00543nas a2200133   4500008004100000245010500041210006900146260008600215300001800301100001500319700001400334700001500348856004600363       1995                        eng d00aOn-farm farmer managed trials to control black pod disease caused by Phytophthora megakarya in Ghana0 aOnfarm farmer managed trials to control black pod disease caused  aAccra, GhanabOwusu, G.K., Padi, B., Ollennu, L.A.A., Owusu Manu, E. (Eds.)c1997  app. 109–1181 aAkrofi, AY1 aOpoku, IY1 aAppiah, AA  uhttp://dx.doi.org/10.4314/gjas.v33i2.187601900nas a2200145   4500008004100000245007800041210006900119300001400188490000700202520144300209100001701652700001701669700001601686856005201702       1999                        eng d00aOrigin of a new Phytophthora pathogen through interspecific hybridization0 aOrigin of a new Phytophthora pathogen through interspecific hybr  a5878-58830 v963 aPlant disease epidemics resulting from introductions of exotic fungal plant pathogens are a well known phenomenon. An associated risk that accelerated pathogen evolution may be occurring as a consequence of genetic exchange between introduced, or introduced and resident, fungal pathogens is largely unrecognized. This is, in part, because examples of natural, interspecific hybridization in fungi are very rare. Potential evolutionary developments range from the acquisition of new host specificities to emergence of entirely new pathogen taxa. We present evidence from cytological behavior, additive nucleotide bases in repetitive internal transcribed spacer regions of the rRNA-encoding DNA (rDNA), and amplified fragment length polymorphisms of total DNA that a new, aggressive Phytophthora pathogen of alder trees in Europe comprises a range of heteroploid-interspecific hybrids involving a Phytophthora cambivora-like species and an unknown taxon similar to Phytophthora fragariae. The hybrids marked developmental instabilities, unusual morphological variability, and evidence for recombination in their internal transcribed spacer profiles indicates that they are of recent origin and that their evolution is continuing. The likelihood of such evolutionary events may be increasing as world trade in plants intensifies. However, routine diagnostic procedures currently in use are insufficiently sensitive to allow their detection.1 aBrasier, C M1 aCooke, D E L1 aDuncan, J M  uhttp://www.pnas.org/content/96/10/5878.abstract00340nas a2200121   4500008004100000022001400041245002800055210002800083300001200111490000800123100001700131856007000148       1992                        eng d  a0028-083600aOak mortality in Iberia0 aOak mortality in Iberia  a539-5390 v3601 aBrasier, C M  uhttp://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v360/n6404/abs/360539a0.html00464nas a2200109   4500008004100000245009300041210006900134300001200203490000700215100001800222856011400240       1951                        eng d00aThe occurrence of Phytophthora cinnamomi in the soil under pine stands in the southeast.0 aoccurrence of Phytophthora cinnamomi in the soil under pine stan  a742-7460 v411 aCampbell, W A  uhttps://forestphytophthoras.org/references/occurrence-phytophthora-cinnamomi-soil-under-pine-stands-southeast01110nas a2200121   4500008004100000245007600041210006800117300001000185490000600195520071900201100001400920856005400934       1974                        eng d00aThe occurrence of Phytophthora palmivora (Butl.) Butl. in soil in Ghana0 aoccurrence of Phytophthora palmivora Butl Butl in soil in Ghana  a37-410 v73 a<p>The occurrence of <em>Phytophthora palmivora</em> (But!.) But!. in soil was studied over 2 consecutive years by baiting the fungus with healthy cocoa pods. The fungus was frequently found in soils of a forest reserve, an abandoned cocoa farm and in farms still under cocoa cultivation; its activity, however, differed under the three soil conditions. Fluctuations in the occurrence of P. palmivora in soil did not depend on atmospheric temperature. At Obomeng, the fungus was isolated more frequently from a cocoa farm than from either an abandoned cocoa farm or a forest area. The isolation of <em>P. palmivora</em> from the uncultivated forest soil indicates that the fungus is indigenous to forest soils.</p>1 aDakwa, JT  uhttp://gains.org.gh/articles/gjas_v7_1_p37_41.pdf04210nas a2200169   4500008004100000245012300041210006900164260001600233300001000249490000600259520359000265100002503855700001603880700002603896700002403922856009403946       2016                        eng d00aAn overview of Australia’s Phytophthora species assemblage in natural ecosystems recovered from a survey in Victoria0 aoverview of Australia s Phytophthora species assemblage in natur  cJan-01-2016  a47-580 v73 a<div class="page" title="Page 2"><div class="section"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-size: 8.000000pt; font-family: 'ArialMT';">Although </span><span style="font-size: 8.000000pt; font-family: 'Arial'; font-style: italic;">Phytophthora </span><span style="font-size: 8.000000pt; font-family: 'ArialMT';">species cause serious diseases worldwide, until recently the main focus on disease in natural ecosystems in southern Australia has been on the distribution and impact of </span><span style="font-size: 8.000000pt; font-family: 'Arial'; font-style: italic;">P. cinnamomi</span><span style="font-size: 8.000000pt; font-family: 'ArialMT';">. However, new </span><span style="font-size: 8.000000pt; font-family: 'Arial'; font-style: italic;">Phytophthora </span><span style="font-size: 8.000000pt; font-family: 'ArialMT';">pathogens have emerged from natural ecosystems, and there is a need to better understand the diversity and distribution of these species in our natural forests, woodlands and heathlands. From a survey along a 70 km pipeline easement in Victoria</span><span style="font-size: 8.000000pt; font-family: 'Arial'; font-style: italic;">, Phytophthora </span><span style="font-size: 8.000000pt; font-family: 'ArialMT';">species were isolated from 249 rhizosphere samples and 25 bait bags deployed in 21 stream, river, or wetland locations. Of the 186 </span><span style="font-size: 8.000000pt; font-family: 'Arial'; font-style: italic;">Phytophthora </span><span style="font-size: 8.000000pt; font-family: 'ArialMT';">isolates </span><span style="font-size: 8.000000pt; font-family: 'ArialMT';">recovered, 130 were identified to species based on ITS sequence data. Ninety-five isolates corresponded to 13 </span><span style="font-size: 8.000000pt; font-family: 'ArialMT';">described </span><span style="font-size: 8.000000pt; font-family: 'Arial'; font-style: italic;">Phytophthora </span><span style="font-size: 8.000000pt; font-family: 'ArialMT';">species while additionally 35 isolates were identified as Clade 6 hybrids. </span><span style="font-size: 8.000000pt; font-family: 'Arial'; font-style: italic;">Phytophthora cinnamomi </span><span style="font-size: 8.000000pt; font-family: 'ArialMT';">was the most common species isolated (31 %), followed by </span><span style="font-size: 8.000000pt; font-family: 'Arial'; font-style: italic;">P. elongata </span><span style="font-size: 8.000000pt; font-family: 'ArialMT';">(6 %), both species were only recovered from soil. Samples from sites with the highest soil moisture at the time of sampling had the highest yield of isolates. Consistent with other studies throughout the world, Clade 6 species and their hybrids dominated </span><span style="font-size: 8.000000pt; font-family: 'ArialMT';">water samples, although many of these species were also recovered less frequently from soil samples. Many </span><span style="font-size: 8.000000pt; font-family: 'ArialMT';">of the species recovered in this study have not previously been reported from eastern Australia, reinforcing that </span><span style="font-size: 8.000000pt; font-family: 'Arial'; font-style: italic;">Phytophthora </span><span style="font-size: 8.000000pt; font-family: 'ArialMT';">species are widespread, abundant and diverse in natural ecosystems. We have probably been underestimating </span><span style="font-size: 8.000000pt; font-family: 'Arial'; font-style: italic;">Phytophthora </span><span style="font-size: 8.000000pt; font-family: 'ArialMT';">diversity in Australia. </span></p></div></div></div></div>1 aDunstan, William, A.1 aHoward, Kay1 aHardy, Giles, E. StJ.1 aBurgess, Treena, I.  uhttp://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/ima/imafung/pre-prints/content-k4_Vol7_no1_Article400553nas a2200121   4500008004100000245012500041210006900166300001900235490000700254100001900261700001600280856013500296       1955                        eng d00aThe occurrence of Phytophthora and Pythium species on roots of native plants in northern California and southern Oregon.0 aoccurrence of Phytophthora and Pythium species on roots of nativ  a694 (abstract)0 v451 aMiddleton, J T1 aBaxter, D V  uhttps://forestphytophthoras.org/references/occurrence-phytophthora-and-pythium-species-roots-native-plants-northern-california-and03225nas a2200157   4500008004100000022001400041245003900055210003800094300001000132490002600142520279500168100002302963700001902986700001303005856004903018       2001                        eng d  a1517-527800aO complexo gomose da acácia-negra0 aO complexo gomose da acácianegra  a8 pp.0 vCircular Técnica, 443 a<p>A acácia-negra é uma espécie florestal que foi introduzida no Brasil, no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, na década de 30. Atualmente, com uma área plantada de aproximadamente 100.000 ha, envolve cerca de 10 mil pequenos produtores rurais (Higa &amp; Dedecek, 1999), compondo um dos maciços florestais daquele Estado, onde desempenha importante papel sócio-econômico para as pequenas propriedades rurais (Fleig, 1993).</p><p>O rápido crescimento da acácia-negra, associado ao aproveitamento integral da madeira, torna essa espécie ideal para reflorestamento e para utilização industrial. Sua contribuição aos mais variados segmentos econômicos e industriais é ampla, tanto pelo aproveitamento da casca para extração do tanino (a casca possui cerca de 28% de tanino), quanto pelo uso da madeira para diversos fins, tais como a fabricação de papel e celulose, chapas de aglomerados, carvão e lenha. No Brasil, é plantada principalmente para produção de tanino.</p><p>A acácia-negra é uma planta que exsuda goma na casca do tronco. A goma é aparentemente produzida pelas árvores em resposta a alguma condição anormal, como patógenos ou injúrias provocadas por insetos, danos mecânicos ou fatores externos que afetam o seu crescimento (Zeijlemaker, 1968). Quimicamente, a goma da acácia-negra é uma combinação de arabinose, galactose, ramnose e ácido glucurônico (Stephen 1951). A quantidade de goma produzida por uma árvore depende da característica genética do material e da influência de fatores ambientais, tais como a temperatura e a disponibilidade de umidade.</p><p>Como resultado, tem-se pouca goma no período seco, enquanto muita goma pode ser exsudada no período úmido (Zeijlemaker, 1968). Um dos principais problemas da acácia-negra é a doença conhecida como gomose de <em>Phytophthora </em>sp. (Santos et al., 1998). Os sintomas ocorrem no tronco e se caracterizam por lesões necróticas na casca, chegando a atingir o lenho. A abundante exsudação gomosa é o sintoma mais característico dessa doença, que é facilmente confundido com outros problemas, uma vez que o tronco da acácia-negra exsuda goma quando lesionado por ação tanto biótica quanto abiótica. Assim sendo, embora a lesão exsudativa seja o tipo de sintoma mais característico da gomose de <em>Phytophthora</em>, essa não é uma característica exclusiva como indicadora da associação <em>Phytophthora </em>-acácia. Portanto, este trabalho tem o objetivo de discutir aspectos relacionados à gomose de <em>Phytophthora </em>e aos de outros tipos de problemas associados à acácia-negra e que tenham a exsudação de goma como parte de seu quadro sintomatológico, de maneira que se possam elucidá-los, para facilitar a sua identificação no camp.</p>1 aSantos, A., F. dos1 aGrigoletti, A.1 aAuer, CG  uhttps://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/15427678.pdf01365nas a2200205   4500008004100000245007000041210006900111260001200180300001400192490000700206520076200213100001300975700002000988700002001008700001501028700001501043700001901058700001601077856006601093       2013                        eng d00aOccurrence of Phytophthora cinnamomi in cork oak forests in Italy0 aOccurrence of Phytophthora cinnamomi in cork oak forests in Ital  c08/2013  a340–3430 v433 a<p>An increasing decline and mortality of cork oak trees have been recently observed in central Italy and Sardinia Island. Following surveys conducted in three declining cork oak forests, a <em>Phytophthora</em> species was consistently isolated from soil samples collected from trees displaying different level of decline. Based on morphological features, growth rates at different temperatures and analysis of DNA sequences of the ITS region, all isolates were identified as <em>Phytophthora cinnamomi</em> Rands. This pathogen caused large brownish lesions on inoculated freshly cut branches of cork oak. It was re-isolated from all infected tissues. These findings represent the first report of <em>P.&nbsp;cinnamomi</em> on cork oak trees in Italy.</p>1 aScanu, B1 aLinaldeddu, B T1 aFranceschini, A1 aAnselmi, N1 aVannini, A1 aVettraino, A M1 aBelbahri, L  uhttp://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/efp.12039/abstract02395nas a2200313   4500008004100000022001400041245012600055210006900181260001600250300001600266490000800282520142500290100002801715700001701743700001901760700001801779700002401797700002701821700002201848700002201870700001801892700001801910700001701928700001801945700001701963700001901980700001601999856006602015       2018                        eng d  a0191-291700aAn Overview of Canadian Research Activities on Diseases Caused by Phytophthora ramorum: Results, Progress, and Challenges0 aOverview of Canadian Research Activities on Diseases Caused by P  cJan-07-2018  a1218 - 12330 v1023 a<p>International trade and travel are the driving forces behind the spread of invasive plant pathogens around the world, and human-mediated movement of plants and plant products is now generally accepted as the primary mode of their introduction, resulting in huge disturbance to ecosystems and severe socio-economic impact. These problems are exacerbated under the present conditions of rapid climatic change. We report an overview of the Canadian research activities on <em>Phytophthora ramorum</em>. Since the first discovery and subsequent eradication of <em>P. ramorum</em> on infected ornamentals in nurseries in Vancouver, British Columbia, in 2003, a research team of Canadian government scientists representing the Canadian Forest Service, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, and Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada worked together over a 10-year period and have significantly contributed to many aspects of research and risk assessment on this pathogen. The overall objectives of the Canadian research efforts were to gain a better understanding of the molecular diagnostics of <em>P. ramorum</em>, its biology, host-pathogen interactions, and management options. With this information, it was possible to develop pest risk assessments and evaluate the environmental and economic impact and future research needs and challenges relevant to <em>P. ramorum</em> and other emerging forest <em>Phytophthora</em> spp.</p>1 aShamoun, Simon, Francis1 aRioux, Danny1 aCallan, Brenda1 aJames, Delano1 aHamelin, Richard, C1 aBilodeau, Guillaume, J1 aElliott, Marianne1 aLévesque, André1 aBecker, Elisa1 aMcKenney, Dan1 aPedlar, John1 aBailey, Karen1 aBrière, S C1 aNiquidet, Kurt1 aAllen, Eric  uhttps://apsjournals.apsnet.org/doi/10.1094/PDIS-11-17-1730-FE01988nas a2200193   4500008004100000022001400041245010400055210006900159260001600228300001600244490000700260520139300267100001901660700001601679700001801695700002001713700001501733856004601748       2005                        eng d  a0099-224000aOn-Site DNA Extraction and Real-Time PCR for Detection of Phytophthora ramorum in the FieldABSTRACT0 aOnSite DNA Extraction and RealTime PCR for Detection of Phytopht  cJan-11-2005  a6702 - 67100 v713 a<p>Phytophthora ramorum is a recently described pathogen causing oak mortality (sudden oak death) in forests in coastal areas of California and southern Oregon and dieback and leaf blight in a range of tree, shrub, and herbaceous species in the United States and Europe. Due to the threat posed by this organism, stringent quarantine regulations are in place, which restrict the movement of a number of hosts. Fast and accurate diagnostic tests are required in order to characterize the distribution of P. ramorum, prevent its introduction into pathogen-free areas, and minimize its spread within affected areas. However, sending samples to a laboratory for testing can cause a substantial delay between sampling and diagnosis. A rapid and simple DNA extraction method was developed for use at the point of sampling and used to extract DNAs from symptomatic foliage and stems in the field. A sensitive and specific single-round real-time PCR (TaqMan) assay for P. ramorum was performed using a portable real-time PCR platform (Cepheid SmartCycler II), and a cost-effective method for stabilizing PCR reagents was developed to allow their storage and transportation at room temperature. To our knowledge, this is the first description of a method for DNA extraction and molecular testing for a plant pathogen carried out entirely in the field, independent of any laboratory facilities.</p>1 aTomlinson, J A1 aBoonham, N.1 aHughes, K J D1 aGriffin, R., L.1 aBarker, I.  uhttps://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16269700/01408nas a2200241   4500008004100000022001400041245010900055210006900164260002700233300001200260490000700272520068900279100001900968700001800987700001601005700001501021700001601036700001601052700001301068700001501081700001501096856005501111       2002                        eng d  a1439-032900aOccurrence of Phytophthora species in oak stands in Italy and their association with declining oak trees0 aOccurrence of Phytophthora species in oak stands in Italy and th  bBlackwell Science Ltd.  a19–280 v323 a<p>Soil-borne species of <em>Phytophthora</em> were isolated from 19 of 30 examined oak forest areas in Italy. The frequency of isolated <em>Phytophthora</em> spp. (35.2%) was significantly correlated with soil pH and longitude of the sites. Eleven <em>Phytophthora</em> species were detected. <em>Phytophthora cambivora</em>, <em>P. cinnamomi</em> and <em>P. cactorum</em> were recovered from sites in central and southern Italy whereas <em>P. quercina</em> was isolated in the northern and central part of the country. <em>Phytophthora citricola</em> occurred all over Italy. <em>Phytophthora quercina</em> was the only species significantly associated with declining oak trees.</p>1 aVettraino, A M1 aBarzanti, G P1 aBianco, M C1 aRagazzi, A1 aCapretti, P1 aPaoletti, E1 aLuisi, N1 aAnselmi, N1 aVannini, A  uhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1439-0329.2002.00264.x01913nas a2200205   4500008004100000022001400041245014300055210006900198260002500267300001200292490000800304520125600312100001701568700001301585700001601598700001301614700001701627700001501644856004801659       2005                        eng d  a0929-187300aOccurrence and distribution of Phytophthora; species in European chestnut stands, and their association with Ink Disease and crown decline0 aOccurrence and distribution of Phytophthora species in European   bSpringer Netherlands  a169-1800 v1113 a<p>The <em>Phytophthora</em> complex associated with <em>Castanea sativa</em> Mill. was investigated in five European countries in 35 regions and with respect to various domestication levels. Annual precipitation and length of drought season were the main parameters that regulated the presence of <em>Phytophthora</em> species in the chestnut stands. Seven species of <em>Phytophthora</em> were detected; three of these, <em>P. megasperma</em>, <em>P. cryptogea</em> and <em>P. syringae</em> had not been previously reported on sweet chestnut. <em>P. cinnamomi</em>. <em>P. cambivora</em> and <em>P. citricola</em> were most frequently isolated. <em>P. cinnamomi</em> and <em>P. cambivora</em> were the species significantly associated with declining trees with symptoms of Ink Disease. <em>P. cinnamomi</em> required distinct ecological conditions compared to the other species. <em>P. cinnamomi</em> was never detected in sites characterized by minimum temperatures below 1.4 °C, maximum temperature above 28 °C, or soil pH below 5.4. The results obtained provide useful information for modeling the probability of Ink Disease, crown decline and associated <em>Phytophthora</em> species in chestnut groves in global climatic change scenarios.</p>1 aVettraino, A1 aMorel, O1 aPerlerou, C1 aRobin, C1 aDiamandis, S1 aVannini, A  uhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10658-004-1882-001603nas a2200193   4500008004100000022001400041245004900055210004900104300001400153490000800167520103100175653002401206100001901230700002601249700001901275700002301294700002101317856007101338       2010                        eng d  a1878-614600aOospores progenies from Phytophthora ramorum0 aOospores progenies from Phytophthora ramorum  a369 - 3780 v1143 a<p>Oospores of <em>Phytophthora ramorum</em> were produced from intraspecific pairings between a European A1 and European or American A2 strains. Their viability was evaluated through colouration with tetrazolium bromide. The distribution of oospores in the different classes of colouration was similar to that found in other <em>Phytophthora</em> species (homothallic and heterothallic): most of the oospores stained purple, which corresponds to spores in dormancy. In order to produce single-oospore cultures, a method was developed to separate oospores from mycelium and chlamydospores. Germination of oospores was observed in 110, 250, 350 and 500-d-old cultures at a low proportion. Microsatellite marker analyses on oospore progenies revealed that the oospores resulted from hybridisation. More than 50 oospore progenies were characterised in terms of mating type, aggressiveness on <em>Rhododendron</em> leaves, and growth rate on two different media. The results are discussed in the context of pest risk analysis.</p>10aSexual reproduction1 aXavier, Boutet1 aAnnelies, Vercauteren1 aKurt, Heungens1 aFréderic, Laurent1 aAnne, Chandelier  uhttp://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1878614610000383