02308nas a2200193   4500008004100000245014500041210006900186300001000255490000700265520164800272100001201920700001901932700002101951700001301972700001201985700001701997700001702014856008302031       2011                        eng d00aMultiple new Phytophthora species from ITS Clade 6 associated with natural ecosystems in Australia: evolutionary and ecological implications0 aMultiple new Phytophthora species from ITS Clade 6 associated wi  a13-390 v263 a<p>During surveys of dying vegetation in natural ecosystems and associated waterways in Australia many new taxa have been identified from <em>Phytophthora</em> ITS Clade 6. For representative isolates, the region spanning the internal transcribed spacer region of the ribosomal DNA, the nuclear gene encoding heat shock protein 90 and the mitochondrial <em>cox</em> 1 gene were PCR amplified and sequenced. Based on phylogenetic analysis and morphological and physiological comparison, four species and one informally designated taxon have been described; <em>Phytophthora gibbosa</em>, <em>P. gregata</em>, <em>P. litoralis</em>, <em>P. thermophila</em> and <em>P.</em> taxon paludosa. <em>Phytophthora gibbosa</em>, <em>P. gregata</em> and <em>P.</em> taxon paludosa form a new cluster and share a common ancestor; they are homothallic and generally associated with dying vegetation in swampy or water-logged areas. <em>Phytophthora thermophila</em> and <em>P. litoralis</em> are sister species to each other and more distantly to <em>P. gonapodyides</em>. Both new species are common in waterways and cause scat tered mortality within native vegetation. They are self-sterile and appear well adapted for survival in an aquatic environment and inundated soils, filling the niche occupied by <em>P. gonapodyides</em> and <em>P.</em> taxon salixsoil in the northern hemisphere. Currently the origin of these new taxa, their pathogenicity and their role in natural ecosystems are unknown. Following the precautionary principle, they should be regarded as a potential threat to native ecosystems and managed to minimise their further spread.</p>1 aJung, T1 aStukely, M J C1 aHardy, G E S t J1 aWhite, D1 aPaap, T1 aDunstan, W A1 aBurgess, T I  uhttp://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/nhn/pimj/2011/00000026/00000001/art0000202540nas a2200277   4500008004100000022001300041245012500054210006900179300001400248490000700262520170100269653003101970653001002001653001202011653001302023653003002036653001202066653001202078653001202090653001702102653001502119653001902134100001202153700001602165856008102181       2004                        eng d  a0032086200aPhytophthora root and collar rot of alders in Bavaria: distribution, modes of spread and possible management strategies.0 aPhytophthora root and collar rot of alders in Bavaria distributi  a197 - 2080 v533 a<p>A survey of symptoms of <em>phytophthora</em> root and collar rot of common (<em>Alnus glutinosa</em>) and grey alder (<em>A. incana</em>) in riparian and forest stands in Bavaria was conducted by the Bavarian State Forestry and river authorities. Symptoms were seen in 1041 out of 3247 forest alder stands. The majority of the affected stands (80·9%) were less than 21 years old; 46% of these young stands were growing on nonflooded sites and 92% had been planted. The riparian survey showed that symptoms were widespread along more than 50% of the river systems. Along some rivers the disease incidence exceeded 50%. The ‘alder <em>Phytophthora</em>’ was recovered from 166 of 185 riparian and forest alder stands with symptoms. In 58 of the 60 rivers and streams investigated in detail, the source of inoculum was traced back to infested young alder plantations growing on the river banks or on forest sites that drain into the rivers. Once introduced to a river system, the ‘alder <em>Phytophthora</em>’ infects alders downstream. Baiting tests showed that the ‘alder <em>Phytophthora</em>’ was present in rootstocks of alders from three out of four nurseries which regularly bought in alder plants for re-sale, but not in rootstocks from four nurseries that grew their own alders from seed. In addition, the infected nurseries used water from infested water courses for irrigation. The Bavarian State Ministry for Agriculture and Forestry has developed a code of practice for producing healthy alder plants in forest nurseries. This includes a 3-year fallow period between bare-rooted alder crops because of poor survival of the ‘<em>alder Phytophthora</em>’ in soil.</p>10aALDER – Diseases & pests10aAlnus10aBavaria10adiseases10afungal diseases of plants10aGERMANY10anursery10apathway10aPhytophthora10aplantation10ariparian areas1 aJung, T1 aBlaschke, M  uhttp://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.0032-0862.2004.00957.x/abstract00651nas a2200193   4500008004100000022001400041245009500055210006900150300001400219490000700233653001400240100001200254700001600266700002200282700001900304700001900323700001500342856010000357       2005                        eng d  a0269-915X00aInvolvement of Phytophthora species in the decline of European beech in Europe and the USA0 aInvolvement of Phytophthora species in the decline of European b  a159 - 1660 v1910adetection1 aJung, T1 aHudler, G W1 aJensen-Tracy, S L1 aGriffiths, H M1 aFleischmann, F1 aOsswald, W  uhttp://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B7XMS-4R10WR2-5/2/37dcb413ca17af3b17f99e6101570c6502188nas a2200265   4500008004100000022001300041245016200054210006900216260001200285300001300297490000700310520133800317653001001655653001401665653001201679653001201691653001101703653001401714653001201728653000801740653001401748100001201762700001701774856013101791       2009                        eng d  a0031585000aRe-evaluation of Phytophthora citricola isolates from multiple woody hosts in Europe and North America reveals a new species, Phytophthora plurivora sp. nov.0 aReevaluation of Phytophthora citricola isolates from multiple wo  c06/2009  a95 - 1100 v223 a<p>During large-scale surveys for soilborne <em>Phytophthora</em> species in forests and semi-natural stands and nurseries in Europe during the last decade, homothallic <em>Phytophthora</em> isolates with paragynous antheridia, semipapillate persistent sporangia and a growth optimum around 25 °C which did not form catenulate hyphal swellings, were recovered from 39 host species in 16 families. Based on their morphological and physiological characters and the similarity of their ITS DNA sequences with <em>P. citricola</em> as designated on GenBank, these isolates were routinely identified as <em>P. citricola</em>. In this study DNA sequence data from the internal transcribed spacer regions (ITS1 and ITS2) and 5.8S gene of the rRNA operon, the mitochondrial <em>cox</em>1 and β-tubulin genes were used in combination with morphological and physiological characteristics to characterise these isolates and compare them to the ex-type and the authentic type isolates of <em>P. citricola</em>, and two other taxa of the <em>P. citricola</em> complex, <em>P. citricola</em> I and the recently described <em>P. multivora</em>. Due to their unique combination of morphological, physiological and molecular characters these semipapillate homothallic isolates are described here as a new species, <em>P. plurivora</em> sp. nov.</p>10aBeech10acitricola10aDecline10adieback10aforest10amultivora10anursery10aoak10aphylogeny1 aJung, T1 aBurgess, T I  uhttps://forestphytophthoras.org/references/re-evaluation-phytophthora-citricola-isolates-multiple-woody-hosts-europe-and-north02602nas a2200145   4500008004100000022001300041245011600054210006900170260001200239300001200251490000700263520209800270100001202368856007602380       2009                        eng d  a1437478100aBeech decline in Central Europe driven by the interaction between Phytophthora infections and climatic extremes0 aBeech decline in Central Europe driven by the interaction betwee  c04/2009  a73 - 940 v393 a<p>During the past decade, and in particular after the wet year 2002 and the dry year 2003, an increasing number of trees and stands of European beech (<em>Fagus sylvatica</em> L.) in Bavaria were showing symptoms typical for <em>Phytophthora</em> diseases: increased transparency and crown dieback, small-sized and often yellowish foliage, root and collar rot and aerial bleeding cankers up to stem heights of &gt;20&nbsp;m. Between 2003 and 2007 134 mature beech stands on a broad range of geological substrates were surveyed, and collar rot and aerial bleeding cankers were found in 116 (86.6%) stands. In most stands the majority of beech trees were declining and scattered or clustered mortality occurred. Bark and soil samples were taken from 314 trees in 112 stands, and 11 <em>Phytophthora</em> species were recovered from 253 trees (80.6%) in 104 stands (92.9%). The most frequent species were <em>P. citricola</em>, <em>P. cambivora</em> and <em>P. cactorum</em>. Primary <em>Phytophthora</em> lesions were soon infected by a series of secondary bark pathogens, including <em>Nectria coccinea</em>, and wood decay fungi. In addition, infected trees were often attacked by several bark and wood boring insects leading to rapid mortality. Bark necroses were examined for their probable age in order to determine whether the onset of the current <em>Phytophthora</em> epidemic was correlated to rainfall rates recorded at 22 Bavarian forest ecosystem monitoring stations. A small-scale survey in nine Bavarian nurseries demonstrated regular infestations of all beech fields with the same range of <em>Phytophthora</em> species. The results indicate that (1) <em>Phytophthora</em> species are regularly associated with beech decline and may also be involved in the complex of ‘Beech Bark Disease’, (2) excessive rainfalls and droughts are triggering the disease, and (3) widespread <em>Phytophthora</em> infestations of nursery stock might endanger current and future silvicultural projects aiming on the replacement of non-natural conifer stands by beech dominated mixed stands.</p>1 aJung, T  uhttp://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/efp.2009.39.issue-2/issuetoc02230nas a2200169   4500008004100000022001400041245012800055210006900183260001200252300001400264490000700278520159700285100001201882700001601894700001501910856013501925       2000                        eng d  a0032-086200aInvolvement of soilborne Phytophthora species in Central European oak decline and the effect of site factors on the disease0 aInvolvement of soilborne Phytophthora species in Central Europea  c12/2000  a706 - 7180 v493 a<p>A survey was made on the occurrence of soilborne <em>Phytophthora</em> species in 35 oak stands on a range of geologically different sites in Bavaria. The most widespread species were <em>P. quercina</em>, <em>P. cambivora</em> and <em>P. citricola</em>. Seven other <em>Phytophthora</em> species were isolated infrequently. The fine root systems of 106 healthy and 111 declining mature trees of <em>Quercus robur</em> and <em>Q. petraea</em> were intensively investigated. The results indicate that, depending on the site conditions, at least two different complex diseases are referred to under the name ‘oak decline’. On sites with a mean soil pH (CaCl<sub>2</sub>) 3·5 and sandy-loamy to clayey soil texture <em>Phytophthora</em> spp. were commonly isolated from rhizosphere soil, and highly significant correlations existed between crown transparency and various root parameters. Oaks with <em>P. quercina</em> or other <em>Phytophthora</em> spp. in their rhizosphere had markedly higher levels of fine root damage than oaks without <em>Phytophthora</em> spp., and were subject to a relative risk of severe crown symptoms of 2·1 and 2·8, respectively. In contrast, in stands with sandy to sandy-loamy soils and a mean soil pH&nbsp; 3·9, <em>Phytophthora</em> spp. were not found. In these stands, correlations between crown transparency and various root parameters were either less significant or not significant. It is concluded that <em>Phytophthora</em> species are strongly involved in oak decline on sandy-loamy to clayey sites with a mean soil-pH (CaCl<sub>2</sub>).</p>1 aJung, T1 aBlaschke, H1 aOßwald, W  uhttps://forestphytophthoras.org/references/involvement-soilborne-phytophthora-species-central-european-oak-decline-and-effect-site02554nas a2200193   4500008004100000022001300041245007000054210006700124260001100191300001400202490000800216520198900224100001202213700001702225700001602242700001602258700001502274856007102289       1999                        eng d  a0953756200aPhytophthora quercina sp. nov., causing root rot of European oaks0 aPhytophthora quercina sp nov causing root rot of European oaks  c7/1999  a785 - 7980 v1033 a<p>In a 3 year study of oak (<em>Quercus robur</em>, <em>Q. petraea</em>, <em>Q. cerris</em>, <em>Q. pubescens</em> and <em>Q. ilex</em>) decline in Central and Southern Europe, a papillate homothallic <em>Phytophthora</em> species was isolated consistently, with other <em>Phytophthora</em> spp., from necrotic fine roots by direct plating on to selective agar medium and from rhizosphere soil samples by baiting with leaves of <em>Quercus robur</em>. The morphology, physiology, RAPD banding patterns and pathogenicity against apple fruits of this <em>Phytophthora</em> sp. are described and compared with those of other papillate <em>Phytophthora</em> species from Waterhouse's Group I, namely <em>P. cactorum, P. clandestina, P. idaei, P. iranica, P. pseudotsugae</em> and <em>P. tentaculata</em>, and papillate Group III <em>P. citricola</em>. The papillate <em>Phytophthora</em> isolates from oak differed from all other Group I species by their uniform, dome-shaped and cottonwool-like colony growth pattern on V8 juice agar and malt extract agar, the frequent occurrence of sympodially branched primary hyphae, a high proportion of elongated, ellipsoid or ovoid oogonia, the absence of amphigynous antheridia and RAPD banding patterns. Additionally, there was no other species in Group I with as much variation in size and shape of the sporangia or large proportion of sporangia with a curved apex, hyphal projections, lateral displacement of the papilla and lateral attachment to the sporangiophore. In pathogenicity tests with infested soil, the isolates proved to be more pathogenic to <em>Q. robur</em> than any other <em>Phytophthora</em> sp. recovered from declining oaks in Central Europe. Based on their unique combination of cultural, sporangial and gametangial morphology, pathogenicity and close association with <em>Quercus</em> but not other trees, the papillate <em>Phytophthora</em> isolates from oak are described as <em>Phytophthora quercina</em> sp. nov.</p>1 aJung, T1 aCooke, D E L1 aBlaschke, H1 aDuncan, J M1 aOßwald, W  uhttp://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S095375620860611502560nas a2200169   4500008004100000245015500041210006900196260001200265300001400277490000700291520195700298100001202255700001902267700002202286700001602308856006602324       2013                        eng d00aNew insights into the survival strategy of the invasive soilborne pathogen Phytophthora cinnamomi in different natural ecosystems in Western Australia0 aNew insights into the survival strategy of the invasive soilborn  c08/2013  a266–2880 v433 a<p>Despite its importance as one of the most notorious, globally distributed, multihost plant pathogens, knowledge on the survival strategy of <em>Phytophthora cinnamomi</em> in seasonally dry climates is limited. Soil and fine roots were collected from the rhizosphere of severely declining or recently dead specimens of 13 woody species at 11 dieback sites and two dieback spots and from healthy specimens of five woody species at four dieback-free sites in native forests, woodlands and heathlands of the south-west of Western Australia (WA). <em>Phytophthora cinnamomi</em> was recovered from 80.4, 78.1 and 100% of tested soil, fine root and soil–debris slurry samples at the 11 dieback sites, in some cases even after 18-month storage under air-dry conditions, but not from the small dieback spots and the healthy sites. Direct isolations from soil–debris slurry showed that P. cinnamomi colonies exclusively originated from fine roots and root fragments not from free propa- gules in the soil. Microscopic investigation of <em>P. cinnamomi</em>-infected fine and small woody roots and root fragments demonstrated in 68.8, 81.3 and 93.8% of samples from nine woody species the presence of thick-walled oospores, stromata-like hyphal aggregations and intracellular hyphae encased by lignitubers, respectively, while thin-walled putative chlamydospores were found in only 21.2% of samples from five woody species. These findings were confirmed by microscopic examination of fine roots from artificially inoculated young trees of 10 woody species. It is suggested that (i) the main function of chlamydospores is the survival in moderately dry conditions between consecutive rain events and (ii) selfed oospores, hyphal aggregations, and encased hyphae and vesicles in infected root tissue of both host and non-host species are the major long-term survival propagules of <em>P. cinnamomi</em> during the extremely dry summer conditions in WA.</p>1 aJung, T1 aColquhoun, I J1 aHardy, St., G E J1 aWoodward, S  uhttp://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/efp.12025/abstract