01177nas a2200157   4500008004100000022001400041245009700055210006900152260002200221300001200243490000700255520066600262100002200928700002100950856004800971       2010                        eng d  a0364-152X00aLessons learned from a decade of sudden oak death in California: evaluating local management0 aLessons learned from a decade of sudden oak death in California   bSpringer New York  a315-3280 v463 aSudden Oak Death has been impacting California’s coastal forests for more than a decade. In that time, and in the absence of a centrally organized and coordinated set of mandatory management actions for this disease in California’s wildlands and open spaces, many local communities have initiated their own management programs. We present five case studies to explore how local-level management has attempted to control this disease. From these case studies, we glean three lessons: connections count, scale matters, and building capacity is crucial. These lessons may help management, research, and education planning for future pest and disease outbreaks.1 aAlexander, Janice1 aLee, Christopher  uhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00267-010-9512-403996nas a2200193   4500008004100000022001400041245008400055210006900139260001600208300001400224490000700238520340500245100001803650700002103668700001303689700001703702700002103719856006203740       2006                        eng d  a0191-291700aLavender Cotton Root Rot: A New Host of Phytophthora tentaculata Found in Spain0 aLavender Cotton Root Rot A New Host of Phytophthora tentaculata   cJan-04-2006  a523 - 5230 v903 a<p class="first">Lavender cotton, <em>Santolina chamaecyparissus</em>, is an evergreen shrub growing primarily in dry, calcareous habitats and is grown in rock gardens and mixed borders mainly for its ornamental and aromatic foliage. During 2004, several commercial nurseries in Valencia Province (eastern Spain) reported high mortality of lavender cotton. The foliage of the diseased plants turned brown, wilted, and died. A <em>Phytophthora</em> sp. was isolated consistently from the soil and roots of infected plants using apple baits and the selective medium PARBH (1), respectively. Four pure cultures (PS-31, PS-32, PS-33, and PS-34) were established from hyphal tips and characterized. Colony morphology on potato dextrose agar (PDA) at 24°C was stoloniferous (short stubby branches) with a growth rate of 2.2 mm per day. Sporangia, chlamydospores, and oospores were produced on V8 agar. The sporangia were ovoid to obpyriform, 27.5 to 64.8 (48.3) × 25 to 52.5 (37.5) μm, length/breadth ratio of 1.3:1, and papillate, from which 20% were caducous with a short pedicel (&lt;5 μm). Hyphal swellings and chlamydospores (22 to 38 μm in diameter) were present. Isolates were homothallic, oogonia were globose, mostly terminal 27.5 to 40 (36.2) μm in diameter, 88% of the antheridia were paragynous, monoclinous, or diclinous, and occasionally with two paragynous antheridia per oogonium. Amphigynous antheridia (12%) were also observed. Oospores were aplerotic, 25 to 35 (32.3) μm in diameter, and thin walled. These characteristics and measurements conformed to the description of <em>P. tentaculata</em> described by Kröber and Marwitz (2). Sequencing the internal transcribed spacer region of <em>Santolina</em> isolates PS-32 and PS-34 and comparison of these sequences with other sequences available in GenBank revealed that they were identical to <em>P. tentaculata</em> (AF266775). Pathogenicity tests used 10 4-to-5-month-old potted lavender cotton and two methods. In the first method, inoculum was prepared on a media of 200 g of oats and 120 ml of V8 juice to 1 liter of distilled water. The medium was inoculated with <em>P. tentaculata</em> grown on PDA and incubated in the dark at 20°C for 4 weeks. Inoculum was buried into the compost mixture around the roots at a rate of 3% (w/v). The second method applied a zoospore drench of 50 ml per plant (1 × 10<sup>4</sup> zoospores per ml) obtained by inducing zoospores in sterile soil extract from cultures of V8 juice agar. The control plants were inoculated with sterile media and sterile distilled water. The following day, the pots were flooded for 2 days, plants were maintained in a glasshouse at 24 ± 5°C, and watered twice a week. All plants inoculated with the first method had wilted foliage and died within 2 months after inoculation, while plants inoculated with zoospores died after 3 months. <em>P. tentaculata</em> was reisolated and the test was repeated twice. The control plants did not show any symptoms of the disease. <em>P. tentaculata</em> was first reported causing root and stalk rot on <em>Chrysanthemum frutescens</em> hybrids, <em>C. leucanthemum, Delphinium ajacis</em>, and <em>Verbena</em> hybrids in Germany (2). It has also been reported on <em>Verbena</em> hybrids in Spain (3). To our knowledge, this is the first report of <em>P. tentaculata</em> causing root rot on lavender cotton.</p>1 aÁlvarez, L A1 aPérez-Sierra, A1 aLeón, M1 aArmengol, J.1 aía-Jiménez, J.  uhttp://apsjournals.apsnet.org/doi/abs/10.1094/PD-90-0523A00962nas a2200133   4500008004100000022001400041245006800055210005900123300001200182490000700194520050200201100002500703856010000728       1943                        eng d  a0007-153600aThe life history of Phytophthora cactorum (Leb. & Cohn) Schroet0 alife history of Phytophthora cactorum Leb Cohn Schroet  a71 - 890 v263 aSummary An account is given of the life history of Phytophthora Cactorum (Leb. & Cohn) Schroet., a paragynous, homothallic species. The mycelium and reproductive spores in their development and germination are described as under: The mycelium: its vegetative growth and form and its perennation. The sporangium, conidium, resting conidium, chlamydospore: their interrelationships, development and germination. The oogonium and antheridium: fertilization. The oospore: its dormancy and germination.1 aBlackwell, Elizabeth  uhttp://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B985G-4YW2HHM-D/2/d8cd209743ea7bb728b94dadd761bd5d01379nas a2200133   4500008004100000245008200041210006900123300001100192490000700203520088400210100002101094700001501115856011501130       1957                        eng d00aA leaf and twig disease of English holly caused by Phytophthora ilicis N. sp.0 aleaf and twig disease of English holly caused by Phytophthora il  a95-1010 v473 a<p>This is an expanded account from Oregon State College, Corvallis, of a disease of holly caused by <em>Phytophthora</em> sp. [34, p. 328], for which the name <em>P. ilicis</em> n.sp. is proposed. It was shown that the defoliation which accompanies the disease is due to the production of ethylene by infected leaf tissue. The disease develops from October to May, and is inactive in the summer. The pathogen is distinguishable from <em>P. porri</em> by its smaller oogonia, and from <em>P. hibernalis</em> and <em>P. syringae</em> by the consistent presence of amphigynous antheridia. On diseased holly tissues the sporangia have a shallow apical thickening and no papilla, and measure 18 to 30 by 30 to 50 (average 24 by 39) µ, with persistent pedicels, 5 to 15 µ long. Oogonia average 21 µ and oospores 18 µ, with a slightly yellow wall; antheridia average 13 by 1µ.</p>1 aBuddenhagen, I W1 aYoung, R A  uhttps://forestphytophthoras.org/references/leaf-and-twig-disease-english-holly-caused-phytophthora-ilicis-n-sp00457nas a2200121   4500008004100000245005500041210005500096260004000151300001300191100001800204700001800222856009500240       1954                        eng d00aLittleleaf disease of shortleaf and loblolly pines0 aLittleleaf disease of shortleaf and loblolly pines  aWashington, DCbUSDA Forest Service  a41 pages1 aCampbell, W A1 aCopeland, O L  uhttps://forestphytophthoras.org/references/littleleaf-disease-shortleaf-and-loblolly-pines02426nas a2200205   4500008004100000022001400041245010200055210006900157260003800226300001200264490000700276520177900283100001502062700001602077700001402093700001702107700001902124700002202143856005502165       2012                        eng d  a1439-032900aThe long-term survival of Phytophthora cinnamomi in mature Banksia grandis killed by the pathogen0 alongterm survival of Phytophthora cinnamomi in mature Banksia gr  bBlackwell Publishing Ltdc02/2012  a28–360 v423 a<p>The ability of <em>Phytophthora cinnamomi</em> to survive long dry periods is the key to its persistence in the south-west of Western Australia. It has been proposed that dead <em>Banksia grandis</em> are a significant long-term reservoir for <em>P.&nbsp;cinnamomi</em> inoculum. To test this, 36 healthy <em>B.&nbsp;grandis</em> trees were inoculated in April 1999, and the presence of viable propagules <em>in planta</em> was determined between 2 and 34&nbsp;months after tree death. By 10&nbsp;months after inoculation, 75% of the trees had died, with the remaining seven trees dying by 22&nbsp;months. The pathogen was more commonly recovered from bark than from wood, except from those trees that died at 22&nbsp;months, and more commonly from above-ground trunks than below-ground trunks and roots until 8&nbsp;months after plant death. In trees that died 12&nbsp;months after inoculation, <em>P.&nbsp;cinnamomi</em> was recovered from 60% of trunk and root core samples at 3&nbsp;months, declining to 33% at 10&nbsp;months, 5.5% at 12&nbsp;months and 0.1% at 34&nbsp;months after tree death. In trees that died at 22&nbsp;months, <em>P.&nbsp;cinnamomi</em> was recovered from 87% of trunk and root samples 2&nbsp;months after tree death, decreasing to 0.5% by 33&nbsp;months. This study suggests that the pathogen does not have a saprotrophic phase within dead <em>B.&nbsp;grandis</em> tissue, and <em>B.&nbsp;grandis</em> is unlikely to be a long-term reservoir for <em>P.&nbsp;cinnamomi</em>. However, the manipulation of the density of <em>B.&nbsp;grandis</em> and the use of fire to facilitate the breakdown of dead <em>Banksia</em> trunks in the <em>Eucalyptus marginata</em> (jarrah) forest may reduce the spread and impact of <em>P.&nbsp;cinnamomi</em>.</p>1 aCollins, S1 aMcComb, J A1 aHoward, K1 aShearer, B L1 aColquhoun, I J1 aHardy, St., G E J  uhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0329.2011.00718.x01788nas a2200193   4500008004100000022001400041245011400055210006900169260001200238300001600250490000700266520115800273100001701431700001901448700001801467700002201485700001801507856006901525       2014                        eng d  a0191-291700aLineage, Temperature, and Host Species have Interacting Effects on Lesion Development in Phytophthora ramorum0 aLineage Temperature and Host Species have Interacting Effects on  c12/2014  a1717 - 17270 v983 a<p>There are four recognized clonal lineages of the pathogen <em>Phytophthora ramorum</em>. The two major lineages present in North America are NA1 and NA2. With a few exceptions, NA1 is found in natural forest ecosystems and nurseries, and NA2 is generally restricted to nurseries. Isolates from the NA1 and NA2 lineages were used to infect rhododendron, camellia, and California bay laurel in detached leaf assays to study the effects of lineage, temperature, and host on pathogenicity and host susceptibility. Isolates within both lineages were highly variable in their ability to form lesions on each host. There was also a tendency toward reduced lesion size in successive trials, suggesting degeneration of isolates over time. Temperature had a significant effect on lesion size, with a response that varied depending on the host and isolate. Phenotypic differences between lineages appear to be heavily influenced by the representation of isolates used, host, and temperature. The importance of temperature, host, and lineage are discussed with respect to disease management, as well as future range expansions and migrations of the pathogen.</p>1 aEyre, C., A.1 aHayden, K., J.1 aKozanitas, M.1 aGrünwald, N., J.1 aGarbelotto, M  uhttp://apsjournals.apsnet.org/doi/abs/10.1094/PDIS-02-14-0151-RE00374nas a2200109   4500008004100000245005000041210004900091300001100140490000600151100001500157856009200172       1950                        eng d00a Las especies de Phytophthora en la Argentina0 aLas especies de Phytophthora en la Argentina  a47-1330 v41 aFrezzi, MJ  uhttps://forestphytophthoras.org/references/las-especies-de-phytophthora-en-la-argentina02304nas a2200157   4500008004100000245012000041210006900161260001600230300001400246490000700260520178000267100001802047700002002065700001802085856004302103       2017                        eng d00aLimited morphological, physiological and genetic diversity of Phytophthora palmivora from cocoa in Papua New Guinea0 aLimited morphological physiological and genetic diversity of Phy  cJan-05-2016  a124–1300 v663 a<p>In Papua New Guinea (PNG) cocoa (<em>Theobroma cacao</em>) is one of the most important cash crops grown in the tropical lowland and island regions. As in most cocoa-growing areas, phytophthora black pod and canker cause significant yield losses. Cocoa breeding activities in PNG are focused in East New Britain province where disease control recommendations are also developed. This study tested the hypothesis that there was no diversity in the <em>Phytophthora palmivora</em> population causing black pod on cocoa by characterizing the variation in pathogen populations within and between the five major cocoa-growing areas. Diseased pods were sampled hierarchically from the five locations and additional isolates were collected from soil, stem and leaf lesions, or retrieved from culture collections. Morphological characters showed continuous variation within the range described for <em>P.&nbsp;palmivora</em>. Genetic analysis revealed that the isolates belonged to one dominant clonal lineage, with restricted distributions of several other subpopulations. Lowest diversities were found in the geographically isolated Karkar Island and East Sepik province. Soil isolates showed greater genetic diversity than isolates from cocoa lesions. Intra-farm variation was as much as inter-farm or inter-province variation. Both mating types were detected, although no strong evidence of sexual recombination was observed. The analysis revealed limited geographic, temporal or host specialization, suggesting continuous selection for pathogenicity from a genetic pool of <em>P.&nbsp;palmivora</em>. These findings have significant implications on the deployment of cocoa genotypes, enforcement of inter-province quarantine and sustainable disease management strategies.</p>1 aMaora, J., S.1 aLiew, E., C. Y.1 aGuest, D., I.  uhttp://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/ppa.1255700542nas a2200145   4500008004100000245010500041210007000146260005300216300001400269490000700283100001500290700001500305700001900320856005700339       1984                        eng d00aLe Phytophthora heveae du cocotier: son rôle dans la pourriture du cøeur et dans la chute des noix0 aLe Phytophthora heveae du cocotier son rôle dans la pourriture d  bSociété d’éditions techniques continentales  a477–4850 v391 aQuillec, G1 aRenard, JL1 aGhesquière, H  uhttp://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=896053601965nas a2200145   4500008004100000022001400041245005400055210005200109260001200161300001200173490000700185520155500192100002601747856004601773       2012                        eng d  a0191-291700aA Lucid key to the common species of Phytophthora0 aLucid key to the common species of Phytophthora  c06/2012  a897-9030 v963 a<p>The Key to the Common <em>Phytophthora</em> species (Lucid v 3.4) is a matrix-based computerized identification key and includes important morphological and molecular characters that are useful for identification of 55 common species of <em>Phytophthora</em>. A set of 20 features are used to make a correct species identification. Once a culture is obtained, the user enters responses to known character state options into Lucid Player and the correct species is identified. Illustrations of each character state for a feature are included in the key. The main morphological features included in the key are: asexual structures, sexual structures, and chlamydospore, hyphae and cultural characteristics. The user can read an illustrated “Fact Sheet” on each species that includes pictures of morphological characters, disease symptoms, host range and relevant references. A cross-linked glossary of terminology is included in each fact sheet. In addition, a DNA Search function that contains a simple search of ITS and Barcode of Life (BOL, 5’ end of the cox1 gene) sequences for each species can be queried. The key was created to provide teachers, diagnosticians and regulatory personnel with easily accessible tools to distinguish common species in the genus <em>Phytophthora</em> based on a number of important morphological and molecular characteristics. The key is available for purchase from APS Press and should provide another useful tool for the identification of members of this destructive group of Oomycete plant pathogens.</p>1 aRistaino, Jean Beagle  uhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-08-11-0636