvik and Ås yielded P. cambivora. Inoculation of healthy trees, subsequent development of disease and re-isolation of the pathogen confirmed the pathogenicity of P. cambivora. Description of morphological features of one of the obtained isolates is included.

1 aTelfer, K., H.1 aBrurberg, M., B.1 aHerrero, M.-L.1 aStensvand, A1 aø, V.1 aDesprez-Loustau, M.-L. uhttp://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/efp.2015.45.issue-5http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/efp.12215http://api.wiley.com/onlinelibrary/tdm/v1/articles/10.1111%2Fefp.1221501105nas a2200133 4500008004100000245008800041210007100129260001600200520058900216100001600805700002300821700001400844856011300858 2016 eng d00aPhytophthora species isolated from ash stands in Białowieża Forest nature reserve0 aPhytophthora species isolated from ash stands in Białowieża Fore cJan-06-20163 a

Five Phytophthora species were isolated from the rhizosphere of ash-dominated areas of the Białowieza European lowland forest nature reserve area. Morphological and DNA analyses identified Phytophthora fragariaefolia, P. plurivora, P. cactorum, P. lacustris and P. pseudosyringae. This is the first record of P. fragariaefolia in ash forests and demonstrates that several species in the potentially highly damaging Phytophthora genus are present within a near-pristine ecosystem.

1 aTkaczyk, M.1 aNowakowska, J., A.1 aOszako, T uhttp://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/efp.12295http://api.wiley.com/onlinelibrary/tdm/v1/articles/10.1111%2Fefp.1229500600nas a2200169 4500008004100000022002300041245007500064210006900139260007300208300001000281653002300291653002100314100001800335700001800353700002200371856003700393 1954 eng d aStationBulletin53700aPhytophthora root rot diseases of Lawson cypress and other ornamentals0 aPhytophthora root rot diseases of Lawson cypress and other ornam aCorvallis, ORbOregon State College. Agricultural Experiment Station a18 p.10aDiseases and pests10aOrnamental trees1 aTorgeson, D C1 aYoung, Roy, A1 aMilbrath, John, A uhttp://hdl.handle.net/1957/1534900448nas a2200109 4500008004100000245007900041210006900120300001400189490000700203100001600210856011200226 1959 eng d00aThe pathology of Phytophthora lateralis on native Chamaecyparis lawsoniana0 apathology of Phytophthora lateralis on native Chamaecyparis laws a306–3100 v491 aTrione, E J uhttps://forestphytophthoras.org/references/pathology-phytophthora-lateralis-native-chamaecyparis-lawsoniana02934nas a2200745 4500008004100000245009400041210006900135300001400204490000800218520077400226100002001000700002201020700001801042700002001060700002101080700001801101700002501119700001801144700002101162700001901183700002001202700002801222700002201250700001701272700002401289700002101313700002301334700001701357700002201374700002101396700002501417700001701442700002001459700002201479700002001501700002601521700002001547700001801567700002301585700002301608700002401631700002201655700002301677700003001700700002001730700002501750700002401775700001401799700002301813700002101836700002101857700001801878700002601896700002001922700002301942700001801965700002801983700001302011700001602024700001902040700002302059700002302082700002202105856006102127 2006 eng d00aPhytophthora genome sequences uncover evolutionary origins and mechanisms of pathogenesis0 aPhytophthora genome sequences uncover evolutionary origins and m a1261-12660 v3133 a

Draft genome sequences have been determined for the soybean pathogen Phytophthora sojae and the sudden oak death pathogen Phytophthora ramorum. Oomycetes such as these Phytophthora species share the kingdom Stramenopila with photosynthetic algae such as diatoms, and the presence of many Phytophthora genes of probable phototroph origin supports a photosynthetic ancestry for the stramenopiles. Comparison of the two species’ genomes reveals a rapid expansion and diversification of many protein families associated with plant infection such as hydrolases, ABC transporters, protein toxins, proteinase inhibitors, and, in particular, a superfamily of 700 proteins with similarity to known oomycete avirulence genes.

1 aTyler, Brett, M1 aTripathy, Sucheta1 aZhang, Xuemin1 aDehal, Paramvir1 aJiang, Rays, H Y1 aAerts, Andrea1 aArredondo, Felipe, D1 aBaxter, Laura1 aBensasson, Douda1 aBeynon, Jim, L1 aChapman, Jarrod1 aDamasceno, Cynthia, M B1 aDorrance, Anne, E1 aDou, Daolong1 aDickerman, Allan, W1 aDubchak, Inna, L1 aGarbelotto, Matteo1 aGijzen, Mark1 aGordon, Stuart, G1 aGovers, Francine1 aGrunwald, Niklaus, J1 aHuang, Wayne1 aIvors, Kelly, L1 aJones, Richard, W1 aKamoun, Sophien1 aKrampis, Konstantinos1 aLamour, Kurt, H1 aLee, Mi-Kyung1 aMcDonald, Hayes, W1 aMedina, M√>=nica1 aMeijer, Harold, J G1 aNordberg, Eric, K1 aMaclean, Donald, J1 aOspina-Giraldo, Manuel, D1 aMorris, Paul, F1 aPhuntumart, Vipaporn1 aPutnam, Nicholas, H1 aRash, Sam1 aRose, Jocelyn, K C1 aSakihama, Yasuko1 aSalamov, Asaf, A1 aSavidor, Alon1 aScheuring, Chantel, F1 aSmith, Brian, M1 aSobral, Bruno, W S1 aTerry, Astrid1 aTorto-Alalibo, Trudy, A1 aWin, Joe1 aXu, Zhanyou1 aZhang, Hongbin1 aGrigoriev, Igor, V1 aRokhsar, Daniel, S1 aBoore, Jeffrey, L uhttp://www.sciencemag.org/content/313/5791/1261.abstract01066nas a2200169 4500008004100000245005900041210005900100260003900159300001400198490000700212520051900219100001500738700001500753700001200768700001500780856010100795 1992 eng d00aPhytophthora fruit and heart rots of coconut in Hawaii0 aPhytophthora fruit and heart rots of coconut in Hawaii bAmerican Phytopathological Society a925–9270 v763 a

Serious fruit and heart rots of coconut were found on the major Hawaiian islands of Kauai, Oahu, Hawaii and Maui. Early symptoms included dark fruit rots and the premature loss of young nuts. A Phytophthora sp. was consistently associated with fruit rots. There was a high association of fruit rots and subsequent heart rot followed by tree death. Fruit and heart rots were reproduced by inoculations. The causal organism resembled P. katsurae, but its identification remains undetermined.

1 aUchida, JY1 aAragaki, M1 aOoka, J1 aNagata, NM uhttp://www.apsnet.org/publications/PlantDisease/BackIssues/Documents/1992Abstracts/PD_76_925.htm00386nas a2200097 4500008004100000245002600041210002600067260011800093100001500211856006200226 2006 eng d00aPhytophthora katsurae0 aPhytophthora katsurae aManoa, HibExtension Entomology & UH-CTAHR Integrated Pest Management Program, University of Hawaiic22 June 20061 aUchida, JY uhttp://www.extento.hawaii.edu/Kbase/crop/Type/p_katsu.htm00335nas a2200109 4500008004100000245003700041210003700078300001200115490000700127100001400134856007700148 1967 eng d00aPhytophthora disease of chestnut0 aPhytophthora disease of chestnut a383-3870 v211 aUchida, K uhttps://forestphytophthoras.org/references/phytophthora-disease-chestnut00542nas a2200133 4500008004100000022001400041245011100055210006900166300001200235490000700247100001400254700001500268856012500283 2000 eng d a0191-291700aPredictability begets optimism: A conservation perspective on Port-Orford-cedar and Phytophthora lateralis0 aPredictability begets optimism A conservation perspective on Por a12–130 v841 aUllian, B1 aJules, E S uhttps://forestphytophthoras.org/references/predictability-begets-optimism-conservation-perspective-port-orford-cedar-and01366nas a2200169 4500008004100000022001400041245012200055210006900177260002500246300001000271490000700281520081700288100001901105700001601124700001801140856003801158 2008 eng d a0815-319100aPhytophthora ramorum infection of coast live oak leaves in Californian forests and its capacity to sporulate in vitro0 aPhytophthora ramorum infection of coast live oak leaves in Calif bSpringer Netherlands a72-730 v373 a

Coast live oak (Quercus agrifolia) is a known host for Phytophthora ramorum, the casual agent of sudden oak death in California, with symptoms expressed as necrotic stem cankers. In the forest, leaves on two saplings in California were found to be infected with P. ramorum and these were associated with infected bay laurel (Umbellularia californica) trees. Coast live oak leaves supported sporulation and produced chlamydospores in vitro. This is the first report to identify foliage of coast live oak as a source of infection of P. ramorum in the forest and its confirmation in in vitro inoculations.

1 aVettraino, A M1 aHüberli, D1 aGarbelotto, M uhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1071/AP0708500843nas a2200181 4500008004100000245011300041210006900154260012100223300000900344490003200353100001900385700002100404700001900425700002200444700002300466700002700489856014500516 2009 eng d00aPhytophthora ramorum and Phytophthora kernoviae in England and Wales—Public Consultation and New Programme0 aPhytophthora ramorum and Phytophthora kernoviae in England and W aSanta Cruz, CaliforniabU.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station.c04/2010 a6-140 vGen. Tech. Rep. PSW-GTR-2291 aWalters, Keith1 aSansford, Claire1 aSlawson, David1 aFrankel, Susan, J1 aKliejunas, John, T1 aPalmieri, Katharine, M uhttps://forestphytophthoras.org/references/phytophthora-ramorum-and-phytophthora-kernoviae-england-and-wales%E2%80%94public-consultation-and02015nas a2200145 4500008004100000245012800041210006900169300001200238490000700250520150300257100001901760700001301779700001201792856006501804 2006 eng d00aThe possible origin and relation of Phytophthora katsurae and P. heveae, discovered in a protected natural forest in Taiwan0 apossible origin and relation of Phytophthora katsurae and P heve a273-2770 v473 aWhen a total of 531 soil samples collected from 1976 to 2000 from various locations distributed in every county on the island of Taiwan was assayed, sixteen isolates of Phytophthora katsurae and nine isolates of P. heveae were recovered from three and four counties, respectively. Phytophthora katsurae and P. heveae were isolated from a protected natural forest located atop a hill at Lenhuachih without higher land within the range of vision, suggesting that both species are indigenous to Taiwan. Phytophthora katsurae is distinguished from the similar P. heveae by its verrucose oogonial wall. The number of protrusions produced by the Taiwanese isolates of P. katsurae varied greatly ranging from 2 to 23 per oogonium, indicating the unsteadiness of this taxonomical characteristic. Oogonia produced by isolates of P. katsurae obtained from Hawaii contained very few protrusions. Moreover, most oogonia produced by two of these isolates did not have any protrusions and were indistinguishable from those produced by P. heveae. Results suggest the development of P. heveae directly from P. katsurae by loss of oogonial protrusions. The high level of ITS sequence similarity between P. heveae and P. katsurae in comparison with their relationships to other Phytophthora species tested also support the possibility of the recent development of one species from the other species.1 aWen-Hsiung, KO1 aWang, SY1 aAnn, PJ uhttp://ejournal.sinica.edu.tw/bbas/content/2006/3/Bot473-07/02388nas a2200229 4500008004100000022001400041245007900055210006900134300001600203490000800219520165000227100001901877700002001896700002401916700001801940700002401958700001701982700001901999700001802018700002202036856010002058 2001 eng d a0953-756200aPhytophthora ramorum sp. nov., a new pathogen on Rhododendron and Viburnum0 aPhytophthora ramorum sp nov a new pathogen on Rhododendron and V a1155 - 11650 v1053 a

Since 1993, a hitherto unidentified Phytophthora species has been found associated with twig blight disease in Rhododendron and, sporadically, Viburnum. The morphology and growth characteristics of fourteen isolates from Germany and the Netherlands were investigated, together with their breeding system, the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions of the ribosomal DNA, amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) fingerprints, and isozyme profiles, which were compared to those of a number of outgroup species. Morphologically the isolates are characterized by abundant production of chlamydospores and elongate, ellipsoid, deciduous sporangia with a short pedicel, in which they resemble P. palmivora. However, sporangia were semi-papillate, chlamydospores were much larger and cardinal temperatures much lower than those of P. palmivora. Oogonia with amphigynous antheridia and plerotic oospores were produced in dual cultures with an A2 mating type strain of P. cryptogea. ITS1 and ITS2 sequences of the unidentified species were closest to those of P. lateralis, but differed in three and eight nucleotides respectively from the latter species. AFLP fingerprints and isozyme patterns of malate dehydrogenase (MDH-2) and malic enzyme (MDHP) showed that the isolates formed a homogeneous group, distinct from all examined outgroup species, including P. lateralis. It was concluded that they represent a new Phytophthora species, described here as P. ramorum sp. nov. In pathogenicity tests all isolates of P. ramorum were pathogenic to Rhododendron.

1 aWerres, Sabine1 aMarwitz, Rainer1 aMan_In’t_veld, WA1 aDe Cock, AWAM1 aBonants, Peter, J M1 aDe Weerdt, M1 aThemann, Karin1 aIlieva, Elena1 aBaayen, Robert, P uhttp://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B7XMR-4RS3YCS-4/2/9f9142119aa3952d3dbc8811be4860bb00542nam a2200157 4500008004100000020001800041245010200059210006900161260001300230300001400243100001600257700001400273700001200287700001500299856007000314 1990 eng d a978012372180800aPCR Protocols amplification and direct sequencing of fungal ribosomal RNA genes for phylogenetics0 aPCR Protocols amplification and direct sequencing of fungal ribo bElsevier a315 - 3221 aWhite, T.J.1 aBruns, T.1 aLee, S.1 aTaylor, J. uhttps://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/B978012372180850042101821nas a2200145 4500008004100000022001400041245007200055210006900127300001400196490000800210520131400218653002001532100002301552856010001575 2010 eng d a1878-614600aPhytophthora kernoviae oospore maturity, germination, and infection0 aPhytophthora kernoviae oospore maturity germination and infectio a661 - 6680 v1143 a

Limited information is known on the basic biology of the recently described Phytophthora kernoviae that produces homothallic oospores. In this study, different P. kernoviae isolates were used to investigate oospore maturity, germination, and infection. All isolates produced oospores in V8 broth at 20†$ınfty$C in the dark by 6†d. Oospores also formed at 10 and 15†$ınfty$C, but did not form at 25 and 28†$ınfty$C. Continuous light inhibited oospore production of some isolates but had no negative effect on others. Maturation time of the oospores, as noted by germination and staining with tetrazolium bromide, was not much different among the isolates between 2 and 14 weeks. Oospore germination was optimal at 18 and 20†$ınfty$C, and did not occur at 5, 25, and 30†$ınfty$C. Oospore germination under continuous light was higher than in the dark, but individual isolates showed variable results. Rhododendron leaf disks inoculated with oospores and maintained in the dark at 20†$ınfty$C were necrotic after 1 week, while those kept under continuous light did not develop necrosis. The percentage of leaf disks infected with P. kernoviae was lower in the leaves exposed to continuous light (40†%) compared to those kept in the dark (100†%).

10aViability stain1 aWidmer, Timothy, L uhttp://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B9879-508K88P-1/2/e35155432b3146cdabc05226a599fa7500456nam a2200121 4500008004100000245005400041210005400095260005600149300000900205490000700214100002000221856009300241 1980 eng d00aPhytophthora cinnamomi and the diseases it causes0 aPhytophthora cinnamomi and the diseases it causes aSt. Paul, Minn.bAmerican Phytopathological Society a1-960 v101 aZentemeyer, G A uhttps://forestphytophthoras.org/references/phytophthora-cinnamomi-and-diseases-it-causes