02886nas a2200193 4500008004100000022001400041245013200055210007300187260001600260300001200276490000700288520225600295100001502551700002302566700001702589700001302606700002202619856005102641 2011 eng d a0100-540500aCaracterização morfofisiológica e análise de PCR-SSCP de isolados de Phytophthora da acácia-negra na região Sul do Brasil0 aCaracterização morfofisiológica e análise de PCRSSCP de isolados cJan-01-2011 a92 - 970 v373 a

The aim of this study was to characterize Phytophthora isolates from black wattle (Acacia mearnsii) in Southern Brazil, based on phenotypic traits such as morphology, mycelial growth, cultural features, sexual compatibility and pathogenicity, as well as on single strand conformation polymorphism (PCR-SSCP) of rDNA ITS-gene 5.8S region. The isolates presented sporangia with prominent papilla, irregularly sympodial sporangia, heterothalic cultures with amphigynous antheridia, presence of chlamydospore and mycelial growth at temperature above 35°C, allowing the classification of all 12 isolates as P. nicotianae. All isolates were pathogenic to black wattle, causing necrosis on stems without gum formation, with significant differences on aggressiveness (P=0.05). Two populations of P. nicotianae from black wattle can be distinguished based on PCR-SSCP analysis of rDNA; however, this separation has no apparent correlation with phenotypic traits.

O objetivo do trabalho foi caracterizar isolados de Phytophthora da acácia-negra (Acacia mearnsii) provenientes do Sul do Brasil, com base em características fenotípicas tais como morfologia, crescimento micelial, características das culturas, compatibilidade sexual e patogenicidade, e em perfis de polimorfismo de conformação de fita simples (SSCP = Single Strand Conformation Polymorphism) da região ITS-gene 5.8S do rDNA. Os isolados apresentaram esporângios com papilas proeminentes, arranjo dos esporângios irregularmente simpodial, culturas heterotálicas com presença de anterídios anfígenos, presença de clamidósporos e crescimento micelial em temperatura acima de 35°C, permitindo a classificação dos 12 isolados como P. nicotianae. Todos os isolados foram patogênicos, causando necrose em ramos de acácia-negra, sem formação de goma, com diferenças significativas de agressividade (p=0,05). Duas populações podem ser distinguidas em P. nicotianae da acácia negra pela análise PCR-SSCP do rDNA; no entanto essa separação não apresenta aparente correlação com características fenotípicas.

1 aAlves, TCA1 aSantos, A., F. dos1 aTessmann, DJ1 aVida, JB1 aHarakava, Ricardo uhttp://www.scielo.br/pdf/sp/v37n3/a02v37n3.pdf02893nas a2200169 4500008004100000022001300041245014000054210006900194260001600263300001600279490000700295520230500302100001802607700001502625700001602640856006702656 1993 eng d a0953756200aCultural characters, protein patterns and unusual mating behaviour of Phytophthora gonapodyides isolates from Britain and North America0 aCultural characters protein patterns and unusual mating behaviou cJan-11-1993 a1287 - 12980 v973 a

Isolates of Phytophthora gonapodyides associated with roots of woody hosts or from aquatic habitats in Britain (10 isolates) and North America (Alaska to California, 12 isolates) were compared. They showed similar characteristics including similar sporangial dimensions, colonies with often distinctive petaloid patterns and a silvery appearance, slow growth rates at 20, 25 and 30 °C, and a maximum temperature for growth of about 35°. Most isolates exhibited a similar protein banding pattern distinct from that of P. cryptogea or P. drechsleri, and including a characteristic band designated the ‘PG band’. Three isolates deviated from this pattern and two of these also produced chlamydospores and chains of swellings in culture. These isolates might be hybrids related to P. gonapodyides or a different taxon, in which case ‘P. gonapodyides’ is polyphyletic.

All the isolates were self-sterile. When paired directly or indirectly via polycarbonate membranes with A2 sexual compatibility types of heterothallic species such as P. cambivora, P. megakarya or P. meadii, gametangia were produced which were morphologically characteristic of these species. The range of heterothallic species responding was different from that responding sexually to Trichoderma volatiles. P. gonapodyides isolates may be sterile A1 compatibility types able to produce a compatibility substance which induces selfing in the heterothallic A2s.

Three other self-sterile Phytophthora isolates associated with woody hosts in Britain were a distinct group, with a different colony pattern, a distinct 30° growth optimum and an ability to grow at 37°. Their protein banding pattern was different from that of either P. gonapodyides or P. cryptogea/P. drechsleri, but showed similarities to these species. One isolate induced gametangial formation in P. drechsleri A1 types, the two others were sexually neutral. These three isolates might also be species hybrids, possibly with P. gonapodyides and P. cryptogea as parents.

1 aBrasier, C.M.1 aHamm, P.B.1 aHansen, E M uhttps://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S095375620980160300580nas a2200145 4500008004100000022001400041245014000055210006900195300001600264490000700280100001700287700001400304700001600318856010000334 1993 eng d a0953-756200aCultural characters, protein patterns and unusual mating behaviour of Phytophthora gonapodyides isolates from Britain and North America0 aCultural characters protein patterns and unusual mating behaviou a1287 - 12980 v971 aBrasier, C M1 aHamm, P B1 aHansen, E M uhttp://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B7XMR-4VXMWBV-2/2/79f23cf89ac836528cb576d2f46f81b300997nas a2200205 4500008004100000022001300041245018600054210006900240300000800309490000700317520024500324653002000569653001200589653002000601653001700621653001100638100001700649700001400666856011100680 2001 eng d a0032086200aComparative aggressiveness of standard and variant hybrid alder phytophthoras, Phytophthora cambivora and other phytophthora species on bark of alnus, Quercus and other woody hosts.0 aComparative aggressiveness of standard and variant hybrid alder  a2180 v503 a

Analyzes results of pathogenicity tests on the bark of Alnus glutinosa with standard and variant hybrid alder phytophthoras. Aggressiveness on living alder logs; Levels of pathogenicity; Rates of lesion development.

10aAlnus glutinosa10aDisease10apest resistance10aPhytophthora10aplants1 aBrasier, C M1 aKirk, S A uhttp://onlinelibrary.wiley.com.proxy.library.oregonstate.edu/doi/10.1046/j.1365-3059.2001.00553.x/abstract02932nas a2200229 4500008004100000022001400041245010000055210006900155260002900224300001400253490000700267520224300274653001702517653002102534653001102555653001702566653002302583653000902606100001502615700001702630856005502647 2007 eng d a1365-305900aColonization of tree xylem by Phytophthora ramorum, P. kernoviae and other Phytophthora species0 aColonization of tree xylem by Phytophthora ramorum P kernoviae a bBlackwell Publishing Ltd a227–2410 v563 a

The aetiology and frequency of Phytophthora spp. in discoloured xylem tissue beneath phloem lesions was investigated in a range of broadleaved trees infected with P. ramorum, P. kernoviae, P. cambivora, P. citricola and other species. Isolation was attempted from the inner surface of 81 sterilized discoloured wood panels (6 × 4 cm) from 53 trees. Discolouration mostly extended 1–5 mm into the xylem (75%), but incursions of 6–10 mm (10%) and 10–25 mm (15%) were frequent. Of the wood panels, 81% yielded Phytophthora spp. In 66 cases, both a wood panel and an overlying phloem panel were sampled. In 56% of these, a Phytophthora, sp. was isolated from both the wood and the phloem panel. In 23% the Phytophthora sp. was isolated from the wood panel only and in 8% from the phloem panel only. Small ‘island’ phloem lesions, often in linear arrays adjacent to main lesions, were a common feature of Fagus sylvatica and Quercus spp. trees infected with P. ramorum or P. kernoviae. Island lesions were often connected by underlying strips or intermittent pits of discoloured xylem in line with the wood grain. Phytophthora ramorum, P. kernoviae and other Phytophthora spp. were successfully isolated from these connecting xylem features with P. ramorum and P. kernoviae also recovered from discoloured tissue 5–25 mm below exposed xylem surfaces 24–27 months after the overlying phloem was removed. These results show that these pathogens commonly occupy xylem beneath phloem lesions; that they can perennate in xylem tissue; that they can spread in xylem tissue ahead of phloem lesions; and indicate that they may initiate new phloem lesions in this way. Such colonization must lead to at least local xylem dysfunction. It is recommended that, if xylem discoloration is present, isolation of the Phytophthora sp. should be attempted from the xylem as well as the bark; also, that removal of infected outer sapwood should be undertaken during excision of bleeding lesions for disease control and in protocols aimed at preventing national or international spread of these tree stem pathogens.

10abark lesions10ableeding cankers10aphloem10aPhytophthora10atree stem diseases10awood1 aBrown, A V1 aBrasier, C M uhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3059.2006.01511.x02609nas a2200253 4500008004100000245011400041210006900155260001600224520180700240100002302047700002002070700002502090700002602115700001702141700002502158700001902183700001702202700001702219700001602236700001802252700001602270700002702286856004202313 2016 eng d00aCurrent and projected global distribution of Phytophthora cinnamomi, one of the world's worst plant pathogens0 aCurrent and projected global distribution of Phytophthora cinnam cJan-09-20163 a

Globally, Phytophthora cinnamomi is listed as one of the 100 worst invasive alien species and active management is required to reduce impact and prevent spread in both horticulture and natural ecosystems. Conversely, there are regions thought to be suitable for the pathogen where no disease is observed. We developed a CLIMEX model for the global distribution of P. cinnamomi based on the pathogen's response to temperature and moisture and by incorporating extensive empirical evidence on the presence and absence of the pathogen. The CLIMEX model captured areas of climatic suitability where P. cinnamomi occurs that is congruent with all available records. The model was validated by the collection of soil samples from asymptomatic vegetation in areas projected to be suitable by the model for which there were few records. DNA was extracted and the presence or absence of P. cinnamomi determined by high throughput sequencing (HTS). While not detected using traditional isolation methods, HTS detected P. cinnamomi at higher elevations in eastern Australia and central Tasmania as projected by the CLIMEX model. Further support for the CLIMEX model was obtained by using the large dataset from southwest Australia where the proportion of positive records in an area is related to the Ecoclimatic Index value for the same area. We provide for the first time a comprehensive global map of the current P. cinnamomi distribution, an improved CLIMEX model of the distribution, and a projection to 2080 of the distribution with predicted climate change. This information provides the basis for more detailed regional scale modelling and supports risk assessment for governments to plan management of this important soil-borne plant pathogen.

1 aBurgess, Treena, I1 aScott, John, K.1 aMcDougall, Keith, L.1 aStukely, Michael, J C1 aCrane, Colin1 aDunstan, William, A.1 aBrigg, Frances1 aAndjic, Vera1 aWhite, Diane1 aRudman, Tim1 aArentz, Frans1 aOta, Noboru1 aHardy, Giles, E. St.J. u http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/gcb.13492 01749nas a2200145 4500008004100000245007600041210006900117260001200186300001400198520126600212100002101478700001901499700001901518856006601537 2013 eng d00aChange of Mating Type in an EU1 Lineage Isolate of Phytophthora ramorum0 aChange of Mating Type in an EU1 Lineage Isolate of Phytophthora  c07/2013 an/a - n/a3 a

All Phytophthora ramorum EU1 lineage isolates tested are of A1 mating type, except for three rare isolates from 2002 to 2003 from Belgium, which were originally assigned the A2 mating type. In one of these isolates (2338), a switch from A2 to A1 mating type was observed in 2006. This observation initiated a larger study in which all cultures and subcultures of the original three EU1 A2 isolates, maintained in three laboratories under different storage conditions, were checked for mating type change. The A2 to A1 mating type switch was observed in four of seven independently maintained isolates that were derived from isolate 2338 in two laboratories, using different transfer regimes and storage conditions. Following the mating type switch to A1 in these four derived isolates, no reversion back to A2 mating was observed, even after up to 5 years of additional isolate maintenance and several more subculturing events. The three other isolates that were derived from isolate 2338 as well as the other EU1 A2 isolates collected in 2002 and 2003 and stored in the same conditions did not display such mating type change. The potential causes of the mating type conversions as well as their epidemiological implications are discussed.

1 aChandelier, Anne1 aHeungens, Kurt1 aWerres, Sabine uhttp://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jph.12150/abstract00426nas a2200109 4500008004100000245007000041210006600111300001200177490000700189100001700196856010300213 1931 eng d00aA crown rot of hollyhock caused by Phytophthora megasperma n. sp.0 acrown rot of hollyhock caused by Phytophthora megasperma n sp a513-5260 v211 aDrechsler, C uhttps://forestphytophthoras.org/references/crown-rot-hollyhock-caused-phytophthora-megasperma-n-sp01103nas a2200145 4500008004100000245010200041210006900143260005100212300001200263490000700275520058600282100001700868700002100885856005100906 2005 eng d00aControl of Phytophthora cinnamomi with phosphite: some recent developments in application methods0 aControl of Phytophthora cinnamomi with phosphite some recent dev bAustralian Network for Plant Conservation Inc. a10–110 v343 a

Phytophthora cinnamomi has a world-wide distribution, causes disease in a very wide range of plants and is responsible for the destruction of certain plant communities in Europe and Australia. P. cinnamomi was probably introduced into Australia in the nineteenth century and is now established in south-western Australia and Tasmania, and throughout eastern Australia, from South Australia to the wet tropics. P. cinnamomi is listed as a Key Threatening Process under the Commonwealth Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999.

1 aDunstan, W A1 aHardy, G.E.St.J. uhttp://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/2427/01356nas a2200145 4500008004100000245013600041210007000177260001500247300001200262490000700274520084400281100001501125700001501140856005501155 1999 eng d00aCypress mortality (mal del ciprés) in the Patagonian Andes: comparisons with similar forest diseases and declines in North America0 aCypress mortality mal del ciprés in the Patagonian Andes compari cApril 1999 a89–960 v293 a

Summary Widespread mortality of Cordilleran cypress (Austrocedrus chilensis) occurs in developed and pristine forests in south-western Argentina and possibly south-eastern Chile. Affected trees may die rapidly but mortality is commonly preceded by several decades of severely restricted radial stem growth. Roots are often affected by one or more types of decay. Cypress mortality, locally termed ‘mal del cipres’, is similar to a major forest disease in North America: Port-Orford-cedar (Chamaecyparis lawsoniana) root disease in Oregon and California and a major tree decline: Alaska yellow-cedar (Chamaecyparis nootkatensis) decline in south-east Alaska. This paper discusses several hypotheses concerning mal del cipres and compares current forest decline research in Patagonia with North America.

1 aFilip, G M1 aRosso, P H uhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1439-0329.1999.00133.x00398nas a2200133 4500008004100000245004000041210003900081300001100120490000700131100001600138700001700154700001300171856008000184 1984 eng d00aCocoa black pod: a reinterpretation0 aCocoa black pod a reinterpretation a5–220 v351 aGregory, PH1 aMaddison, AC1 aWard, MR uhttps://forestphytophthoras.org/references/cocoa-black-pod-reinterpretation03045nas a2200157 4500008004100000022001400041245009400055210006900149260001200218300001400230490000700244520256000251100001402811700001702825856004502842 2005 eng d a0191-291700aCrown rot of Abies balsamea var. phanerolepis caused by Phytophthora cactorum in Virginia0 aCrown rot of Abies balsamea var phanerolepis caused by Phytophth c04/2005 a433 - 4330 v893 a

In early July 2004, a severe crown rot of Canaan fir (Abies balsamea var. phanerolepis Fern.) was reported to the Virginia Cooperative Extension, Frederick County Office, and subsequently to the Virginia Tech Disease Clinic in Virginia Beach. One thousand five-year-old Canaan fir transplants (approximately 11 mm in caliper and 31 cm high) had been purchased from a tree nursery in Oregon and planted in the field in Frederick County, VA, in April of 2004. The field site had not been cultivated for 4 years after an apple orchard had been removed in 2000. By mid-May, needle browning had become serious, affecting the lower crown first. By August, transplants had suffered 40% mortality. Basal stems of affected plants were obviously discolored. Root and basal stem samples from several infected plants were then cultured on PARP-V8 agar on three different dates. Phytophthora sp. isolates were recovered from all stem samples but none from the roots. These isolates produced a large number of papillate sporangia that were caducous with short pedicels. Abundant oogonia with paragynous antheridia formed oospores directly on isolation plates within 7 days. The isolates were keyed as P. cactorum (2). This identification was confirmed using a single-strand-conformation polymorphism analysis of ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS)-1 (4). It appears that the source of inoculum was P. cactorum associated with the previous apple crop, since Canaan fir from the same transplant lot planted in a nearby field without a history of apples remained healthy. P. cactorum has been reported to cause root rot of noble fir (A. procera Rhedo), Pacific silver fir (A. amabilis (Dougl.) Forbes), and Shasta red fir (A. magnifica var. shastensis Lemm.) in the Pacific Northwest (3). It has also caused crown rot of Fraser fir (A. fraseri (Pursh) Poir.), noble fir, white fir (A. concolor (Gord. & Glend.) Lindl.), and balsam fir (A. balsamea (L.) Mill.) in Michigan (1). To our knowledge, this is the first report of P. cactorum attacking Canaan fir. Canaan fir currently is a recommended Christmas tree species for areas where Fraser fir does not do well due to root rot caused by Phytophthora cinnamomi. This study suggests that such a recommendation must be used with caution. Growing Canaan fir trees in P. cactorum-infested soil could result in devastating crop losses as reported in this note.

1 aHong, C X1 aMarston, C D u http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/PD-89-0433B 01377nas a2200217 4500008004100000022001400041245014600055210006900201260002900270300001400299490000600313520066300319653001500982653001300997653001501010100001701025700002401042700002101066700001701087856005501104 2007 eng d a1471-828600aCharacterization of microsatellite markers in the interspecific hybrid Phytophthora alni ssp. alni, and cross-amplification with related taxa0 aCharacterization of microsatellite markers in the interspecific  bBlackwell Publishing Ltd a133–1370 v73 a

Phytophthora alni ssp. alni is an interspecific hybrid oomycete causing a large-scale decay of alders throughout Europe. In this study we developed a set of 10 microsatellite markers that shows promise for population studies and for studying hybridization events between the parental species of the hybrid. Moreover, the genotype and the ploidy of the different subspecies of P. alni might be inferred from the quantitative ratio of amplified genome-specific alleles. Nine primer pairs cross amplified with the related species Phytophthora cambivora and Phytophthora fragariae and yielded distinct alleles.

10agenotyping10aoomycete10apolyploidy1 aIoos, Renaud1 aBarrés, Beno{\^ıt1 aAndrieux, Axelle1 aFrey, Pascal uhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-8286.2006.01554.x02232nas a2200205 4500008004100000022001400041245010700055210006900162260001600231300001200247490000700259520159000266100001301856700002101869700001401890700001601904700001301920700001301933856008001946 2018 eng d a0031-585000aCanker and decline diseases caused by soil- and airborne Phytophthora species in forests and woodlands0 aCanker and decline diseases caused by soil and airborne Phytopht cJan-01-2018 a182-2200 v403 a

Most members of the oomycete genus Phytophthora are primary plant pathogens. Both soil- and airborne Phytophthora species are able to survive adverse environmental conditions with enduring resting structures, mainly sexual oospores, vegetative chlamydospores and hyphal aggregations. Soilborne Phytophthora species infect fine roots and the bark of suberized roots and the collar region with motile biflagellate zoospores released from sporangia during wet soil conditions. Airborne Phytophthora species infect leaves, shoots, fruits and bark of branches and stems with caducous sporangia produced during humid conditions on infected plant tissues and dispersed by rain and wind splash. During the past six decades, the number of previously unknown Phytophthora declines and diebacks of natural and semi-natural forests and woodlands has increased exponentially, and the vast majority of them are driven by introduced invasive Phytophthora species. Nurseries in Europe, North America and Australia show high infestation rates with a wide range of mostly exotic Phytophthora species. Planting of infested nursery stock has proven to be the main pathway of Phytophthora species between and within continents. This review provides insights into the history, distribution, aetiology, symptomatology, dynamics and impact of the most important canker, decline and dieback diseases caused by soil- and airborne Phytophthora species in forests and natural ecosystems of Europe, Australia and the Americas.

1 aJung, T.1 aPérez-Sierra, A1 aDurán, A1 aJung, Horta1 aBalci, Y1 aScanu, B uhttp://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/nhn/pimj/10.3767/persoonia.2018.40.0800368nas a2200109 4500008004100000245004700041210004700088300001200135490000700147100001700154856008700171 2006 eng d00aChestnut cultivation and breeding in Korea0 aChestnut cultivation and breeding in Korea a31 - 370 v201 aKim, Mahn-Jo uhttps://forestphytophthoras.org/references/chestnut-cultivation-and-breeding-korea00391nas a2200109 4500008004100000245005600041210005500097300001000152490000700162100001700169856009500186 2006 eng d00aChestnut cultivation and breeding in Korea: Part II0 aChestnut cultivation and breeding in Korea Part II a26-340 v201 aKim, Mahn-Jo uhttps://forestphytophthoras.org/references/chestnut-cultivation-and-breeding-korea-part-ii00360nas a2200109 4500008004100000245005200041210005200093260002500145100001600170700001700186856004700203 2015 eng d00aCPHST Pest Datasheet for Phytophthora kernoviae0 aCPHST Pest Datasheet for Phytophthora kernoviae bUSDA-APHIS-PPQ-CPHST1 aMackesy, D.1 aSullivan, M. uhttp://download.ceris.purdue.edu/file/278002274nas a2200217 4500008004100000022001300041245012800054210006900182260001600251300001400267490000800281520155000289100001901839700002401858700002201882700002701904700002601931700002701957700002301984856004902007 2013 eng d a1878614600aCharacterization of Phytophthora hybrids from ITS clade 6 associated with riparian ecosystems in South Africa and Australia0 aCharacterization of Phytophthora hybrids from ITS clade 6 associ cJan-05-2013 a329 - 3470 v1173 a

Surveys of Australian and South African rivers revealed numerous Phytophthora isolates residing in clade 6 of the genus, with internal transcribed spacer (ITS) gene regions that were either highly polymorphic or unsequenceable. These isolates were suspected to be hybrids. Three nuclear loci, the ITS region, two single copy loci (antisilencing factor (ASF) and G protein alpha subunit (GPA)), and one mitochondrial locus (cytochrome oxidase c subunit I (coxI)) were amplified and sequenced to test this hypothesis. Abundant recombination within the ITS region was observed. This, combined with phylogenetic comparisons of the other three loci, confirmed the presence of four different hybrid types involving the three described parent species Phytophthora amnicola, Phytophthora thermophila, and Phytophthora taxon PgChlamydo. In all cases, only a single coxI allele was detected, suggesting that hybrids arose from sexual recombination. All the hybrid isolates were sterile in culture and all their physiological traits tended to resemble those of the maternal parents. Nothing is known regarding their host range or pathogenicity. Nonetheless, as several isolates from Western Australia were obtained from the rhizosphere soil of dying plants, they should be regarded as potential threats to plant health. The frequent occurrence of the hybrids and their parent species in Australia strongly suggests an Australian origin and a subsequent introduction into South Africa.

1 aNagel, Jan, H.1 aGryzenhout, Marieka1 aSlippers, Bernard1 aWingfield, Michael, J.1 aHardy, Giles, E.St.J.1 aStukely, Michael, J.C.1 aBurgess, Treena, I uhttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.funbio.2013.03.00402272nas a2200193 4500008004100000022001400041245014000055210006900195300001000264490000700274520156900281100001701850700001701867700001201884700001701896700001601913700001501929856013401944 2001 eng d a1437-478100aA combination of baiting and PCR techniques for the detection of Phytophthora quercina and P. citricola in soil samples from oak stands0 acombination of baiting and PCR techniques for the detection of P a85-970 v313 a

Es wird der spezifische Nachweis von Phytophthora quercina und P. citricola in Bodenproben von absterbenden Eichen mit Hilfe einer Kombination von PCR- Reaktionen mit artspezifischen Primern erlaubten den Nachweis von P. quercina und P. citricola in den infizierten Eichenblaettern aus diesen Tests und im jeweiligen 'Baiting-Wasser'. Der PCR- und Baiting-Methoden beschrieben. Die Bodenproben wurden mit Wasser geflutet und Baiting-Tests unterzogen, bei denen junge Blaettchen von Quercus robur als Koeder zum Einsatz kamen. Einfache oder nested PCR-Nachweis beider Erreger war auch moeglich, wenn Bodenproben gruendlich mit Wasser gemischt wurden, das aufgeschwemmte organische Material abgesammelt und das Wasser abgenommen wurde. P. quercina und P. citricola wurden dabei in nahezu allen Faellen im Wasser, jedoch weniger regelmaessig im organischen Material nachgewiesen. Die Identitaet der betreffenden Arten wurde zusaetzlich durch Restriktions-Analysen der entsprechenden Amplicons bestaetigt. Ausserdem wurde die Anwesenheit beider Arten in den untersuchten Bodenproben durch klassische Baiting-Methoden nachgewiesen. Nested PCR mit den verwendeten Primaerpaaren erlaubte den Nachweis von nur 5 Zoosporen von P. citricola und 300 Zoosporen von P. quercina in einem Gesamt-Volumen von 100 My l. Die beschriebenen Methoden ermoeglichen Nachweis und Identifizierung von Phytophthora-Arten in Bodenproben, ohne die Notwendigkeit einer direkten Extraktion des Bodens und ohne weitreichende Kenntnis der morphologischen Merkmale der Arten dieser Gattung.

1 aNechwatal, J1 aSchlenzig, A1 aJung, T1 aCooke, D E L1 aDuncan, J M1 aOßwald, W uhttps://forestphytophthoras.org/references/combination-baiting-and-pcr-techniques-detection-phytophthora-quercina-and-p-citricola02734nas a2200193 4500008004100000022001400041245018600055210006900241260001100310300001400321490000700335520203500342100002102377700002102398700001702419700001902436700002102455856006402476 2013 eng d a1387-354700aChallenges in predicting invasive reservoir hosts of emerging pathogens: mapping Rhododendron ponticum as a foliar host for Phytophthora ramorum and Phytophthora kernoviae in the UK0 aChallenges in predicting invasive reservoir hosts of emerging pa c3/2013 a529 - 5450 v153 a

Invasive species can increase the susceptibility of ecosystems to disease by acting as reservoir hosts for pathogens. Invasive hosts are often sparsely recorded and not in equilibrium, so predicting their spatial distributions and overlap with other hosts is problematic. We applied newly developed methods for modelling the distribution of invasive species to the invasive shrub Rhododendron ponticum—a foliar reservoir host for the Phytophthora oomycete plant pathogens, P. ramorum and P. kernoviae, that threaten woodland and heathland habitat in Scotland. We compiled eleven datasets of biological records for R. ponticum (1,691 points, 8,455 polygons) and developed Maximum Entropy (MaxEnt) models incorporating landscape, soil and climate predictors. Our models produced accurate predictions of current suitable R. ponticum habitat (training AUC = 0.838; test AUC = 0.838) that corresponded well with population performance (areal cover). Continuous broad-leaved woodland cover, low elevation (<400 m a.s.l.) and intermediate levels of soil moisture (or Enhanced Vegetation Index) favoured presence of R. ponticum. The high coincidence of suitable habitat with both core native woodlands (54 % of woodlands) and plantations of another sporulation host, Larix kaempferi (64 % of plantations) suggests a high potential for spread of Phytophthora infection to woodland mediated by R. ponticum. Incorporating non-equilibrium modelling methods did not improve habitat suitability predictions of this invasive host, possibly because, as a long-standing invader, R. ponticum has filled more of its available habitat at this national scale than previously suspected.

1 aPurse, Bethan, V1 aGraeser, Philipp1 aSearle, Kate1 aEdwards, Colin1 aHarris, Catriona uhttp://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10530-012-0305-y#00421nas a2200109 4500008004100000245009200041210006900133300001200202490000700214100001700221856007300238 1923 eng d00aComparative study of Phytophthora faberi on coconut and cacao in the Philippine Islands0 aComparative study of Phytophthora faberi on coconut and cacao in a267-2840 v251 aReinking, OA uhttp://worldcocoafoundation.org/wp-content/files_mf/reinking1923.pdf01968nas a2200181 4500008004100000022001400041245011600055210006900171260001600240300001600256490000800272520136300280100001801643700001701661700002201678700002101700856006501721 2016 eng d a0191-291700aComparison of Five Detection and Quantification Methods for Phytophthora ramorum in Stream and Irrigation Water0 aComparison of Five Detection and Quantification Methods for Phyt cJan-06-2016 a1202 - 12110 v1003 a

Propagules of Phytophthora ramorum, the causal agent of sudden oak death (SOD) and ramorum blight, can be recovered from infested stream and nursery irrigation runoff using baiting and filtration methods. Five detection methods, including pear and rhododendron leaf baits, Bottle O’ Bait, filtration, and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) performed on zoospores trapped on a filter were compared simultaneously in laboratory assays using lab or creek water spiked with known quantities of P. ramorum zoospores. The detection threshold for each method was determined and methods that could be used to quantify zoospore inoculum were identified. Filtration and qPCR were the most sensitive at detecting low levels of zoospores, followed by wounded rhododendron leaves, rhododendron leaf disks, and pear baits. Filtration, qPCR, and leaf disks were able to quantify P. ramorum zoospores ranging from 2 to 451 direct-plate CFU/liter while wounded leaves and pear baits appeared to be better at detection rather than quantification. The ability to detect and quantify P. ramorum inoculum in water will assist scientists, regulatory agencies, and nursery personnel in assessing the risk of spreading P. ramorum in nurseries and landscape sites where untreated infested water is used for irrigation.

1 aRollins, Lucy1 aCoats, Katie1 aElliott, Marianne1 aChastagner, Gary uhttp://apsjournals.apsnet.org/doi/10.1094/PDIS-11-15-1380-RE01594nas a2200145 4500008004100000245008900041210006900130260002900199520105400228100002701282700002501309700002001334700002301354856007101377 2009 eng d00aCollar rot on Italian alder trees in California caused by Phytophthora siskiyouensis0 aCollar rot on Italian alder trees in California caused by Phytop bPlant Management Network3 a

In November 2006, trees of Italian alder (Alnus cordata) were observed declining in association with bleeding trunk cankers in a commercial landscape in Foster City, CA. A species of Phytophthora was isolated on PARP selective medium from the leading edge of the cankers. The Phytophthora species was homothallic with primarily paragynous antheridia and had oospores that were mostly globose and aplerotic. Sporangia were produced from mycelia on plugs of carrot piece agar in soil extraction solution and were semi-papillate and ovoid to ellipsoid in shape. The intergenic transcribed spacer region of rDNA from an alder isolate matched with 100% identity to isolates in GenBank of Phytophthora siskiyouensis, a recently described species associated with tanoak and found in the soil and waterways of coastal Oregon. Pathogenicity was tested on young alder trees growing in pots. Pathogenicity was confirmed on Italian alder trees and potential pathogenicity was demonstrated on red and white alder trees.

1 aRooney-Latham, Suzanne1 aBlomquist, Cheryl, L1 aPastalka, Tomas1 aCostello, Laurence uhttp://www.plantmanagementnetwork.org/sub/php/research/2009/alder/02035nas a2200121 4500008004100000245015000041210006900191300001200260490000700272520152600279100002301805856008501828 2001 eng d00aComportamento diferenciado da gomose de Phytophthora em diferentes alturas ao longo de troncos de acácia-negra (Acacia mearnsii) em Piratini, RS0 aComportamento diferenciado da gomose de Phytophthora em diferent a145-1490 v433 a

The symptoms of gummosis of Phytophthora of black wattle (Acacia mearnsii) occur  predominantly  in  the  basal  region of  the  trunk.  The  highest  severity  is usually observed in the basal section (up to 0,50 m from ground level, along the trunk). Black wattle gummosis was observed in trees growing at Piratini, RS, in 1998. In this case, a different kind of symptoms was observed: necrotic lesions occurring severily in heights above the basal section of the trunks. Phytophthora was isolated from diseased bark from differents heights of the trunk up to 10 m. All isolates of Phytophthora showed  pathogenicity to black wattle.

Os sintomas da gomose de Phytophthora da acácia-negra (Acacia mearnsii) ocorrem predominantemente na região basal do tronco das árvores, com maior severidade na porção que vai do colo até 0,50 m de altura. No ano de 1998, na região de Piratini-RS, ocorreu um surto de gomose em árvores adultas, caracterizando-se pela predominância de lesões necróticas, não exsudativas, atingindo severamente alturas superiores àquelas normalmente encontradas nos troncos. Procedeu-se a uma coleta sistematizada de amostras de casca de troncos de árvores com sintomas, na região do colo, aos 2 m, aos 4 m, aos 6 m, aos 8 m e aos 10 m de altura. Nos isolamentos e testes de patogencidade feitos, confirmouse a associação de Phytophthora às lesões.

1 aSantos, A., F. dos uhttp://ainfo.cnptia.embrapa.br/digital/bitstream/CNPF-2009-09/30242/1/santos.pdf00392nas a2200121 4500008004100000245003100041210003100072260007500103300001100178490002700189100001300216856004100229 1928 eng d00aCoconut bud rot in Florida0 aCoconut bud rot in Florida bUniversity of Florida, Agricultural Experiment Station, Gainsville, FL a87 pp.0 vTechnical Bulletin 1991 aSeal, JL uhttp://ufdc.ufl.edu/UF00027165/0000102204nas a2200181 4500008004100000245012700041210006900168300001100237490000800248520162800256100001601884700001501900700001401915700001501929700001501944700001201959856005101971 2011 eng d00aCOST action FP0801 - established and emerging phytophthora: Increasing threats to woodland and forest ecosystems in Europe0 aCOST action FP0801 established and emerging phytophthora Increas a7–130 v41S3 a

With the rapidly growing international trade in plants and ongoing impacts of climate change, impacts of plant pathogens in the genus Phytophthora are increasing, threatening the biodiversity and sustainability of European forest ecosystems. Through the European Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST) framework Action FP0801, scientists and disease-control experts are working on Phytophthora in forest ecosystems with the overall aim of increasing understanding of the biology and ecology of Phytophthora species with potential to cause damage to European forestry. This knowledge will be used in the development of effective control and management protocols for the problems caused. Outcomes of the Action will be promoted in an effort to increase knowledge and awareness of the problem by disseminating information to end-users and authorities in the forestry sector, and to the general public. Four interrelated working groups have been established to (i) examine the ways in which Phytophthora species spread into and within Europe; (ii) determine how phytophthoras kill woody plants and elucidate mechanisms for host resistance; (iii) disseminate state-of-the-art rapid molecular diagnostic techniques, and (iv) seek sustainable protocols for management and control of the diseases. The project is expected to increase understanding of threats to forest ecosystems by Phytophthora, improve the ability to rapidly detect phytophthora in environmental samples, and provide sustainable management solutions to the diseases caused by these destructive organisms.

1 aWoodward, S1 aVannini, A1 aWerres, S1 aOßwald, W1 aBonants, P1 aJung, T uhttp://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/4375/