02811nas a2200289 4500008004100000245010800041210006900149260001600218300001400234490000700248520193800255100001302193700001802206700001502224700001502239700002102254700001302275700001302288700001302301700001502314700001802329700001302347700001902360700001302379700001602392856011302408 2017 eng d00aDiversity of Phytophthora species in natural ecosystems of Taiwan and association with disease symptoms0 aDiversity of Phytophthora species in natural ecosystems of Taiwa cJan-07-2016 a194–2110 v663 a

In 2013 a survey of Phytophthora diversity was performed in 25 natural and seminatural forest stands and 25 rivers in temperate montane and subtropical lowland regions of Taiwan. Using baiting assays, 10 described species and 17 previously unknown taxa of Phytophthora were isolated from 71.5% of the 144 rhizosphere soil samples from 33 of 40 tree species sampled in 24 forest stands, and from 19 rivers: P. capensis, P. citrophthora, P. plurivora, P. tropicalis, P. citricola VII, P. sp. × botryosa-like, P. sp. × meadii-like and P. sp. occultans-like from Clade 2; P. palmivora from Clade 4; P. castaneae and P. heveae from Clade 5; P. chlamydospora and P. sp. forestsoil-like from Clade 6; P. cinnamomi (Pc), P. parvispora, P. attenuata nom. prov., P. flexuosa nom. prov., P. formosa nom. prov., P. intricata nom. prov., P. × incrassata nom. prov. and P. × heterohybrida nom. prov. from Clade 7; P. sp. palustris and five new hybrid species from Clade 9. The A1 mating type of Pc was widespread in both montane and lowland forests and rarely associated with disease, whereas the A2 mating type was limited to lowland forests and in some cases causing severe dieback. Most other Phytophthora species were not associated with obvious disease symptoms. It is concluded that (i) Taiwan is within the centre of origin of most Phytophthora taxa found, (ii) Pc A2 is an introduced invasive pathogen, and (iii) interspecific hybridizations play a major role in speciation and species radiations in diverse natural ecosystems.

1 aJung, T.1 aChang, T., T.1 aBakonyi, J1 aSeress, D.1 aPérez-Sierra, A1 aYang, X.1 aHong, C.1 aScanu, B1 aFu, C., H.1 aHsueh, K., L.1 aMaia, C.1 aAbad-Campos, P1 aLeón, M1 aJung, Horta uhttp://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/ppa.12564http://api.wiley.com/onlinelibrary/tdm/v1/articles/10.1111%2Fppa.1256402232nas a2200205 4500008004100000022001400041245010700055210006900162260001600231300001200247490000700259520159000266100001301856700002101869700001401890700001601904700001301920700001301933856008001946 2018 eng d a0031-585000aCanker and decline diseases caused by soil- and airborne Phytophthora species in forests and woodlands0 aCanker and decline diseases caused by soil and airborne Phytopht cJan-01-2018 a182-2200 v403 a

Most members of the oomycete genus Phytophthora are primary plant pathogens. Both soil- and airborne Phytophthora species are able to survive adverse environmental conditions with enduring resting structures, mainly sexual oospores, vegetative chlamydospores and hyphal aggregations. Soilborne Phytophthora species infect fine roots and the bark of suberized roots and the collar region with motile biflagellate zoospores released from sporangia during wet soil conditions. Airborne Phytophthora species infect leaves, shoots, fruits and bark of branches and stems with caducous sporangia produced during humid conditions on infected plant tissues and dispersed by rain and wind splash. During the past six decades, the number of previously unknown Phytophthora declines and diebacks of natural and semi-natural forests and woodlands has increased exponentially, and the vast majority of them are driven by introduced invasive Phytophthora species. Nurseries in Europe, North America and Australia show high infestation rates with a wide range of mostly exotic Phytophthora species. Planting of infested nursery stock has proven to be the main pathway of Phytophthora species between and within continents. This review provides insights into the history, distribution, aetiology, symptomatology, dynamics and impact of the most important canker, decline and dieback diseases caused by soil- and airborne Phytophthora species in forests and natural ecosystems of Europe, Australia and the Americas.

1 aJung, T.1 aPérez-Sierra, A1 aDurán, A1 aJung, Horta1 aBalci, Y1 aScanu, B uhttp://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/nhn/pimj/10.3767/persoonia.2018.40.0802233nas a2200157 4500008004100000022001400041245012400055210006900179260001600248300001400264490000700278520170300285100001301988700001602001856005802017 2004 eng d a0032-086200aPhytophthora root and collar rot of alders in Bavaria: distribution, modes of spread and possible management strategies0 aPhytophthora root and collar rot of alders in Bavaria distributi cJan-04-2004 a197 - 2080 v533 a

A survey of symptoms of phytophthora root and collar rot of common (Alnus glutinosa) and grey alder (A. incana) in riparian and forest stands in Bavaria was conducted by the Bavarian State Forestry and river authorities. Symptoms were seen in 1041 out of 3247 forest alder stands. The majority of the affected stands (80·9%) were less than 21 years old; 46% of these young stands were growing on nonflooded sites and 92% had been planted. The riparian survey showed that symptoms were widespread along more than 50% of the river systems. Along some rivers the disease incidence exceeded 50%. The ‘alder Phytophthora’ was recovered from 166 of 185 riparian and forest alder stands with symptoms. In 58 of the 60 rivers and streams investigated in detail, the source of inoculum was traced back to infested young alder plantations growing on the river banks or on forest sites that drain into the rivers. Once introduced to a river system, the ‘alder Phytophthora’ infects alders downstream. Baiting tests showed that the ‘alder Phytophthora’ was present in rootstocks of alders from three out of four nurseries which regularly bought in alder plants for re‐sale, but not in rootstocks from four nurseries that grew their own alders from seed. In addition, the infected nurseries used water from infested water courses for irrigation. The Bavarian State Ministry for Agriculture and Forestry has developed a code of practice for producing healthy alder plants in forest nurseries. This includes a 3‐year fallow period between bare‐rooted alder crops because of poor survival of the ‘alder Phytophthora’ in soil.

1 aJung, T.1 aBlaschke, M uhttp://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/j.0032-0862.2004.00957.x02366nas a2200217 4500008004100000022001300041245014500054210006900199260001600268300001200284490000700296520164800303100001301951700002001964700002101984700001302005700001202018700001702030700001802047856008302065 2011 eng d a0031585000aMultiple new Phytophthora species from ITS Clade 6 associated with natural ecosystems in Australia: evolutionary and ecological implications0 aMultiple new Phytophthora species from ITS Clade 6 associated wi cJun-06-2013 a13 - 390 v263 a

During surveys of dying vegetation in natural ecosystems and associated waterways in Australia many new taxa have been identified from Phytophthora ITS Clade 6. For representative isolates, the region spanning the internal transcribed spacer region of the ribosomal DNA, the nuclear gene encoding heat shock protein 90 and the mitochondrial cox 1 gene were PCR amplified and sequenced. Based on phylogenetic analysis and morphological and physiological comparison, four species and one informally designated taxon have been described; Phytophthora gibbosa, P. gregata, P. litoralis, P. thermophila and P. taxon paludosa. Phytophthora gibbosa, P. gregata and P. taxon paludosa form a new cluster and share a common ancestor; they are homothallic and generally associated with dying vegetation in swampy or water-logged areas. Phytophthora thermophila and P. litoralis are sister species to each other and more distantly to P. gonapodyides. Both new species are common in waterways and cause scat tered mortality within native vegetation. They are self-sterile and appear well adapted for survival in an aquatic environment and inundated soils, filling the niche occupied by P. gonapodyides and P. taxon salixsoil in the northern hemisphere. Currently the origin of these new taxa, their pathogenicity and their role in natural ecosystems are unknown. Following the precautionary principle, they should be regarded as a potential threat to native ecosystems and managed to minimise their further spread.

1 aJung, T.1 aStukely, M.J.C.1 aHardy, G.E.St.J.1 aWhite, D1 aPaap, T1 aDunstan, W A1 aBurgess, T.I. uhttp://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/nhn/pimj/2011/00000026/00000001/art00002