01918nas a2200205 4500008004100000022001400041245008300055210006900138300001400207490000800221520125400229653001201483653001401495653001901509653001901528100002201547700002001569700002301589856010001612 1998 eng d a0378-112700aAustrocedrus chilensis mortality in the Nahuel Huapi National Park (Argentina)0 aAustrocedrus chilensis mortality in the Nahuel Huapi National Pa a261 - 2690 v1093 a

Decline and mortality of Austrocedrus chilensis occurs throughout its natural distribution in Argentina. The problem was noted several decades ago but its causes are unknown. The aim of this work is to investigate the association between the occurrence of the decline and site characteristics considered to be relevant from the ecological point of view. A multivariate analysis is carried out using topographic and climatic information, obtained from 32 sites, within the limits of the Nahuel Huapi National Park, showing a wide range of decline and mortality incidence. Results of this study suggest that an ecological pattern of tree decline and mortality exists. The A. chilensis forests seem more prone to developing symptoms when occurring at sites with higher precipitation and not very high altitudes. To the eastern limit of its distribution, where precipitation is substantially low, A. chilensis forests show no symptoms of decline. It is, thus, hypothesized that sites with relatively poor soil drainage are more prone to develop symptoms. However, it is not clear whether high soil moisture directly affects roots or it produces a more suitable environment for root pathogen proliferation and infection.

10aDecline10aincidence10aSaturated soil10aSlope gradient1 aBaccalá, Nora, B1 aRosso, Pablo, H1 aHavrylenko, MarÌa uhttp://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6T6X-3TW94FH-V/2/a6dc0b47a09acf8d6091e66f27b2950202416nas a2200169 4500008004100000245010000041210006900141260001600210300001400226490000700240520177500247100001802022700001402040700001502054700001602069856016102085 2016 eng d00aAssessment of inoculation methods for screening black alder resistance to Phytophthora × alni0 aAssessment of inoculation methods for screening black alder resi cJan-04-2016 a441 - 4500 v653 a

Identification of resistance to Phytophthora ×alni could provide the basis for a management strategy against alder decline in riparian ecosystems in Europe. This study aimed to test methods to evaluate the resistance of riparian alders to the disease, and to screen alder genotypes for resistance. Phytophthora ×alni isolates were compared for their aggressiveness (lesion length on stem) and sporulation capacity (sporangia). While no difference in lesion lengths was found between isolates, sporangia production was dependent on isolate, highlighting the need for careful selection of isolates used for zoospore inoculation methods. Inoculation tests carried out at different periods of the year revealed a seasonal change in susceptibility to the disease, with the period from June to September being the most efficient for inoculation tests. Stem-wounded inoculations, carried out on excised shoots, were unreliable for evaluating the level of resistance of alder genotypes to P. ×alni infection, with divergent results between two successive years or between two inoculation periods during the same year. In contrast, a method that mimics the natural conditions of infection, based on flooding of rooted cuttings in artificially infected river water, was found promising. Another method, based on the inoculation of foliated terminal shoots with zoospore suspensions, was found to be repeatable and could be used for high-throughput analyses. Altogether, the results show a continuous resistance response from highly susceptible to moderately resistant genotypes. This suggests that breeding might be a useful strategy to manage alder decline caused by P. ×alni.

1 aChandelier, A1 aHusson, C1 aDruart, P.1 aMarçais, B uhttp://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/ppa.2016.65.issue-3http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/ppa.12418http://api.wiley.com/onlinelibrary/tdm/v1/articles/10.1111%2Fppa.1241802199nas a2200253 4500008004100000022001400041245018100055210006900236260001200305300001400317490000700331520137600338653001201714653001701726653001801743653002201761653002701783653002601810100001301836700001601849700001901865700002101884856004001905 2012 eng d a1365-305900aAnnual and herbaceous perennial native Australian plant species are symptomless hosts of Phytophthora cinnamomi in the Eucalyptus marginata (jarrah) forest of Western Australia0 aAnnual and herbaceous perennial native Australian plant species  c11/2012 a245–2510 v433 a

Resistant annual and herbaceous perennial plant species were identified as key hosts which allow Phytophthora cinnamomi to persist on severely impacted black gravel sites within the Eucalyptus marginata (jarrah) forest of southwest Western Australia. Of the annual and herbaceous perennial plant species present on black gravel sites, 15 out of 19 species were found to be hosts of P. cinnamomi, and 10 of these were symptomless hosts. In particular, the native annual Trachymene pilosa and the two native herbaceous perennials Stylidium diuroides and Chamaescilla corymbosa were commonly found to be hosts of the pathogen. Species from 12 new genera including three from new families (Crassulaceae, Droseraceae and Primulaceae) are reported for the first time to be hosts of P. cinnamomi. The species from which P. cinnamomi was recovered were the native species: Chamaescilla corymbosa, Crassula closiana, Drosera erythrorhiza, Hydrocotyle callicarpa, Levenhookia pusilla, Paracaleana nigrita, Podotheca angustifolia, Pterochaeta paniculata, Rytidosperma caespitosum, Siloxerus multiflorus, Stylidium diuroides and Trachymene pilosa, and the introduced annual weeds Hypochaeris glabra, Lysimachia arvensis and Pentameris airoides.

10adieback10ahost species10ajarrah forest10apathogen survival10aPhytophthora cinnamomi10asusceptibility rating1 aCrone, M1 aMcComb, J A1 aO’Brien, P A1 aHardy, St, G E J uhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ppa.1201601756nas a2200181 4500008004100000245016900041210006900210260001200279300001400291490000700305520111500312100001301427700001601440700001701456700002101473700001401494856006601508 2013 eng d00aAssessment of Australian native annual/herbaceous perennial plant species as asymptomatic or symptomatic hosts of Phytophthora cinnamomi under controlled conditions0 aAssessment of Australian native annualherbaceous perennial plant c06/2013 a245–2510 v433 a

Phytophthora cinnamomi is a necrotrophic pathogen of woody perennials and devastates many biomes worldwide. A controlled perlite–hydroponic system with no other hyphae-producing organisms as contaminants present allowed rapid assessment of ten annual and herbaceous perennial plant species most of which have a wide distribution within the jarrah (Eucalyptus marginata) forest in Western Australia where this pathogen has been introduced. As some annuals and herbaceous perennials have recently been reported as symptomatic and asymptomatic hosts, laboratory screening of some of the field-tested annuals and herbaceous perennials and additional species was used to further evaluate their role in the pathogen's disease cycle. Nine of the species challenged with the pathogen were asymptomatic, with none developing root lesions; however, Trachymene pilosa died. The pathogen produced thick-walled chlamydospores and stromata in the asymptomatic roots. Furthermore, haustoria were observed in the roots, indicating that the pathogen was growing as a biotroph in these hosts.

1 aCrone, M1 aMcComb, J A1 aO'Brien, P A1 aHardy, St, G E J1 aAndrea, V uhttp://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/efp.12027/abstract00707nas a2200205 4500008004100000022001400041245008100055210006900136300001400205490000800219653001800227100001900245700002400264700001900288700002200307700002100329700002500350700002600375856010000401 2010 eng d a1878-614600aAFLP analysis reveals a clonal population of Phytophthora pinifolia in Chile0 aAFLP analysis reveals a clonal population of Phytophthora pinifo a746 - 7520 v11410aPinus radiata1 aDurán, Alvaro1 aGryzenhout, Marieka1 aDrenth, AndrÈ1 aSlippers, Bernard1 aAhumada, Rodrigo1 aWingfield, Brenda, D1 aWingfield, Michael, J uhttp://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B9879-50GMMRW-1/2/c0c76996906d7b589f9430c65d0b288000475nas a2200121 4500008004100000022001400041245007600055210006900131300001200200490000700212100001600219856011800235 2008 eng d a1797-246900aAlien forest pathogens: Phytophthora species are changing world forests0 aAlien forest pathogens Phytophthora species are changing world f a33–410 v131 aHansen, E M uhttps://forestphytophthoras.org/references/alien-forest-pathogens-phytophthora-species-are-changing-world-forests00564nas a2200133 4500008004100000245016500041210006900206300001000275490000700285100001800292700001500310700001600325856008900341 1989 eng d00aAustrocedrus chilensis: contribution to the study of its mortality in Argentina (Austrocedrus chilensis: contribución al estudio de su mortalidad en Argentina)0 aAustrocedrus chilensis contribution to the study of its mortalit a29-360 v101 aHavrylenko, M1 aRosso, P H1 aFontela, SB uhttp://mingaonline.uach.cl/scielo.php?pid=S0717-92001989000100004&script=sci_arttext02031nas a2200181 4500008004100000022001400041245010200055210006900157300001400226490000800240520141800248100002001666700002501686700002401711700002001735700002301755856007101778 2004 eng d a0953-756200aAFLP and phylogenetic analyses of North American and European populations of Phytophthora ramorum0 aAFLP and phylogenetic analyses of North American and European po a378 - 3920 v1083 a

The genetic structure within and between USA and European populations of the emerging phytopathogen Phytophthora ramorum was examined. Four primer combinations were used for amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) fingerprinting of 67 USA isolates from California and Oregon, and 18 European isolates from Belgium, Germany, The Netherlands, Spain and the UK. In addition, three DNA regions (ITS, cox II, and nad 5) of additional Phytophthora species were amplified by polymerase chain reaction, sequenced, and analysed to provide better phylogenetic understanding of P. ramorum within the genus Phytophthora. AFLP banding patterns indicate that the 85 isolates form two distinct lineages within a monophyletic group, distinct from the closely related outgroup species P. lateralis. With the exception of two isolates from an Oregon nursery, European and USA isolates clustered separately within individual clades. The AFLP profiles also indicate that a single clonal lineage dominates the North American population, while the European population consists of an array of mainly unique, closely related AFLP types. Sequences from the three DNA regions were identical among all P. ramorum isolates, and phylogenetic analysis indicates that P. ramorum is closely related to P. lateralis and P. hibernalis.

1 aIvors, Kelly, L1 aHayden, Katherine, J1 aBonants, Peter, J M1 aRizzo, David, M1 aGarbelotto, Matteo uhttp://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S095375620861560902382nas a2200193 4500008004100000245009800041210006900139260001600208300001400224490000700238520163800245100001801883700002001901700001801921700001801939700002001957700002001977856019101997 2013 eng d00aAbsence of evidence is not evidence of absence: Feral pigs as vectors of soil-borne pathogens0 aAbsence of evidence is not evidence of absence Feral pigs as vec cJan-08-2013 a534 - 5420 v383 a

Invasive soil-borne pathogens are a major threat to forest ecosystems worldwide. The newly discovered soil pathogen, Phytophthora ‘taxon Agathis’ (PTA), is a serious threat to endemic kauri (Agathis australis: Araucariaceae) in New Zealand. This study examined the potential for feral pigs to act as vectors of PTA. We investigated whether snouts and trotters of feral pigs carry soil contaminated with PTA, and using these results determined the probability that feral pigs act as a vector. We screened the soil on trotters and snouts from 457 pigs for PTA using various baiting techniques and molecular testing. This study detected 19 species of plant pathogens in the soil on pig trotters and snouts, including a different Phytophthora species (Phytophthora cinnamomi). However, no PTA was isolated from the samples. A positive control experiment showed a test sensitivity of 0–3% for the baiting methods and the data obtained were used in a Bayesian probability modelling approach. This showed a posterior probability of 35–90% (dependent on test sensitivity scores and design prevalence) that pigs do vector PTA and estimated that a sample size of over 1000 trotters would be required to prove a negative result. We conclude that feral pigs cannot be ruled out as a vector of soil-based plant pathogens and that there is still a high probability that feral pigs do vector PTA, despite our negative results. We also highlight the need to develop a more sensitive test for PTA in small soil samples associated with pigs due to unreliable detection rates using the current method.

1 aKrull, C., R.1 aWaipara, N., W.1 aChoquenot, D.1 aBurns, B., R.1 aGormley, A., M.1 aStanley, M., C. uhttp://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/aec.2013.38.issue-5http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/j.1442-9993.2012.02444.xhttp://api.wiley.com/onlinelibrary/tdm/v1/articles/10.1111%2Fj.1442-9993.2012.02444.x01561nas a2200169 4500008004100000022001400041245011300055210006900168300001600237490000800253520096300261653001401224100001601238700001901254700001801273856010001291 2008 eng d a0378-112700aAbiotic factors related to the incidence of the Austrocedrus chilensis disease syndrome at a landscape scale0 aAbiotic factors related to the incidence of the Austrocedrus chi a1087 - 10950 v2563 aIn this paper, the incidence of the A. chilensis disease syndrome in the "16 de Octubre" Valley (Chubut, Argentinean Patagonia) was related to landscape climatic, topographic and edaphic attributes, using remote sensing, geographic information systems and statistical methods. A strong relationship between the occurrence and incidence of the A. chilensis disease syndrome and site variables related to poor soil drainage was found. Non-allophanized soils with fine textures on flat and wavy soil phases, geomorphologies associated to alluvial processes, and low elevations and gentle slopes were positively related to the incidence of the disease. These relationships at a landscape scale agree with previous studies carried out at the stand level. A logistic predictive model of diseased occurrence was developed for the study area considering aspect, elevation, slope, mean annual precipitation and soil phase (classified according to predominant slopes).10aPatagonia1 aLa Manna, L1 aMatteucci, S D1 aKitzberger, T uhttp://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6T6X-4T4JDN7-1/2/6ec5c810e304a848ea7deb23b39e897702261nas a2200193 4500008004100000022001400041245015400055210006900209260001200278490001800290520149400308100002301802700002101825700002301846700002001869700002001889700002101909856013701930 2013 eng d a0031-949X00aAnalyses of the population structure in a global collection of Phytophthora nicotianae isolates inferred from mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequences0 aAnalyses of the population structure in a global collection of P c02/20130 vEarly release3 a

Genetic variation within the heterothallic cosmopolitan plant pathogen Phytophthora nicotianae was determined in 96 isolates from a wide range of hosts and geographic locations by characterizing four mitochondrial (10% of the genome) and three nuclear loci. Fifty-two SNPs (average of 1 every 58 bp) and 313 sites with gaps representing 5450 bases, enabled the identification of 50 different multilocus mitochondrial haplotypes. Similarly, 24 SNPs (average of 1 every 69 bp), with heterozygosity observed at each locus, were observed in three nuclear regions (hyp, scp, β-tub) differentiating 40 multilocus nuclear genotypes. Both mitochondrial and nuclear markers revealed a high level of dispersal of isolates and an inconsistent geographic structuring of populations. However, a specific association was observed for host of origin and genetic grouping with both nuclear and mitochondrial sequences. In particular, the majority of citrus isolates from Italy, California, Florida, Syria, Albania and Philippines clustered in the same mitochondrial group and shared at least one nuclear allele. A similar association was also observed for isolates recovered from Nicotiana spp. and Solanum spp. The present study suggests an important role of nursery populations in increasing genetic recombination within the species and the existence of extensive phenomena of migration of isolates that have been likely spread worldwide with infected plant material.

1 aMammella, Marco, A1 aMartin, Frank, N1 aCacciola, Santa, O1 aCoffey, Michael1 aFaedda, Roberto1 aSchena, Leonardo uhttps://forestphytophthoras.org/references/analyses-population-structure-global-collection-phytophthora-nicotianae-isolates-inferred02703nas a2200169 4500008004100000022001400041245016800055210006900223260001100292300001400303490000800317520208000325100002002405700002302425700002002448856006502468 2007 eng d a0929-187300aAssessment of sanitation and fungicide application directed at cocoa tree trunks for the control of Phytophthora black pod infections in pods growing in the canopy0 aAssessment of sanitation and fungicide application directed at c c1/2007 a167 - 1750 v1173 a

Studies were conducted in two cocoa-growing areas of Ghana, one solely affected by Phytophthora palmivora and the other predominantly by Phytophthora megakarya, to determine the effectiveness of sanitation practices and fungicide application on tree trunks for the control of black pod disease in the canopy. Sanitation practices including weeding, pruning, thinning, shade reduction and removal of mummified pods were carried out prior to fungicide applications, and diseased pods were routinely removed at monthly intervals during harvesting. Three types of fungicides were used: systemic (Foli-R-Fos 400) applied as injection into the main trunks, semi-systemic (Ridomil 72 plus) and contact (Nordox 75, Kocide 101, Kocide DF, Blue Shield and Funguran-OH) applied as sprays onto pods on the main trunk. Sanitation combined with fungicide application on the trunk significantly reduced black pod disease incidence in the tree canopy. For fungicides applied as a spray, Ridomil 72 plus at 3.3 g l−1 and Kocide DF at 10 g l−1 and as injection, 40 ml Foli-R-Fos 400 injected twice a year, performed better than the other fungicide treatments. The position of pods significantly influenced the incidence of canopy black pod infection in the P. megakarya predominantly affected area but to a lesser extent in the P. palmivora solely affected area. However, no significant interactions were found between fungicide treatments and the position of pods on the tree in both disease areas. The determined trunk-canopy relationship in the development of black pod disease on cocoa can be used in disease control programmes to maximise the impact of sanitation practices, achieve judicious application of fungicides, thereby reducing the environmental impact of fungicides on the cocoa ecosystem, and ultimately increase the economic returns.

1 aOpoku, Isaac, Y1 aAkrofi, Andrews, Y1 aAppiah, Alex, A uhttp://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs10658-006-9082-802115nas a2200193 4500008004100000245007200041210006900113260001300182300001200195490000700207520156400214100001501778700001601793700001901809700001501828700001901843700001601862856004301878 2015 eng d00aAction of fosetyl-al and metalaxyl against Phytophthora austrocedri0 aAction of fosetylal and metalaxyl against Phytophthora austroced cJan 2016 a54–660 v463 a

Fosetyl-Al and metalaxyl, the most commonly used systemic fungicides against Phytophthora, were evaluated for their efficacy to control Phytophthora austrocedri, the pathogen that causes a serious disease at the Austrocedrus chilensis forests in Patagonia. The effect of the chemicals on pathogen development in vitro and in planta was analysed. Both chemicals were shown to protect plants from the pathogen. In vitro assays showed that asexual reproduction was sensitive to both chemicals. However, mycelial growth and sexual reproduction, which were clearly sensitive to metalaxyl, were sensitive only to high concentrations of fosetyl-Al. Fosetyl-Al and metalaxyl had almost the same efficacy when applied preventively by soil drench to seedlings. This difference between in vitro and in planta results can be attributed to the dual action of fosetyl-Al, not only inhibiting the pathogen but also stimulating host defence. In adult trees, preventive and curative treatments were tested, but only the fosetyl-Al preventive treatment was effective in the assayed conditions. Interestingly, seedlings pretreated with both fungicides were less susceptible to the effectors secreted by the pathogen. Our results indicate that fosetyl-Al and metalaxyl provide some resistance to the plant besides the fungistatic direct action on the pathogen. Further studies to elucidate a possible resistance-inducing activity of these chemicals and the mechanisms involved are underway.

1 aSilva, P V1 aVélez, M L1 aOtaño, D., H.1 aNuñez, C.1 aGreslebin, A G1 aOsswald, W. uhttp://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/efp.1221602235nas a2200181 4500008004100000022001400041245007400055210006900129260001600198300001200214490000700226520169600233100001601929700001801945700001901963700002001982856005102002 2015 eng d a0029-344X00aAlder Canopy Dieback and Damage in Western Oregon Riparian Ecosystems0 aAlder Canopy Dieback and Damage in Western Oregon Riparian Ecosy cJan-01-2015 a34 - 460 v893 a

We gathered baseline data to assess alder tree damage in western Oregon riparian ecosystems. We sought to determine if Phytophthora-type cankers found in Europe or the pathogen Phytophthora alni subsp. alni, which represent a major threat to alder forests in the Pacific Northwest, were present in the study area. Damage was evaluated in 88 transects; information was recorded on damage type (pathogen, insect or wound) and damage location. We evaluated 1445 red alder (Alnus rubra), 682 white alder (Alnus rhombifolia) and 181 thinleaf alder (Alnus incana spp. tenuifolia) trees. We tested the correlation between canopy dieback and canker symptoms because canopy dieback is an important symptom of Phytophthora disease of alder in Europe. We calculated the odds that alder canopy dieback was associated with Phytophthora-type cankers or other biotic cankers. P. alni subsp. alni (the causal agent of alder disease in Europe) was not identified in western Oregon; however, Phytophthora siskiyouensis was isolated from Phytophthora-type cankers which were present on 2% of red alder trees and 3% of white alder trees. The odds of canopy dieback were 5.4 and 4.8 times greater for red and white alder (respectively) with Phytophthora-type canker symptoms than in trees without such cankers. The percentage of trees with canopy dieback was 51%, 32%, and 10% for red, white, and thinleaf alder respectively. Other common damage included wounding, foliar pathogens and insects on red alder. This is the first report of Phytophthora canker of alder in United States forests and first report of P. siskiyouensis isolation from alder in forests anywhere.

1 aSims, Laura1 aGoheen, Ellen1 aKanaskie, Alan1 aHansen, Everett uhttp://www.bioone.org/doi/10.3955/046.089.010300622nas a2200181 4500008004100000245008000041210006900121260002100190300001400211490000600225100001000231700001800241700001400259700001500273700001200288700001500300856012500315 2006 eng d00aAnother new? species of Phytophthora on alder ‘down under’ (Australia).0 aAnother new species of Phytophthora on alder down under Australi aFreising Germany aPoster 300 v71 aSmith1 aCunnington, J1 aPascoe, I1 aBrasier, C1 aJung, T1 aOsswald, W uhttps://forestphytophthoras.org/references/another-new-species-phytophthora-alder-%E2%80%98down-under%E2%80%99-australia02254nas a2200253 4500008004100000022001400041245011100055210006900166260002900235300001400264490000700278520146500285653002101750653001401771653002701785653002301812653001901835653002301854100001601877700001501893700001801908700001901926856005501945 2012 eng d a1365-305900aAlteration of physiological parameters of Austrocedrus chilensis by the pathogen Phytophthora austrocedrae0 aAlteration of physiological parameters of Austrocedrus chilensis bBlackwell Publishing Ltd a877–8880 v613 a

The effect of the pathogen Phytophthora austrocedrae on tree physiology of Austrocedrus chilensis in Patagonia was studied in a 4-week study. In the first week, stem-inoculated saplings showed a significant decrease in photosynthesis (A) without alteration of stomatal conductance (gs) or stem-specific hydraulic conductivity (Ks). From the second week on, progressive decreases in A, gs and Ks were observed, concomitantly with development of significant stem lesions. Water use efficiency (WUE) increased in the second week and declined progressively from the third week. Hyphae and resinous materials were observed in tracheids and rays below lesions. Necrosis of parenchyma ray cells and blockage of tracheids torus were observed. Healthy xylem showed no resinous materials or tracheid blockage, but abundant starch in rays, which was absent in altered xylem. The culture filtrate (CF) of the pathogen was shown to induce changes in extracellular pH and conductivity, and increased necrosis in tissues of leaves and stem challenged with CF in vitro. Similar results were obtained in leaf tissues of the inoculated saplings in vivo. CF injection into xylem of saplings induced a decline in A and disturbance of leaf tissue integrity, without altering gs, WUE or Ks. The decrease of A correlated with changes in tissue integrity. A possible mechanism of A. chilensis decline induced by P. austrocedrae is discussed.

10acypress root rot10aeffectors10ahydraulic conductivity10amal del cipr√©s10aphotosynthesis10axylem colonization1 aVélez, M L1 aSilva, P V1 aTroncoso, O A1 aGreslebin, A G uhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3059.2011.02585.x