01714nas a2200253 4500008004100000022001300041245008800054210006900142300001400211490000700225520092000232653001701152653002701169653001301196653002201209653001101231653003001242653001001272653001901282100001601301700001601317700001601333856011101349 2007 eng d a1437478100aPhytophthora cambivora in Oregon and its pathogenicity to Chrysolepis chrysophylla.0 aPhytophthora cambivora in Oregon and its pathogenicity to Chryso a409 - 4190 v373 a

A new canker disease causing mortality of golden chinquapin trees [Chrysolepis chrysophylla (Dougl.) Hjelmqvist], in Oregon was recently observed. Most of the symptomatic or dead trees were located near roads. The cankers on the lower boles of trees are similar to those caused by species of Phytophthora on other trees in western North America. The cankers in the inner bark were reddish-orange in colour and extended upward from necrotic roots. Phytophthora (Petri) Buisman was isolated from the cankers; identity was confirmed by morphological comparison with known isolates and internal transcribed spacer sequence analysis. Pathogenicity was confirmed by inoculation of chinquapin seedlings and mature trees. Seven of nine isolates from chinquapin were A2 mating type; 27 of 28 isolates from other hosts in Oregon and Washington were A1 mating type.

10aBiodiversity10aCanker (Plant disease)10adiseases10aForests. forestry10aOregon10aPathogenic microorganisms10apests10aPLANT diseases1 aSaavedra, A1 aHansen, E M1 aGoheen, D J uhttp://onlinelibrary.wiley.com.proxy.library.oregonstate.edu/doi/10.1111/j.1439-0329.2007.00515.x/abstract01619nas a2200181 4500008004100000022001400041245006400055210006300119260002700182300001100209490000700220520109400227100001701321700001501338700001401353700001501367856005501382 2002 eng d a1439-032900aPhytophthora disease of Quercus ilex in south-western Spain0 aPhytophthora disease of Quercus ilex in southwestern Spain bBlackwell Science Ltd. a5–180 v323 a

Oak decline that was affecting three holm oak sites in the province of Huelva (south-western Spain) was studied during 1998–1999. The syndromes of dieback and sudden death have been observed and, in both cases, foliar symptoms were associated with root rot. Characterization of the fungal isolates from necrotic roots led us to identify Phytophthora cinnamomi A2 as consistently associated with the disease. The optimum growth temperatures of these isolates were very high (30°C). Inoculation tests under controlled conditions demonstrated the pathogenicity of the isolates on holm and cork oak seedlings. None of the other biotic factors of Mediterranean oak decline that have been previously described were found in the present study and so, in this case, the forest decline model does not seem to be necessary in order to explain the disease observed. The defoliation and mortality of the oaks was primarily caused by P. cinnamomi, although some abiotic factors such as alternating periods of drought and wet weather in the region may play an important role.

1 aSanchez, M E1 aCaetano, P1 aFerraz, J1 aTrapero, A uhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1439-0329.2002.00261.x00958nas a2200169 4500008004100000245010800041210006900149260001600218490000700234520041000241100001900651700001600670700001400686700001500700700001800715856005500733 2016 eng d00aPhytophthora kernoviae isolated from fallen leaves of Drymis winteri in native forest of southern Chile0 aPhytophthora kernoviae isolated from fallen leaves of Drymis win cJan-06-20160 v113 a

Phytophthora kernoviae is an invasive species first described from Britain and later New Zealand. We conducted surveys for Phytophthora species in forests in southern Chile. Symptomatic fallen leaves of Drimys winteri were encountered in a native forest. P. kernoviae was isolated. This is the first report of P. kernoviae outside of UK and New Zealand.

1 aSanfuentes, E.1 aFajardo, S.1 aSabag, M.1 aHansen, E.1 aGonzález, M. uhttp://link.springer.com/10.1007/s13314-016-0205-600977nas a2200289 4500008004100000245018100041210006900222260002600291300001100317490002600328100001800354700001600372700001300388700001500401700001500416700001500431700001400446700001800460700001400478700001600492700001500508700001400523700001400537700004800551700003800599856005000637 2009 eng d00aReport on the risk of entry, establishment, spread and socio-economic loss and environmental impact and the appropriate level of management for Phytophthora ramorum for the EU.0 aReport on the risk of entry establishment spread and socioeconom aSand Hutton, York, UK a311 p.0 vDeliverable Report 281 aSansford, C E1 aInman, A J1 aBaker, R1 aBrasier, C1 aFrankel, S1 aGruyter, J1 aHusson, C1 aKehlenbeck, H1 aKessel, G1 aMoralejo, E1 aSteeghs, M1 aWebber, J1 aWerres, S1 aForest Research, Central Science Laboratory1 aEU Sixth Framework Project, RAPRA uhttp://rapra.csl.gov.uk/RAPRA-PRA_26feb09.pdf01951nas a2200265 4500008004100000245007000041210006900111260001200180300001400192490000800206520117200214653001801386653002001404653002001424653001401444653002101458653001801479653002701497653002201524653001801546100002101564700002501585700002001610856005501630 2003 eng d00aSusceptibility of some mesophilic hardwoods to alder Phytophthora0 aSusceptibility of some mesophilic hardwoods to alder Phytophthor c08/2003 a406–4100 v1513 a

Abstract Inoculation tests were carried out in the greenhouse on seedlings of five hardwoods (Alnus cordata, A. glutinosa, Castanea sativa, Juglans regia and Quercus robur) to determine their susceptibility to an isolate of alder Phytophthora obtained in Italy from A. cordata. A Phytophthora cinnamomi strain was used for comparison. Host susceptibility to infection was determined as the lesion length after stem inoculation and the percentage of necrotized rootlets after soil infestation with inoculated millet seeds. The aggressiveness of the alder Phytophthora isolate was significantly higher in the two Alnus species than in the other hosts. Our results were confirmed with both methods of inoculation. Alnus cordata was consistently the most susceptible host species when compared with the other hardwoods. Damage by P. cinnamomi was severe, particularly after soil infestation tests. The most susceptible species were alders, chestnut and walnut. The test also suggests that alder Phytophthora is able to spread through infected seedlings of different hardwood species.

10aAlnus cordata10aAlnus glutinosa10aCastanea sativa10aHardwoods10ainoculation test10aJuglans regia10aPhytophthora cinnamomi10aPhytophthora spp.10aQuercus robur1 aSantini, Alberto1 aBarzanti, Gian Paolo1 aCapretti, Paolo uhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1439-0434.2003.00739.x00419nas a2200133 4500008004100000245005400041210005200095300001200147490000700159100001500166700001800181700001600199856007000215 2001 eng d00aA new Phytophthora root disease of alder in Italy0 anew Phytophthora root disease of alder in Italy a560-5600 v851 aSantini, A1 aBarzanti, G P1 aCapretti, P uhttp://apsjournals.apsnet.org/doi/abs/10.1094/PDIS.2001.85.5.560A01786nas a2200229 4500008004100000245009000041210006900131260001200200300001400212490000800226520110900234653001801343653002101361653001801382653001701400653001701417100001501434700001801449700001801467700001601485856005501501 2006 eng d00aPathogenicity of four Phytophthora species on wild cherry and Italian alder seedlings0 aPathogenicity of four Phytophthora species on wild cherry and It c03/2006 a163–1670 v1543 a

Abstract Inoculation tests were carried out in the greenhouse on wild cherry (Prunus avium) and Italian alder (Alnus cordata) seedlings, to determine their susceptibility to certain Phytophthora species (P. citrophthora, P. alni, P. megasperma and P. cinnamomi) that are commonly present in the soil. Host susceptibility was evaluated in accordance with a disease index, with the lesion length after stem inoculation, and with a root system disease index. Wild cherry was found to be highly susceptible to P. citrophthora, and was also found to be susceptible to P. alni, although to a lesser extent. Italian alder was very susceptible to P. alni, but had only low susceptibility to P. citrophthora. The other Phytophthora species caused only modest symptoms. The danger to alder and wild cherry is all the greater because these trees not only share the same pathogens, but also commonly planted together in mixed stands. The results will now have to be confirmed by using a more natural inoculation method.

10aAlnus cordata10ainoculation test10apathogenicity10aPhytophthora10aPrunus avium1 aSantini, A1 aBiancalani, F1 aBarzanti, G P1 aCapretti, P uhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0434.2006.01077.x02035nas a2200121 4500008004100000245015000041210006900191300001200260490000700272520152600279100002301805856008501828 2001 eng d00aComportamento diferenciado da gomose de Phytophthora em diferentes alturas ao longo de troncos de acácia-negra (Acacia mearnsii) em Piratini, RS0 aComportamento diferenciado da gomose de Phytophthora em diferent a145-1490 v433 a

The symptoms of gummosis of Phytophthora of black wattle (Acacia mearnsii) occur  predominantly  in  the  basal  region of  the  trunk.  The  highest  severity  is usually observed in the basal section (up to 0,50 m from ground level, along the trunk). Black wattle gummosis was observed in trees growing at Piratini, RS, in 1998. In this case, a different kind of symptoms was observed: necrotic lesions occurring severily in heights above the basal section of the trunks. Phytophthora was isolated from diseased bark from differents heights of the trunk up to 10 m. All isolates of Phytophthora showed  pathogenicity to black wattle.

Os sintomas da gomose de Phytophthora da acácia-negra (Acacia mearnsii) ocorrem predominantemente na região basal do tronco das árvores, com maior severidade na porção que vai do colo até 0,50 m de altura. No ano de 1998, na região de Piratini-RS, ocorreu um surto de gomose em árvores adultas, caracterizando-se pela predominância de lesões necróticas, não exsudativas, atingindo severamente alturas superiores àquelas normalmente encontradas nos troncos. Procedeu-se a uma coleta sistematizada de amostras de casca de troncos de árvores com sintomas, na região do colo, aos 2 m, aos 4 m, aos 6 m, aos 8 m e aos 10 m de altura. Nos isolamentos e testes de patogencidade feitos, confirmouse a associação de Phytophthora às lesões.

1 aSantos, A., F. dos uhttp://ainfo.cnptia.embrapa.br/digital/bitstream/CNPF-2009-09/30242/1/santos.pdf02042nas a2200157 4500008004100000022001400041245005000055210004600105260001600151300001400167490000700181520159800188100002301786700002201809856005301831 2007 eng d a0100-540500aA gomose da acácia-negra no Brasil: a review0 agomose da acácianegra no Brasil a review cJan-01-2007 a113 - 1180 v333 a

A acácia-negra (Acacia mearnsii) é cultivada no Brasil, especialmente no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, visando tanto à produção de tanino, a partir da casca, quanto o uso da madeira para papel, celulose, carvão, lenha e chapas de aglomerados. A gomose causada por Phytophthora nicotianae e P. boehmeriae, é o seu principal problema fitossanitário. Discute-se nesta revisão a existência de dois padrões distintos de sintomatologia da gomose de Phytophthora que têm sido observados nas plantações brasileiras: gomose basal, associada a P. nicotianae, e gomose generalizada, mais associada a P. boehmeriae. São discutidos aspectos relacionados à etiologia, à epidemiologia e às estratégias de controle.

The black wattle (Acacia mearnsii ) is cultivated in Brazil for bark tannin, paper, cellulose, plywood, charcoal and firewood production. Gummosis of Phytophthora, caused by P. nicotianae and P. boehmeriae is the main disease problem on black wattle. The existence of two distinct symptom patterns observed on plants in the commercial fields are: butt gummosis which is associated with P. nicotianae and general gummosis more related to P. boehmeriae. Etiological, epidemiological and control aspects of this disease are presented and discussed on this review.

1 aSantos, A., F. dos1 aLuz, E., D. M. N. uhttps://doi.org/10.1590/s0100-54052007000200002 01568nas a2200193 4500008004100000022001400041245011500055210006900170260001500239300001400254490000700268520089900275100002301174700002501197700002401222700002301246700001401269856009101283 2004 eng d a0100-415800aPrimeiro relato da podrida da estipe da pupunheira, causada por Phytophthora palmivora, no estado do Parana‘0 aPrimeiro relato da podrida da estipe da pupunheira causada por P bscieloc12 a680 - 6820 v293 a

Phytophthora palmivora was isolated from infected peach palm (Bactris gasipaes) plants with stem rot symptoms in Paraná State, in 2002. Pathogenicity tests and subsequent reisolations of P. palmivora confirmed the hypothesis that this fungus was the causal agent of the disease. This is the first report of P. palmivora causing stem rot on peach palm (Bactris gasipaes) in the southern State of Paraná. RESUMO Phytophthora palmivora foi isolado de plantas de pupunheira (Bactris gasipaes) com sintomas de podridão da estipe, no Paraná, em 2002. Testes de patogenicidade e o subseqüente reisolamento do fungo confirmaram a hipótese de que P. palmivora é o agente causal da podridão do estipe. Este é o primeiro relato de P. palmivora causando podridão do estipe na pupunheira no estado do Paraná.

1 aSantos, A., F. dos1 aLuz, Edna Dora., M N1 aFinato, Priscila, D1 aTessmann, Dauri, J1 aVida, J B uhttp://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0100-41582004000600016&nrm=iso00504nas a2200133 4500008004100000024001100041245007700052210007400129260006000203100002300263700001400286700001300300856005700313 2014 eng d a 5268800aPhytophthora spp: distribuição e associação com espécies florestais0 aPhytophthora spp distribuição e associação com espécies floresta aLondrina, BrazilbSociedade Brasileira de Fitopatologia1 aSantos, A., F. dos1 aLuz, EDMN1 aReis, A. uhttp://www.alice.cnptia.embrapa.br/handle/doc/99379205721nas a2200169 4500008004100000022001400041245007000055210006900125260001600194300001400210490000700224520518000231100002305411700002205434700001805456856007705474 2006 eng d a0032-086200aFirst report of Phytophthora boehmeriae on black wattle in Brazil0 aFirst report of Phytophthora boehmeriae on black wattle in Brazi cJan-12-2006 a813 - 8130 v553 a

Black wattle (Acacia mearnsii) is an Australian tree species cultivated in several countries. In Brazil, particularly in Rio Grande do Sul State (RS), approximately 140 000 ha are cultivated for tannin extraction (Dos Santos et al., 2005).

The gummosis complex, which has Phytophthora nicotianae as one of the causal agents, is the main disease of black wattle in Brazil and is characterised by lesions at the trunk base with gum exudation (Dos Santos et al., 2005). Different symptoms were observed in plantations at the municipality of Piratini, RS (southern Brazil) and were characterised by dark lesions without gum exudation on trunks of 3- to 4-year-old wattle trees up to 10 m height. Isolates of Phytophthora spp. were obtained from the lesions and deposited in the Brazilian collection of Phytophthora species, under accession numbers CBP 307, 308 and 309. Sporangia of all isolates were ovoid to spherical, papillate and caducous, measuring 35 µm ± 1·42 × 30 µm ± 1·37, with a length/width ratio of 1·16:1, mean depth of papillae of 4·83 µm ± 0·04, and pore exit of 4·69 µm ± 0·04. The isolates were homothallic, forming plerotic oospores with smooth walls and amphigynous antheridia. The ITS sequences obtained for isolates CBP 307 (AY428533), CBP 308 (AY428534), and CBP 309 (AY428535) were identical and most closely matched those of two isolates of P. boehmeriae KACC40173 (AY228076) from Korea and SCRP23 (DQ297406) from China. This and the morphological similarity (Erwin & Ribeiro, 1996) suggest that these isolates are P. boehmeriae. However, seven clear single base pair differences were noted between the Brazilian and other P. boehmeriae isolates. This, combined with isozyme variation (Oudemans & Coffey, 1991) suggests that further studies are needed to confirm the taxonomic status of P. boehmeriae.

Pathogenicity tests were done by inoculating five 1-year-old wattle plants with 7 mm mycelial discs of 5-day old cultures of the three isolates used in this study. The mycelial discs were placed in 7 mm diameter holes made in the bark with a cork borer, at 5 cm above the soil. Plants were maintained at approximately 25°C and were assessed 45 days after inoculation. All three isolates were pathogenic to black wattle and were re-isolated from the lesions.

Phytophthora boehmeriae was reported as one of the causal agents of the gummosis complex on black wattle in South Africa (TPCP, 2004) and is of quarantine importance for the citrus industry in Brazil. This is the first report of the involvement of P. boehmeriae in the aetiology of the gummosis complex of black wattle in Brazil.

1 aSantos, A., F. dos1 aLuz, E., D. M. N.1 aSouza, J., T. uhttp://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-3059.2006.01462.x/full03225nas a2200157 4500008004100000022001400041245003900055210003800094300001000132490002600142520279500168100002302963700001902986700001303005856004903018 2001 eng d a1517-527800aO complexo gomose da acácia-negra0 aO complexo gomose da acácianegra a8 pp.0 vCircular Técnica, 443 a

A acácia-negra é uma espécie florestal que foi introduzida no Brasil, no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, na década de 30. Atualmente, com uma área plantada de aproximadamente 100.000 ha, envolve cerca de 10 mil pequenos produtores rurais (Higa & Dedecek, 1999), compondo um dos maciços florestais daquele Estado, onde desempenha importante papel sócio-econômico para as pequenas propriedades rurais (Fleig, 1993).

O rápido crescimento da acácia-negra, associado ao aproveitamento integral da madeira, torna essa espécie ideal para reflorestamento e para utilização industrial. Sua contribuição aos mais variados segmentos econômicos e industriais é ampla, tanto pelo aproveitamento da casca para extração do tanino (a casca possui cerca de 28% de tanino), quanto pelo uso da madeira para diversos fins, tais como a fabricação de papel e celulose, chapas de aglomerados, carvão e lenha. No Brasil, é plantada principalmente para produção de tanino.

A acácia-negra é uma planta que exsuda goma na casca do tronco. A goma é aparentemente produzida pelas árvores em resposta a alguma condição anormal, como patógenos ou injúrias provocadas por insetos, danos mecânicos ou fatores externos que afetam o seu crescimento (Zeijlemaker, 1968). Quimicamente, a goma da acácia-negra é uma combinação de arabinose, galactose, ramnose e ácido glucurônico (Stephen 1951). A quantidade de goma produzida por uma árvore depende da característica genética do material e da influência de fatores ambientais, tais como a temperatura e a disponibilidade de umidade.

Como resultado, tem-se pouca goma no período seco, enquanto muita goma pode ser exsudada no período úmido (Zeijlemaker, 1968). Um dos principais problemas da acácia-negra é a doença conhecida como gomose de Phytophthora sp. (Santos et al., 1998). Os sintomas ocorrem no tronco e se caracterizam por lesões necróticas na casca, chegando a atingir o lenho. A abundante exsudação gomosa é o sintoma mais característico dessa doença, que é facilmente confundido com outros problemas, uma vez que o tronco da acácia-negra exsuda goma quando lesionado por ação tanto biótica quanto abiótica. Assim sendo, embora a lesão exsudativa seja o tipo de sintoma mais característico da gomose de Phytophthora, essa não é uma característica exclusiva como indicadora da associação Phytophthora -acácia. Portanto, este trabalho tem o objetivo de discutir aspectos relacionados à gomose de Phytophthora e aos de outros tipos de problemas associados à acácia-negra e que tenham a exsudação de goma como parte de seu quadro sintomatológico, de maneira que se possam elucidá-los, para facilitar a sua identificação no camp.

1 aSantos, A., F. dos1 aGrigoletti, A.1 aAuer, CG uhttps://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/15427678.pdf03181nas a2200169 4500008004100000022001500041245008800056210007100144300001000215490000700225520261900232100002302851700001802874700001702892700001602909856008602925 2007 eng d a 1980-041X00aGomose da acácia-negra: etiologia, análise temporal, perdas e controle genético.0 aGomose da acácianegra etiologia análise temporal perdas e contro a28 p.0 v313 a

Gummosis is one of the most serious phytosanitary problems of black wattle (Acacia mearnsii) in the State of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. The objectives of this work were: 1) to identify the species of Phytophthora associated with gummosis; 2) to analyze the temporal distribution of the gummosis; 3) to quantify losses caused by this disease; and 4) to rank black wattle lines based on resistance to gummosis. The major results were: Phytophthora nicotianae and P. boehmeriae are the causal agent of gummosis on black-wattle in Brazil. This disease was found in all the surveyed black-wattle plantations and the species P. nicotianae was the major species found in the samples, suggesting that this is the main species causing this disease in Brazil. It was found two kinds of symptoms: 1) gummosis at the base of the trunks, associated to P. nicotianae; e 2) gummosis spread on the trunk, associated to P. boehmeriae. Plants killed by gummosis or other causes showed exponential growth, and started to die after 34 months. Plants showing gummosis had losses ranging from 3,5 to 0,5% for bark and timber production, respectively. Both, natural and artificial inoculations assays showed variation on the resistance of plants to gummosis.

A gomose é um dos mais sérios problemas fitossanitários da acácia-negra (Acacia mearnsii) no Rio Grande do Sul. Este trabalho teve como objetivos: 1) identificar a(s) espécie(s) de Phytophthora associada(s) à gomose; 2) analisar a distribuição temporal da gomose; 3) quantificar as perdas causadas pela doença; e 4) agrupar os materiais genéticos de acácia-negra de acordo com o nível de resistência à gomose. Os principais resultados foram: Phytophthora nicotianae e P.boehmeriae são os agentes causais da gomose da acácia-negra no Brasil. A gomose de Phytophthora foi encontrada em todos os plantios de acácia-negra e, no levantamento, evidenciou-se a predominância de P. nicotianae, mostrando que este patógeno é o principal agente da gomose da acácia-negra no Brasil. As avaliações em plantios comerciais em idade de corte apresentaram até 48 % de indivíduos atacados. Tanto plantas mortas por outras causas quanto plantas mortas por gomose cresceram exponencialmente, e as mortes começaram a partir do 34º mês. Os dados mostraram perdas de produção de até 3,5 % para casca e até 0,5 % para madeira nas árvores com gomose. Tanto por infecção natural quanto por inoculação artificial, ocorreram variações entre as procedências quanto a resistência à gomose.

1 aSantos, A., F. dos1 aLuz, E.D.M.N.1 aMaffia, L.A.1 aSouza, J.T. uhttp://www.infoteca.cnptia.embrapa.br/infoteca/bitstream/doc/312305/1/BPD31CD.pdf01647nas a2200229 4500008004100000022001400041245009900055210006900154260002900223300001400252490000800266520090900274653002101183653002101204653002601225100002301251700002301274700002401297700001901321700002201340856005501362 2011 eng d a1439-043400aRoot and crown rot of Brazilian pine (Araucaria angustifolia) caused by Phytophthora cinnamomi0 aRoot and crown rot of Brazilian pine Araucaria angustifolia caus bBlackwell Publishing Ltd a194–1960 v1593 a

In an area reforested with Brazilian pine (Araucaria angustifolia) located in Paran√° State, southern Brazil, 20- to 40-year-old trees representing 0.2% of the surveyed area had symptoms of root and crown rot, yellowing and browning of leaves from the uppermost branches and death. Three Phytophthora isolates obtained from diseased plant tissue were tested against 1-year-old Brazilian pine seedlings and found to display positive pathogenicity. Based on their morphological and physiological characteristics, the isolates were identified as Phytophthora cinnamomi. A GenBank BLAST search of partial sequences from the β-tubulin and elongation factor-1α genes, as well as the ITS regions and 5.8S gene of rDNA, confirmed the species identification. This is the first report of the involvement of this pathogen on the aetiology of Brazilian pine root and crown rot.

10achromistan fungi10aforest pathology10afungal plant pathogen1 aSantos, A., F. dos1 aTessmann, Dauri, J1 aAlves, Tatiane, C A1 aVida, João, B1 aHarakava, Ricardo uhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0434.2010.01741.x01919nas a2200157 4500008004100000022001500041245008500056210007100141300001100212490000700223520142300230100002301653700001401676700001801690856005301708 2005 eng d a1982-5676 00aPhytophthora nicotianae: agente etiológico da gomose da acácia negra no Brasil0 aPhytophthora nicotianae agente etiológico da gomose da acácia ne a81–40 v303 a

A gomose, causada por Phytophthora sp., é a mais importante enfermidade da acácia-negra (Acacia mearnsii) no Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. A identificação específica permanecia indeterminada. Procurou-se, então, identificar a espécie de Phytophthora causadora desta doença no Rio Grande do Sul, usando características fisiomorfológicas e estudos moleculares baseados no seqüenciamento das regiões de Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS). A patogenicidade dos isolados estudados para a acácia-negra foi confirmada. Os estudos confirmaram Phytophthora nicotianae como a correta identidade dos isolados fitopatogênicos. Este é o primeiro relato de P. nicotianae em acácia-negra no Brasil.

Gummosis caused by Phytophthora sp. is the most important disease of black wattle (Acacia mearnsii) in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Isolates of Phytophthora sp. associated with diseased plants were obtained from Rio Grande do Sul and their pathogenicity was confirmed. In order to elucidate the correct identity of the fungus at the species level physiomorphological characteristics were determined and molecular studies were conducted based on sequences of Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) region. The fungus was identified as Phytophthora nicotianae. This is the first report of P. nicotianae on black wattle in Brazil.

1 aSantos, A., F. dos1 aLuz, EDMN1 aSouza, J., T. uhttps://doi.org/10.1590/s0100-41582005000100015 02559nas a2200145 4500008004100000245014900041210006900190260001600259300001200275490000700287520197400294100001302268700001902281856011302300 2016 eng d00aDieback and mortality of Nothofagus in Britain: ecology, pathogenicity and sporulation potential of the causal agent Phytophthora pseudosyringae0 aDieback and mortality of Nothofagus in Britain ecology pathogeni cJan-01-2016 a26 - 360 v653 a

Since 2009 extensive dieback and mortality of Nothofagus obliqua, associated with bleeding cankers on stems and branches, has been observed in the UK. The causal agent was identified as Phytophthora pseudosyringae, based on morphological and analysis of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences. Between 2011 and 2013, a survey assessed the frequency and nature of these P. pseudosyringae infections. Mature trees of Nothofagus with stem lesions caused by P. pseudosyringae were found across England, Scotland and Wales. Additional symptoms such as twig blight and leaf necrosis indicated that aerial infection was occurring. Besides N. obliqua, other hosts regularly encountered included Nothofagus alpina, Fagus sylvatica and Vaccinium myrtillus. In pathogenicity tests involving inoculation of logs, P. pseudosyringae was shown to be an aggressive bark pathogen of N. obliqua and F. sylvatica, but significantly less aggressive on N. alpina. Foliage susceptibility and sporulation tests showed marked differences between the six host species tested. Leaves of N. obliqua and V. myrtillus were highly susceptible. Leaves of N. alpina were moderately susceptible, those of Rhododendron ponticum slightly susceptible and those of F. sylvatica not susceptible at all. High levels of sporulation were observed only on inoculated N. obliqua and V. myrtillus leaves. This suggests that P. pseudosyringae may sporulate heavily on N. obliqua foliage in the field and that this inoculum initiates the aerial lesions observed on the shoots, branches and stems. The results also suggest that P. pseudosyringae has the potential to pose a serious threat to N. obliqua and other Nothofagus species in their Southern Hemisphere native ranges.

1 aScanu, B1 aWebber, J., F. uhttp://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/ppa.12399http://api.wiley.com/onlinelibrary/tdm/v1/articles/10.1111%2Fppa.1239902339nas a2200205 4500008004100000245012100041210006900162260001200231300001400243520168700257100001301944700001601957700002001973700002001993700001402013700001202027700001402039700001402053856006602067 2013 eng d00aA taxonomic re-evaluation reveals that Phytophthora cinnamomi and P. cinnamomi var. parvispora are separate species0 ataxonomic reevaluation reveals that Phytophthora cinnamomi and P c07/2013 an/a - n/a3 a

Between 2008 and 2011, severe dieback associated with root and collar rot was reported on Arbutus unedo in several sites in Sardinia, Italy. Isolations from infected tissues and rhizosphere soil samples consistently yielded a Phytophthora species. It was initially identified as Phytophthora cinnamomi var. parvispora Kröber and Marwitz by comparing morphological features with the original description and the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences with those present in GenBank. A multigene phylogeny based on DNA sequence data from two nuclear (ITS and β-tubulin) and two mitochondrial (cox1 and cox2) gene regions combined with extensive morphological and physiological properties of these isolates, including the ex-type culture of P. cinnamomi var. parvispora, demonstrates that this taxon is unique and it is redesignated here as Phytophthora parvispora sp. nov. Although morphologically similar to P. cinnamomi, P. parvispora differs by its smaller-sized sporangia, chlamydospores, oogonia and oospores, higher oospore wall index, single-celled antheridia, higher minimum and maximum temperatures for growth and faster growth at optimum temperature. In the phylogeny, P. parvispora falls within Phytophthora ITS clade 7a, grouped in a well-supported clade sister to P. cinnamomi. In pathogenicity tests, P. parvispora and P. cinnamomi were equally aggressive towards A. unedo seedlings. The possible geographic origin of P. parvispora is also discussed.

1 aScanu, B1 aHunter, G C1 aLinaldeddu, B T1 aFranceschini, A1 aMaddau, L1 aJung, T1 aDenman, S1 aAndrea, V uhttp://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/efp.12064/abstract01365nas a2200205 4500008004100000245007000041210006900111260001200180300001400192490000700206520076200213100001300975700002000988700002001008700001501028700001501043700001901058700001601077856006601093 2013 eng d00aOccurrence of Phytophthora cinnamomi in cork oak forests in Italy0 aOccurrence of Phytophthora cinnamomi in cork oak forests in Ital c08/2013 a340–3430 v433 a

An increasing decline and mortality of cork oak trees have been recently observed in central Italy and Sardinia Island. Following surveys conducted in three declining cork oak forests, a Phytophthora species was consistently isolated from soil samples collected from trees displaying different level of decline. Based on morphological features, growth rates at different temperatures and analysis of DNA sequences of the ITS region, all isolates were identified as Phytophthora cinnamomi Rands. This pathogen caused large brownish lesions on inoculated freshly cut branches of cork oak. It was re-isolated from all infected tissues. These findings represent the first report of P. cinnamomi on cork oak trees in Italy.

1 aScanu, B1 aLinaldeddu, B T1 aFranceschini, A1 aAnselmi, N1 aVannini, A1 aVettraino, A M1 aBelbahri, L uhttp://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/efp.12039/abstract01416nas a2200169 4500008004100000022001400041245010700055210006900162300001400231520086100245100001701106700001601123700002101139700001301160700001801173856005501191 2012 eng d a1439-032900aDetecting asymptomatic ink-diseased chestnut trees by the composition of the ectomycorrhizal community0 aDetecting asymptomatic inkdiseased chestnut trees by the composi an/a–n/a3 aThe research was performed in a new and isolated ink disease outbreak. Nine sweet chestnuts of comparable age, growing under same environmental and site conditions, and belonging to three phytosanitary classes (healthy, infected but asymptomatic and symptomatic) were randomly selected. Their ectomycorrhizal community was monitored during two periods, with regard to species abundance, to verify whether the community composition can be useful as an ink disease bioindicator. From the 216 samples, 29 ectomycorrhizal species were recorded, with abundances that changed with the health status of the tree. The results demonstrated that the mycorrhizal community composition was highly related to the ink disease level, allowing the consideration of the use of this parameter as a tool for the quick detection and control of the early stages of the disease.1 aScattolin, L1 aDal Maso, E1 aMutto Accordi, S1 aSella, L1 aMontecchio, L uhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0329.2012.00784.x04070nas a2200241 4500008004100000022001400041245008200055210006900137260001600206300002000222520335700242100001503599700001503614700001503629700002503644700001403669700001503683700001403698700002103712700001503733700001303748856006703761 2018 eng d a0191-291700aFirst Report of Phytophthora ramorum Causing Japanese Larch Dieback in France0 aFirst Report of Phytophthora ramorum Causing Japanese Larch Dieb cAug-08-2018 aPDIS-02-18-02883 a

Phytophthora ramorum Werres, De Cock & Man in’t Veld, an oomycete known in the United States as the causal agent of sudden oak death, has spread across Europe since the early 2000s. It is responsible for damage and death to a wide range of plant species, including mature trees. In 2009 it was identified on Japanese larch (Larix kaempferi) in southwest England (Webber et al. 2010), and since then it has caused severe damage and losses to Larix spp. in the United Kingdom and the Republic of Ireland. There are two lineages of the oomycete, EU1 and EU2, found in Europe (King et al. 2015), EU2 being the more aggressive. The symptoms on larch include necrosis and loss of needles, wilting of shoots, dieback of branches, and death, often with abundant resin bleeding on trunks and branches. As sporulating hosts, Larix spp. may disperse P. ramorum over long distances. In May 2017, wilting, yellowing/reddening needles, and branch mortality were observed on mature Larix kaempferi (about 50 years old) in the forest of Saint-Cadou, Finistère, in the far northwestern part of France (3°59′49.2″ W; 48°22′22.4″ N). Approximately, 27% of the trees were affected in May, and 42% later in September 2017. The presence of P. ramorum was suspected and was first confirmed by testing samples collected from trunks and branches with necrosis and resin bleeds, using the specific conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method developed by Ioos et al. (2006). The oomycete was also isolated in pure culture, using a Phytophthora selective medium (PARB[H]). The features observed, such as a coralloid mycelium, the presence of numerous thin-walled chlamydospores (up to 75 µm large), and deciduous, semipapillate sporangia arranged in clusters, matched those reported for P. ramorum. In June 2017, the presence of P. ramorum was confirmed in another larch stand in Hanvec, Finistère (4°12′45.0″ W; 48°20′10.8″ N), using the same identification techniques. In this stand, the prevalence was not precisely estimated but was deemed much lower than in Saint-Cadou. Based on the analysis of Cox1 partial sequence and the PCR restriction fragment length polymorphism pattern described by Van Poucke et al. (2012) on Cox1, the P. ramorum isolates collected in these two forests could be assigned to the EU1 lineage. This is the first report of P. ramorum affecting Japanese larch in France and in mainland Europe. Until now it had only been detected on shrubs in nurseries, green spaces, and in rare circumstances in the natural environment on understory vegetation (rhododendron) in Normandy and Brittany, but not in the vicinity of the infected larch stands. The presence of this pathogen in the natural environment represents a major threat for larch trees, but also for the other potential forest host trees in this region, such as sweet chestnut, and might have a severe impact on both forest and ornamental tree species. Research is in progress to learn more about this outbreak, the possible origin of the inoculum, the extension of the disease, and its progression.

1 aSchenck, N1 aSaurat, C.1 aGuinet, C.1 aFourrier-Jeandel, C.1 aRoche, L.1 aBouvet, A.1 aHusson, C1 aSaintonge, F.-X.1 aContal, C.1 aIoos, R. uhttps://apsjournals.apsnet.org/doi/10.1094/PDIS-02-18-0288-PDN01465nas a2200145 4500008004100000022001400041245011100055210006900166260002900235300001200264490000700276520096400283100001701247856005501264 2011 eng d a1365-233800aA duplex PCR method for the simultaneous identification of Phytophthora ramorum and Phytophthora kernoviae0 aduplex PCR method for the simultaneous identification of Phytoph bBlackwell Publishing Ltd a27–290 v413 a

Phytophthora ramorum and Phytophthora kernoviae are two fungus-like organisms affecting a wide range of hardy ornamental plants and trees. Emergency measures are implemented in the European Union for P. ramorum and aim to eradicate, or at least prevent the further spread of this harmful pathogen. Phytophthora kernoviae has so far been found only in New Zealand, the UK and Ireland, and is regulated on a UK level using the same measures as for P. ramorum. Both Phytophthora species have a similar host range and can be diagnosed using similar methods. Therefore a duplex PCR detection, based on the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions of the ribosomal DNA, was developed to enable simultaneous testing to reduce diagnostic times. The method was tested for its specificity and sensitivity, and on plant samples, and was shown to be reliable for identification of the two organisms.

1 aSchlenzig, A uhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2338.2010.02431.x02257nas a2200145 4500008004100000245010200041210006900143300001200212490000700224520170800231100001501939700001201954700001801966856012701984 2007 eng d00aInvolvement of Phytophthora species in the decline of beech Fagus sylvatica in Wallonia (Belgium)0 aInvolvement of Phytophthora species in the decline of beech Fagu a879-85.0 v723 a

During the last decade, typical symptoms of Phytophthora diseases were observed in beech stands of several European countries. The main symptoms were the presence of bleeding cankers on the stem, a low crown density as well as the yellowing of foliage and the small size of leaves. Several species of Phytophthora, such as Phytophthora citricola, P. cambivora and P. cactorum, were reported as the causal agents. In order to evaluate the implication of the different Phytophthora species in beech decline in the southern part of Belgium (Wallonia), a monitoring was undertaken with the help of managers of public and private forests. Phytophthora strains isolated from beech of different stands as well as from soil were characterized through morphological and molecular analyses (PCR-RFLP of ITS). All the isolated strains were identified as P. cambivora, except for one strain whose identification is ongoing. Molecular analysis was also directly applied to necrosed tissues of bleeding beeches and enabled the detection of additional cases. All positive cases exhibited a profile characteristic of the species P. cambivora, except for one of the sampled trees showing a different Phytophthora profile also corresponding to the unidentified isolated strain. Identification of the Phytophthora species linked to this different RFLP profile is also ongoing. Both complementation types (A1 and A2) of P. cambivora were identified, sometimes in the same sampling site. Ornamented oogonia characteristic of this species were produced by pairing A1 and A2 strains isolated from the same site.

1 aSchmitz, S1 aZini, J1 aChandelier, A uhttps://forestphytophthoras.org/references/involvement-phytophthora-species-decline-beech-fagus-sylvatica-wallonia-belgium02295nas a2200253 4500008004100000022001400041245017700055210006900232260001200301300001400313490000700327520139900334100001601733700001501749700001701764700001201781700001701793700001601810700002101826700002001847700002301867700001501890856013601905 1999 eng d a1437-478100aDetection and quantification of Phytophthora species which are associated with root-rot diseases in European deciduous forests by species-specific polymerase chain reaction0 aDetection and quantification of Phytophthora species which are a c06/1999 a169 - 1880 v293 a

Oligonucleotide primers were developed for the polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based detection of selected Phytophthora species which are known to cause root-rot diseases in European forest trees. The primer pair CITR1/CITR2, complementing both internal transcribed spacer regions of the ribosomal RNA genes, gave a 711 bp amplicon with Phytophthora citricola. The Phytophthora cambivora specific primer pair CAMB3/CAMB4, producing a 1105bp amplicon, as well as the Phytophthora quercina specific primer pair QUERC1/QUERC2, producing a 842 bp amplicon, were derived from randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD)-fragments presented in this paper. All three primer pairs revealed no undesirable cross-reaction with a diverse test collection of isolates including other Phytophthora species, Pythium, Xerocomus, Hebeloma, Russula, and Armillaria. Under the PCR conditions described the detection of a well discernable amplicon was possible down to 100 pg (P. cambivora), 4pg (P. quercina), and 2pg (P. citricola) target DNA. This diagnostic PCR system was able to detect P. citricola, P. quercina, and P. cambivora in seedlings of pendunculate oak (Quercus robur) and European beech (Fagus sylvatica) which were artificially infected under controlled conditions.

1 aSchubert, R1 aBahnweg, G1 aNechwatal, J1 aJung, T1 aCooke, D E L1 aDuncan, J M1 aMuller-Starck, G1 aLangebartels, C1 aSandermann, Jr2, H1 aOsswald, W uhttps://forestphytophthoras.org/references/detection-and-quantification-phytophthora-species-which-are-associated-root-rot-diseases02024nas a2200169 4500008004100000022001400041245009100055210006900146260001200215300001300227490000700240520151100247100001901758700001501777700002001792856004201812 2007 eng d a0191-291700aPhytophthora species associated with diseased woody ornamentals in Minnesota nurseries0 aPhytophthora species associated with diseased woody ornamentals  c01/2007 a97 - 1020 v913 a

Phytophthora species are responsible for causing extensive losses of ornamental plants worldwide. Recent international and national surveys for the detection of P. ramorum have led to the finding of previously undescribed Phytophthora species. Since no previous Phytophthora surveys have been carried out in Minnesota, surveys of ornamental nurseries were performed over 4 years to isolate and identify the Phytophthora species causing diseases of woody plants in Minnesota. Species were identified by direct sequencing of internal transcribed spacer (ITS) rDNA, β-tub, and mitochondrial coxI genes. Species associated with diseased ornamental plants include P. cactorum, P. cambivora, P. citricola, P. citrophthora, P. hedraiandra, P. megasperma, P. nicotianae, and the previously identified but undescribed taxon P. Pgchlamydo. The most common species encountered were P. cactorum, P. citricola, and P. citrophthora. Two additional isolates obtained did not match known species. One was similar to P. alni subsp. alni, and the other appeared to be a new species and is referred to as P. sp. MN1. In addition, species are reported for the first time from several hosts. Results indicated that several Phytophthora species were more widespread in the nursery industry than previously thought, and undescribed species were causing disease in Minnesota ornamental nurseries.

1 aSchwingle, B W1 aSmith, J A1 aBlanchette, R A uhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1094/PD-91-0097 01615nas a2200193 4500008004100000245014900041210006900190300001300259490000700272520096800279100001501247700001701262700001601279700001701295700001901312700002101331700001201352856005701364 2009 eng d00aPhytophthora multivora sp. nov., a new species recovered from declining Eucalyptus, Banksia, Agonis and other plant species in Western Australia0 aPhytophthora multivora sp nov a new species recovered from decli a1-13(13)0 v223 a

A new Phytophthora species, isolated from rhizosphere soil of declining or dead trees of Eucalyptus gomphocephala, E. marginata, Agonis flexuosa, and another 13 plant species, and from fine roots of E. marginata and collar lesions of Banksia attenuata in Western Australia, is described as Phytophthora multivora sp. nov. It is homothallic and produces semipapillate sporangia, smooth-walled oogonia containing thick-walled oospores, and paragynous antheridia. Although morphologically similar to P. citricola, phylogenetic analyses of the ITS and cox1 gene regions demonstrate that P. multivora is unique. Phytophthora multivora is pathogenic to bark and cambium of E. gomphocephala and E. marginata and is believed to be involved in the decline syndrome of both eucalypt species within the tuart woodland in south-west Western Australia.

1 aScott, P M1 aBurgess, T I1 aBarber, P A1 aShearer, B L1 aStukely, M J C1 aHardy, G.E.St.J.1 aJung, T uhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2789538/02914nas a2200205 4500008004100000022001400041245009700055210006900152260002900221300001400250490000700264520228600271100001502557700001202572700001702584700001602601700001402617700002202631856005502653 2011 eng d a1439-032900aPathogenicity of Phytophthora multivora to Eucalyptus gomphocephala and Eucalyptus marginata0 aPathogenicity of Phytophthora multivora to Eucalyptus gomphoceph bBlackwell Publishing Ltd a289–2980 v423 a

Phytophthora multivora is associated with the rhizosphere of declining Eucalyptus gomphocephala, Eucalyptus marginata and Agonis flexuosa. Two pathogenicity experiments were conducted. The first experiment examined the pathogenicity of five P. multivora isolates and one Phytophthora cinnamomi isolate on the root systems of E. gomphocephala and one P. multivora isolate on the root system of E. marginata. In the second experiment, the pathogenicity of P. multivora to E. gomphocephala and E. marginata saplings was measured using under-bark stem inoculation. In Experiment 1, the P. cinnamomi isolate was more aggressive than all P. multivora isolates causing significant loss of fine roots and plant death. Two P. multivora isolates and the P. cinnamomi isolate caused significant losses of E. gomphocephala fine roots 0-2 mm in diameter and significantly reduced the surface area of roots 0-1 mm in diameter. One P. multivora and the P. cinnamomi isolate significantly reduced the surface area of roots 1-2 mm in diameter. Two of the P. multivora isolates significantly reduced the number of E. gomphocephala root tips. In E. marginata, the length and surface area of roots 0-1 mm in diameter and number of root tips were significantly reduced by P. multivora infestation. Rhizosphere infestation with the P. multivora isolates and P. cinnamomi isolate on E. gomphocephala, and one P. multivora isolate on E. marginata, did not significantly influence the foliar nutrient concentrations. In Experiment 2, under-bark inoculation with P. multivora caused significant lesion extension in E. gomphocephala and E. marginata saplings, compared to the control. We propose that P. multivora is inciting E. gomphocephala and E. marginata decline by causing fine root loss and subsequently interfering with nutrient cycling throughout the plant. The impact of fine root loss on the physiology of plants in sites infested with P. multivora requires further research.

1 aScott, P M1 aJung, T1 aShearer, B L1 aBarber, P A1 aCalver, M1 aHardy, St., G E J uhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0329.2011.00753.x02311nas a2200133 4500008004100000245004900041210004900090300001000139490000700149520191500156100001702071700001902088856007002107 2014 eng d00aPhytophthora diseases in New Zealand forests0 aPhytophthora diseases in New Zealand forests a14-210 v593 a

This article provides a brief overview of the status of Phytophthora diseases in New Zealand forests. Recent outbreaks of Phytophthora diseases internationally and within these forests, including Red Needle Cast of Pinus radiata caused by Phytophthora pluvialis and Agathis australis (kauri) dieback caused by Phytophthora taxon Agathis (PTA), have highlighted the biosecurity threat these species pose to New Zealand. In isolated cases, Red Needle Cast has impacted P. radiata plantations through the premature defoliation of mature needles. Kauri dieback, caused by Phytophthora taxon Agathis, has resulted in devastating disease within some sites. Preliminary research indicates that both these diseases will respond to treatment with phosphite, consistent with current international Phytophthora management. Ongoing research into Red Needle Cast, Phytophthora taxon Agathis induced kauri dieback and other Phytophthora diseases within P. radiata and kauri is focusing on understanding the epidemiology of the diseases, the chemical and genetic mechanisms of resistance, and also screening for durable resistance to multiple Phytophthora species. Many other Phytophthora pathogens have been identified within New Zealand. These have not been found to cause serious disease in native or exotic forest systems, despite some being known to cause diseases of great consequence internationally. Significant examples include P. cinnamomi, P. multivora and P. kernoviae. As a result of increased global movement of plant material, New Zealand’s and other international forests are vulnerable to new Phytophthora diseases. However, through the world’s best practice adaptive management the threat and impacts of these diseases can be reduced.

1 aScott, Peter1 aWilliams, Nari uhttp://www.nzjf.org/abstract.php?volume_issue=j59_2&first_page=1400392nas a2200121 4500008004100000245003100041210003100072260007500103300001100178490002700189100001300216856004100229 1928 eng d00aCoconut bud rot in Florida0 aCoconut bud rot in Florida bUniversity of Florida, Agricultural Experiment Station, Gainsville, FL a87 pp.0 vTechnical Bulletin 1991 aSeal, JL uhttp://ufdc.ufl.edu/UF00027165/0000103910nas a2200193 4500008004100000022001400041245009700055210006900152260001200221300001400233490000700247520333100254100001303585700001503598700002003613700002003633700001303653856005003666 2014 eng d a0191-291700aDieback and Mortality of Pinus radiata Trees in Italy Associated with Phytophthora cryptogea0 aDieback and Mortality of Pinus radiata Trees in Italy Associated c01/2014 a159 - 1590 v983 a

Pinus radiata D. Don is a forest tree species native to the Monterey Baja in California. Due to its rapid growth and desirable lumber and pulp qualities, between 1960 and 1980, about 12,000 ha of P. radiata were planted in Sardinia, Italy. The only disease reported on this conifer species has been Diplodia pinea, which causes tip and branch dieback (3). In January 2012, dieback and mortality of 25-year-old radiata pine trees were observed in a reforestation area of about 20 ha located in northern Sardinia (40°43′N, 9°22′E, 600 m a.s.l.). Symptoms included chlorosis, reddish-brown discoloration of the whole crown or dieback starting in the upper crown and progressing downward through the crown, and necrotic bark tissues at root collar. Approximately 25% of the trees were affected. In a first attempt, a Phytophthora species was consistently isolated from the rhizosphere of 23 symptomatic trees, which included necrotic fine roots using oak leaves as bait (4). Afterwards, it was also isolated from phloem samples taken from the margins of fresh lesions at the stem base and upper roots of affected trees using synthetic mucor agar medium (1). Isolation from soil samples of six healthy pine trees randomly selected in the site did not yield any Phytophthora isolate. On carrot agar (CA), Phytophthora colonies were stellate to slightly radiate with limited aerial mycelium. Sporangia were obpiryform, non-papillate, and non-caducous, measuring 46.9 to 51.2 × 29.1 to 32.6 μm (l:b ratio 1.9). Hyphal swellings were formed in chains or clusters; chlamydospores were not observed. These isolates had cardinal temperatures of <5°C, 25°C, and 35°C, respectively. Their morphological and cultural features were typical of Phytophthora cryptogea Pethybridge & Lafferty. They were heterothallic and produced oogonia with amphyginous antheridia when paired with an A2 mating type tester strain of P. cryptogea. This identity was corroborated by sequence analysis of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of the rDNA. BLAST searches showed 99% homology with sequences of P. cryptogea available in GenBank (DQ479410 and HQ697245). The ITS sequence of a representative isolate (PH101) was submitted to GenBank (Accession Nos. KC603895). The strain PH101 was stored in the culture collection of the Department of Agriculture at the University of Sassari. Pathogenicity of isolate PH101 was verified by inoculating five freshly cut logs of radiata pine (1 m long and 15 cm diam.) with a 5-mm agar plug taken from the margin of 4-day-old culture grown on CA (4). The plug was inserted in a 5-mm hole made through the bark with a cork borer. Five control logs were inoculated with sterile CA. All logs were incubated in a growth chamber at 20°C. Phloem lesion sizes were assessed after 1 month and measured 9.7 ± 5.5 cm2 (average ± standard deviation). Control logs had no lesions. The pathogen was re-isolated from the lesions, thus fulfilling Koch's postulates. P. cryptogea has been previously reported in Australia, causing decline of radiata pine trees in wet and flooded soils (2). To our knowledge, this is the first report of P. cryptogea on P. radiata trees in Europe.

1 aSechi, C1 aSeddaiu, S1 aLinaldeddu, B T1 aFranceschini, A1 aScanu, B uhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-05-13-0572-PDN04806nas a2200157 4500008004100000022001400041245013300055210006900188260001600257300000900273490000800282520425600290100001504546700002004561856006704581 2020 eng d a0191-291700aFirst Report of Phytophthora acerina, P. plurivora, and P. pseudocryptogea Associated with Declining Common Alder Trees in Italy0 aFirst Report of Phytophthora acerina P plurivora and P pseudocry cApr-17-2020 a18740 v1043 a

Since the early 1990s, common alder (Alnus glutinosa) trees showing a variety of symptoms such as a partial or complete canopy dieback, reddening of foliage, and bleeding cankers at the collar and lower stem were observed in several torrential mountain streams in Sardinia (Italy). In order to clarify the etiology of the symptoms observed, three riparian alder stands along three streams in northern Sardinia were surveyed in the spring of 2017. In each stand a 100-m-long transect was established, and 10 symptomatic alder trees per transect were sampled for Phytophthora species. Phytophthora isolations from 30 rhizosphere samples (300 g of soil and roots) collected around the selected alder trees and 30 inner bark samples taken from the margin of active lesions at the collar region of the same trees were performed as described by Linaldeddu et al. (2020). Disease incidence among transects ranged from 81 to 97%. Based on colony growth patterns on carrot agar (CA), morphological features of sporangia and sequence analysis of the internal transcribed spacer region (ITS1-5.8S-ITS2) of rDNA, the 40 Phytophthora isolates obtained were identified as Phytophthora acerina (seven isolates with ovoid sporangia measuring 48.9 × 33.1 μm), P. plurivora (24 isolates with ovoid sporangia measuring 50.1 × 32.9 μm), and P. pseudocryptogea (nine isolates with ellipsoid sporangia measuring 44.8 × 26.9 μm). For all Phytophthora species, BLAST searches in GenBank showed 100% identity with reference sequences of representative isolates including those of ex-type cultures (JX951285, FJ665225, and KP288376). The ITS sequence of a representative isolate of each species was deposited in GenBank (P. acerina MN589653, P. plurivora MN589655, and P. pseudocryptogea MN589656). The representative isolates were stored at 10°C under water at the Culture Collection of the University of Padova. The pathogenicity of the representative isolate of each Phytophthora species was evaluated by inoculating five 3-year-old common alder seedlings per isolate. For each seedling a plastic beaker was positioned and sealed at the base of the stem, filled with 130 ml of pond water, and inoculated with 10 agar-mycelium plugs (10 mm) cut from the margin of a 5-day-old CA colony. The water of five control plants was inoculated with sterile CA plugs. Plants were kept in a laboratory at 25°C and watered regularly for 4 weeks. At the end of the experiment, all inoculated plants were symptomatic and displayed reddened to browned leaves and dark brown lesions on the inner bark. The three Phytophthora species were successfully reisolated from symptomatic inner bark tissues of the stem of all plants, fulfilling Koch’s postulates. No disease symptoms were detected on control seedlings, and no Phytophthora species were isolated. The pathogenicity test was conducted twice. P. plurivora was the dominant species and the only species obtained from stem cankers and rhizosphere samples in all sites. This species is regarded as native to Europe and known as an aggressive pathogen of A. glutinosa (Aday Kaya et al. 2018; Haque et al. 2014). P. acerina and P. pseudocryptogea were obtained from both bleeding cankers and rhizosphere samples in two sites. All three Phytophthora species are reported for the first time to be associated with declining common alder trees in Italy, and for the first time the pathogenicity of P. acerina and P. pseudocryptogea has been demonstrated on A. glutinosa. The widespread occurrence and virulence of these Phytophthora species represents a serious threat to riparian alder ecosystems in Sardinia.

1 aSeddaiu, S1 aLinaldeddu, B T uhttps://apsjournals.apsnet.org/doi/10.1094/PDIS-01-20-0186-PDN02460nas a2200193 4500008004100000022001400041245016800055210006900223260001600292520173200308100002202040700002002062700003102082700002402113700001702137700002302154700002302177856006602200 2019 eng d a0031-949X00aA microsatellite analysis identifies global pathways of movement of Phytophthora cinnamomi and the likely sources of wildland infestations in California and Mexico0 amicrosatellite analysis identifies global pathways of movement o cJun-05-20193 a

The genetic structure of a sample of isolates of the oomycete plant pathogen Phytophthora cinnamomi from natural and agricultural outbreaks, and the long-distance movement of individual genotypes, were studied using four microsatellite markers genotyped for 159 isolates of Californian, Mexican, and worldwide origin. Allelic profiles identified 75 multilocus genotypes; STRUCTURE analysis placed them in three groups characterized by different geographic and host ranges, different genic and genotypic diversity, and different reproductive modes. When relationships among genotypes were visualized on a minimum spanning network (MSN), genotypes belonging to the same STRUCTURE group were contiguous with rare exceptions. A putatively ancestral Group 1 has high genic diversity, includes all A1 mating type isolates and all Papuan isolates in the sample, was rarely isolated from natural settings in California and Mexico, and was positioned at the center of the MSN. Putatively younger Groups 2 and 3 had lower genic diversity, were both neighbors to Group 1 but formed two distinct peripherical sectors of the MSN, and were equally present in agricultural commodities and natural settings in Mexico and California. A few genotypes, especially in Group 2 and 3, were isolated multiple times in different locations and settings. The presence of identical genotypes from the same hosts in different continents indicates that long-distance human-mediated movement of P. cinnamomi has occurred. The presence of identical genotypes at high frequency in neighboring wildlands and agricultural settings suggests that specific commodities may have been the source of recent wild infestations caused by novel invasive genotypes.

1 aSerrano, Maria, S1 aOsmundson, Todd1 aAlmaraz-Sanchez, Alejandra1 aCroucher, Peter, JP1 aSwiecki, Ted1 aAlvarado, Dionisio1 aGarbelotto, Matteo uhttps://apsjournals.apsnet.org/doi/10.1094/PHYTO-03-19-0102-R01646nas a2200205 4500008004100000022001400041245010400055210006900159260002900228300001400257490000700271520099400278100001701272700001501289700001901304700001801323700002601341700001801367856005501385 2012 eng d a1439-032900aSusceptibility to Phytophthora cinnamomi of the commonest morphotypes of Holm oak in southern Spain0 aSusceptibility to Phytophthora cinnamomi of the commonest morpho bBlackwell Publishing Ltd a345–3470 v423 a

The four main morphotypes of Holm oak (Quercus ilex subsp. ballota) present in Andalusia (expansa, macrocarpa, microcarpa and rotundifolia) were infected with Phytophthora cinnamomi to determine their susceptibility to the root pathogen. No large differences were found among the four morphotypes in the infection of roots, which always showed a high degree of necrosis. However, the different responses of the foliage to infection separated the four morphotypes of Holm oak into three groups: very susceptible (microcarpa), susceptible (expansa) and moderately susceptible (rotundifolia and macrocarpa). The natural hybrid Q.ilex ballota-Q.faginea exhibited a low level of root and foliar symptoms when infected with P.cinnamomi. Quercus faginea could be considered as a source of resistance to P.cinnamomi in future breeding programmes.

1 aSerrano, M S1 aDe Vita, P1 aCarbonero, M D1 aFernández, F1 aFernández-Rebollo, P1 aSánchez, M E uhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0329.2011.00758.x02395nas a2200313 4500008004100000022001400041245012600055210006900181260001600250300001600266490000800282520142500290100002801715700001701743700001901760700001801779700002401797700002701821700002201848700002201870700001801892700001801910700001701928700001801945700001701963700001901980700001601999856006602015 2018 eng d a0191-291700aAn Overview of Canadian Research Activities on Diseases Caused by Phytophthora ramorum: Results, Progress, and Challenges0 aOverview of Canadian Research Activities on Diseases Caused by P cJan-07-2018 a1218 - 12330 v1023 a

International trade and travel are the driving forces behind the spread of invasive plant pathogens around the world, and human-mediated movement of plants and plant products is now generally accepted as the primary mode of their introduction, resulting in huge disturbance to ecosystems and severe socio-economic impact. These problems are exacerbated under the present conditions of rapid climatic change. We report an overview of the Canadian research activities on Phytophthora ramorum. Since the first discovery and subsequent eradication of P. ramorum on infected ornamentals in nurseries in Vancouver, British Columbia, in 2003, a research team of Canadian government scientists representing the Canadian Forest Service, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, and Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada worked together over a 10-year period and have significantly contributed to many aspects of research and risk assessment on this pathogen. The overall objectives of the Canadian research efforts were to gain a better understanding of the molecular diagnostics of P. ramorum, its biology, host-pathogen interactions, and management options. With this information, it was possible to develop pest risk assessments and evaluate the environmental and economic impact and future research needs and challenges relevant to P. ramorum and other emerging forest Phytophthora spp.

1 aShamoun, Simon, Francis1 aRioux, Danny1 aCallan, Brenda1 aJames, Delano1 aHamelin, Richard, C1 aBilodeau, Guillaume, J1 aElliott, Marianne1 aLévesque, André1 aBecker, Elisa1 aMcKenney, Dan1 aPedlar, John1 aBailey, Karen1 aBrière, S C1 aNiquidet, Kurt1 aAllen, Eric uhttps://apsjournals.apsnet.org/doi/10.1094/PDIS-11-17-1730-FE01206nas a2200157 4500008004100000245008200041210006900123260028100192300001000473520022800483100002500711700003100736700002500767700003100792856022500823 2002 eng d00aSudden oak death, a science symposium: the state of our knowledge (abstracts)0 aSudden oak death a science symposium the state of our knowledge  aMonterey, CaliforniabU.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station, University of California, Integrated Hardwood and Range Management Program, Center for Forestry, Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Berkeley, Californiac2002 a98 pp3 a

Conference Purpose A Symposium designed to bring together a broad array of the scientific community from throughout the world working on Phytophthora ramorum and the phenomena known as “Sudden Oak Death”

1 aShea, Dr. Patrick, J1 aStandiford, Dr. Richard, B1 aShea, Dr. Patrick, J1 aStandiford, Dr. Richard, B uhttp://www.suddenoakdeath.org/?bibliography=a-survey-of-sudden-oak-death-in-native-california-forest-and-woodland-communities-relating-incidence-and-intensity-of-phytophthora-ramorum-to-plant-community-and-site-variables02678nas a2200145 4500008004100000245014400041210006900185300001400254490001100268520212800279100001702407700001502424700001602439856007702455 2004 eng d00aQuantification of the susceptibility of the native flora of the South-West Botanical Province, Western Australia, to Phytophthora cinnamomi0 aQuantification of the susceptibility of the native flora of the  a435 - 4430 v52 (4)3 a

This study compares, for the first time, variation in estimates of susceptibility of native flora to Phytophthora cinnamomi Rands among four databases and proposes an estimate of the proportion of the flora of the South-West Botanical Province of Western Australia that is susceptible to the pathogen. Estimates of the susceptibility of south-western native flora to P. cinnamomi infection were obtained from databases for Banksia woodland of the Swan Coastal Plain, jarrah (Eucalyptus marginata Donn. ex Smith) forest, the Stirling Range National Park and Rare and Threatened Flora of Western Australia. For the woodland, forest and national park databases, hosts were naturally infected in uncontrolled diverse natural environments. In contrast, threatened flora were artificially inoculated in a shadehouse environment. Considerable variation occurred within taxonomic units, making occurrence within family and genus poor predictors of species susceptibility. Identification of intra-specific resistance suggests that P. cinnamomi could be having a strong selection pressure on some threatened flora at infested sites and the populations could shift to more resistant types. Similar estimates of the proportion of species susceptible to P. cinnamomi among the databases from the wide range of environments suggests that a realistic estimate of species susceptibility to P. cinnamomi infection in the south-western region has been obtained. The mean of 40% susceptible and 14% highly susceptible equates to 2284 and 800 species of the 5710 described plant species in the South-West Botanical Province susceptible and highly susceptible to P. cinnamomi, respectively. Such estimates are important for determining the cost of disease to conservation values and for prioritising disease importance and research priorities. P. cinnamomi in south-western Australia is an unparalleled example of an introduced pathogen with a wide host range causing immense irreversible damage to unique, diverse but mainly susceptible plant communities.

1 aShearer, B L1 aCrane, C E1 aCochrane, A uhttp://www.publish.csiro.au.proxy.library.oregonstate.edu/?paper=BT0313102317nas a2200181 4500008004100000245011400041210006900155260001600224300001400240490000700254520173800261100002001999700001902019700002002038700002002058700001902078856003802097 2018 eng d00aEffects of temperature on germination of sporangia, infection and protein secretion by Phytophthora kernoviae0 aEffects of temperature on germination of sporangia infection and cJan-04-2018 a719 - 7280 v673 a

Phytophthora kernoviae is a pathogen on a wide range of plants, but little is known of optimal infection conditions. Rhododendron ponticum leaves were inoculated with six different isolates of P. kernoviae sporangia and incubated at different temperatures from 10 to 28 °C. After 1 week, lesion development and pathogen recovery were only observed from all isolates at 15 and 20 °C and a few isolates at 10 °C. In an experiment with temperatures ranging from 20 to 25 °C, lesion development and pathogen recovery on R. ponticum, Magnolia stellata and Viburnum tinus occurred consistently at 20 and 21 °C, was limited at 22 °C, and did not occur at 23 °C and above. There was no difference in sporangia and zoospore germination at 20–25 °C. In a temperature fluctuation experiment, the necrotic area of inoculated R. ponticum leaves increased with longer incubation at 20 °C and decreased with longer incubation at 24 °C. Crude extracts of secreted proteins from P. kernoviae cultures grown at 20 and 24 °C were compared to determine any effects of temperature on pathogenicity. When spot tested on R. ponticum leaves, crude protein suspensions from cultures grown at 20 °C induced necrosis, while proteins from cultures grown at 24 °C did not. Proteomic analysis confirmed that a 10 kDa protein secreted at both 20 and 24 °C shared sequence homology to the conserved domains of known elicitins of other Phytophthora spp. The protein secreted at 20 °C that was responsible for necrosis has not been identified.

1 aShelley, B., A.1 aLuster, D., G.1 aGarrett, W., M.1 aMcMahon, M., B.1 aWidmer, T., L. uhttps://doi.org/10.1111/ppa.1278201857nas a2200121 4500008004100000245009600041210006900137300001400206490000800220520144000228100002001668856004701688 2011 eng d00aA test system to quantify inoculum in runoff from Phytophthora ramorum-infected plant roots0 atest system to quantify inoculum in runoff from Phytophthora ram a1457-14640 v1013 a

Foliar hosts of Phytophthora ramorum are often susceptible to root infection but the epidemiological significance of such infections is unknown. A standardized test system was developed to quantify inoculum in runoff from root-infected Viburnum tinus ‘Spring Bouquet’ or Rhododendron ‘Cunningham’s White’ cuttings. Cuttings of both species gave off a maximum amount of inoculum 1 to 3 weeks after inoculation. The greatest amount of inoculum was recovered from Viburnum roots that were 48 to 70 days old at the time of inoculation, or roots incubated at 15 to 20°C rather than 25°C. Inoculum in runoff from inoculated Viburnum roots was similar for four different isolates of P. ramorum representing both the NA1 and EU1 lineages. When Rhododendron cuttings were inoculated with P. ramorum, P. citricola, or P. cactorum, inoculum of all three pathogens was recovered from runoff, with the highest amount recovered from plants inoculated with P. citricola, followed by the other two. Compared with the other two pathogens, P. ramorum colonized root tissue to a smaller extent. The epidemiology of root infection by P. ramorum is important in itself but the assay might lend itself for use in risk analysis for root infection of other plant species and evaluation of control measures, and also shed light on other root-infecting Phytophthora spp.

1 aShishkoff, Nina uhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1094/PHYTO-09-10-026002115nas a2200193 4500008004100000245007200041210006900113260001300182300001200195490000700207520156400214100001501778700001601793700001901809700001501828700001901843700001601862856004301878 2015 eng d00aAction of fosetyl-al and metalaxyl against Phytophthora austrocedri0 aAction of fosetylal and metalaxyl against Phytophthora austroced cJan 2016 a54–660 v463 a

Fosetyl-Al and metalaxyl, the most commonly used systemic fungicides against Phytophthora, were evaluated for their efficacy to control Phytophthora austrocedri, the pathogen that causes a serious disease at the Austrocedrus chilensis forests in Patagonia. The effect of the chemicals on pathogen development in vitro and in planta was analysed. Both chemicals were shown to protect plants from the pathogen. In vitro assays showed that asexual reproduction was sensitive to both chemicals. However, mycelial growth and sexual reproduction, which were clearly sensitive to metalaxyl, were sensitive only to high concentrations of fosetyl-Al. Fosetyl-Al and metalaxyl had almost the same efficacy when applied preventively by soil drench to seedlings. This difference between in vitro and in planta results can be attributed to the dual action of fosetyl-Al, not only inhibiting the pathogen but also stimulating host defence. In adult trees, preventive and curative treatments were tested, but only the fosetyl-Al preventive treatment was effective in the assayed conditions. Interestingly, seedlings pretreated with both fungicides were less susceptible to the effectors secreted by the pathogen. Our results indicate that fosetyl-Al and metalaxyl provide some resistance to the plant besides the fungistatic direct action on the pathogen. Further studies to elucidate a possible resistance-inducing activity of these chemicals and the mechanisms involved are underway.

1 aSilva, P V1 aVélez, M L1 aOtaño, D., H.1 aNuñez, C.1 aGreslebin, A G1 aOsswald, W. uhttp://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/efp.1221601898nas a2200205 4500008004100000022001400041245010100055210006900156260001600225300001400241490000800255520122600263100002401489700001601513700001601529700002601545700002801571700002301599856007001622 2018 eng d a0191-291700aPhytophthora Contamination in a Nursery and Its Potential Dispersal into the Natural Environment0 aPhytophthora Contamination in a Nursery and Its Potential Disper cJan-01-2018 a132 - 1390 v1023 a

A detailed site investigation of a eucalypt nursery suffering disease losses revealed the causal agent to be Phytophthora boodjera. The pathogen was detected in vegetation surrounding the nursery production area, including the lawn, under the production benches during the growing season, and, most importantly, from plant debris in used trays. However, it was not found in the container substrate, water supplies, or production equipment or on the workers themselves. The sterilization methods used by the nursery were shown to be ineffective, indicating that a more rigorous method was required. Boiling trays for 15 min or steaming at 65°C for 60 min eradicated P. boodjera. This pathogen was more pathogenic to the eucalypts tested in their early seedling stage than P. cinnamomi. Tracing of out-planting to revegetation sites showed that P. boodjera was able to spread into the environment. Dispersal via out-planting to native vegetation may affect seedling recruitment and drive long-term shifts in native plant species. Inadequate nursery hygiene increases the risk of an outbreak and can limit the success of biosecurity efforts as well as damage conservation efforts.

1 aSimamora, Agnes, V.1 aPaap, Trudy1 aHoward, Kay1 aStukely, Michael, J C1 aHardy, Giles, E. St. J.1 aBurgess, Treena, I uhttps://apsjournals.apsnet.org/doi/abs/10.1094/PDIS-05-17-0689-RE04183nas a2200181 4500008004100000022001400041245010600055210006900161260001700230300001400247490000800261520361500269100001703884700001403901700001503915700001903930856005203949 2015 eng d a0027-551400aThe Phytophthora species assemblage and diversity in riparian alder ecosystems of western Oregon, USA0 aPhytophthora species assemblage and diversity in riparian alder  cOctober 2015 a889 - 9020 v1073 a

Phytophthora species were systematically sampled, isolated, identified and compared for presence in streams, soil and roots of alder (Alnus species) dominated riparian ecosystems in western Oregon. We describe the species assemblage and evaluate Phytophthora diversity associated with alder. We recovered 1250 isolates of 20 Phytophthora species. Only three species were recovered from all substrates (streams, soil, alder roots): P. gonapodyides, the informally described “P. taxon Pgchlamydo”, and P. siskiyouensis. P. alni ssp. uniformis along with five other species not previously recovered in Oregon forests are included in the assemblage: P.citricola s.l., P. gregata, P. gallica, P. nicotianae and P. parsiana. Phytophthora species diversity was greatest in down- stream riparian locations. There was no significant difference in species diversity comparing soil and unwashed roots (the rhizosphere) to stream water. There was a difference between the predominating species from the rhizosphere compared to stream water. The most numerous species was the informally described “P. taxon Oaksoil”, which was mainly recovered from, and most predominant in, stream water. The most common species from riparian forest soils and alder root systems was P. gonapodyides.

1 aSims, L., L.1 aSutton, W1 aReeser, P.1 aHansen, E., M. uhttp://www.mycologia.org/cgi/doi/10.3852/14-25502219nas a2200133 4500008004100000245014400041210006900185260001600254300001100270520167700281100002001958700002301978856008402001 2018 eng d00aSusceptibility to the rare Phytophthora tentaculata and to the widespread Phytophthora cactorum is consistent with host ecology and history0 aSusceptibility to the rare Phytophthora tentaculata and to the w cApr-05-2020 ae124463 a

We evaluated the susceptibility of three California endemic plant species Heteromeles arbutifolia, Platanus racemosa and Quercus agrifolia to the two congeneric soilborne pathogen species: Phytophthora tentaculata and Phytophthora cactorum. These pathogens were recently introduced in ecosystems east of the San Francisco Bay, where the three plant species above are dominant. Phytophthora cactorum has a worldwide distribution inclusive of California, and a broad host range. Phytophthora tentaculata, in contrast, is suspected to be a “new” exotic to California and has been described on relatively few hosts. By separately challenging the roots and the stems of the three plant species above, we show that: (a) Both were equally pathogenic, but the type of disease differed based on host; (b) disease was consistent with host ecology and with previous disease reports, even if caused by different Phytophthora spp. and; (c) there were intraspecific differences in virulence. This study provides the following significant information regarding the management and early modelling of polyphagous soilborne Phytophthoras: (a) Endemic species can be as problematic as recently introduced exotics. (b) Multiple introductions should be avoided due to varying virulence levels among genotypes. (c) Riparian species like P. racemosa may develop disease tolerance in their root systems, but remain susceptible in their aerial portions, and thus, diseases could be facilitated by flooding or splash of infectious structures of soilborne pathogens onto aerial plant portions.

1 aSims, Laura, L.1 aGarbelotto, Matteo uhttps://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/efp.12446?campaign=wolearlyview02235nas a2200181 4500008004100000022001400041245007400055210006900129260001600198300001200214490000700226520169600233100001601929700001801945700001901963700002001982856005102002 2015 eng d a0029-344X00aAlder Canopy Dieback and Damage in Western Oregon Riparian Ecosystems0 aAlder Canopy Dieback and Damage in Western Oregon Riparian Ecosy cJan-01-2015 a34 - 460 v893 a

We gathered baseline data to assess alder tree damage in western Oregon riparian ecosystems. We sought to determine if Phytophthora-type cankers found in Europe or the pathogen Phytophthora alni subsp. alni, which represent a major threat to alder forests in the Pacific Northwest, were present in the study area. Damage was evaluated in 88 transects; information was recorded on damage type (pathogen, insect or wound) and damage location. We evaluated 1445 red alder (Alnus rubra), 682 white alder (Alnus rhombifolia) and 181 thinleaf alder (Alnus incana spp. tenuifolia) trees. We tested the correlation between canopy dieback and canker symptoms because canopy dieback is an important symptom of Phytophthora disease of alder in Europe. We calculated the odds that alder canopy dieback was associated with Phytophthora-type cankers or other biotic cankers. P. alni subsp. alni (the causal agent of alder disease in Europe) was not identified in western Oregon; however, Phytophthora siskiyouensis was isolated from Phytophthora-type cankers which were present on 2% of red alder trees and 3% of white alder trees. The odds of canopy dieback were 5.4 and 4.8 times greater for red and white alder (respectively) with Phytophthora-type canker symptoms than in trees without such cankers. The percentage of trees with canopy dieback was 51%, 32%, and 10% for red, white, and thinleaf alder respectively. Other common damage included wounding, foliar pathogens and insects on red alder. This is the first report of Phytophthora canker of alder in United States forests and first report of P. siskiyouensis isolation from alder in forests anywhere.

1 aSims, Laura1 aGoheen, Ellen1 aKanaskie, Alan1 aHansen, Everett uhttp://www.bioone.org/doi/10.3955/046.089.010303635nas a2200121 4500008004100000245007400041210006900115260001200184490001000196520325300206100001603459856003803475 2013 eng d00aPhytophthora species and riparian alder tree damage in western Oregon0 aPhytophthora species and riparian alder tree damage in western O c02/20140 vPh.D.3 a

The genus Phytophthora contains some of the most destructive pathogens of forest trees, including the most destructive pathogen of alder in recent times, Phytophthora alni. Alder trees were reported to be suffering from canopy dieback in riparian ecosystems in western Oregon, which prompted a survey of alder health and monitoring for P. alni. In 2010 surveys in western Oregon riparian ecosystems were initiated to gather baseline data on damage and on the Phytophthora species associated with alder. Damage was recorded and analyzed from transects containing alder trees with canopy dieback symptoms according to damage type: (1) pathogen, (2) insect, or (3) wound. Phytophthora species from western Oregon riparian ecosystems were systematically sampled, isolated, identified, stored and compared. Koch's Postulates were evaluated for three key Phytophthora species recovered: P. alni, P. siskiyouensis and P. taxon Oaksoil, and alder disease in the western United States was described. Then, the ecological role of the most abundant Phytophthora species from streams was evaluated. The data indicated that many of the same agents reported causing damage to alder trees in the western United States were also damaging alder trees in western Oregon including the alder flea beetle, sawflies, flood debris, Septoria alnifolia, and Mycopappus alni. The most important damage correlated with canopy dieback was incidence of Phytophthora cankers, and isolation of Phytophthora siskiyouensis. In the initial systematic survey of Phytophthora species, 1190 individual Phytophthora isolates were recovered but were of many different species. In the survey of alder roots, P. alni subsp. uniformis was one of the species recovered from necrotic red alder roots, but overall incidence was low; it was isolated four times. From the evaluation of Koch's postulates, Phytophthora canker of alder in the western United States was described, and is a bole canker caused by Phytophthora. Phytophthora canker of alder was only found caused by P. siskiyouensis in nature, and it was isolated 74 times. Isolation was mainly from bole cankers and diseased roots on red and white alder, and from water and alder leaf debris floating in the stream. The most abundant Phytophthora species associated with red alder is an informally described species P. taxon Oaksoil, which appears to be a relatively benign aquatic saprotroph of alder leaf debris. Canopy dieback was more prevalent in riparian alder trees from transects with P. siskiyouensis than from transects with P. taxon Oaksoil but without P. siskiyouensis (70% and 35%, respectively). The informally described P. taxon Oaksoil from western Oregon is formally described here as P. obrutafolium sp. nov., closely related to P. bilorbang from western Australia, and P. taxon Oaksoil ss from an oak forest in France. In summary, other agents besides Phytophthora can damage alder trees in western Oregon. Many Phytophthora species associate with alder in western Oregon but not all of them are important damaging agents of alder. However, Phytophthora canker of alder is widespread in western Oregon. In the United States, Phytophthora canker of alder has only been found to be caused by P. siskiyouensis.

1 aSims, Laura uhttp://hdl.handle.net/1957/46441 00622nas a2200181 4500008004100000245008000041210006900121260002100190300001400211490000600225100001000231700001800241700001400259700001500273700001200288700001500300856012500315 2006 eng d00aAnother new? species of Phytophthora on alder ‘down under’ (Australia).0 aAnother new species of Phytophthora on alder down under Australi aFreising Germany aPoster 300 v71 aSmith1 aCunnington, J1 aPascoe, I1 aBrasier, C1 aJung, T1 aOsswald, W uhttps://forestphytophthoras.org/references/another-new-species-phytophthora-alder-%E2%80%98down-under%E2%80%99-australia00602nas a2200181 4500008004100000245007800041210006900119260001200188300001400200490000700214100001300221700002100234700001700255700001500272700001400287700001200301856010700313 2010 eng d00aPhytophthora alni on Alnus glutinosa reported for the first time in Spain0 aPhytophthora alni on Alnus glutinosa reported for the first time c08/2010 a798 - 7980 v591 aSolla, A1 aPérez-Sierra, A1 aCorcobado, T1 aHaque, M M1 aDiez, J J1 aJung, T uhttps://forestphytophthoras.org/references/phytophthora-alni-alnus-glutinosa-reported-first-time-spain00508nas a2200157 4500008004100000022001500041245005500056210005500111300000900166490000800175100001600183700002000199700001700219700001400236856010000250 1990 eng d a0027-5522 00aRevised tabular key to the species of Phytophthora0 aRevised tabular key to the species of Phytophthora a1-280 v1621 aStamps, D J1 aWaterhouse, G M1 aNewhook, F J1 aHall, G S uhttp://www.cabdirect.org/abstracts/19902300161.html;jsessionid=1D85C493563BECA35F0E55609ABAF21C00994nas a2200121 4500008004100000245006800041210006100109300001400170490000700184520055500191100001600746856011000762 1985 eng d00aPhytophthora katsurae. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
0 aPhytophthora katsurae Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria aSheet 8370 v843 a

A description is provided for Phytophthora katsurae. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Chestnut, coconut. DISEASE: Trunk rot of chestnut. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Asia (Japan, Taiwan), Oceania (Hawaii), Africa (Ivory Coast), Australasia (Australia (Queensland), Papua New Guinea). TRANSMISSION: Soil-borne, isolated from forest soils in Taiwan (59, 2349), Queensland and Papua New Guinea and from chestnut orchard soils in Japan (58, 2951).

1 aStamps, D J uhttps://forestphytophthoras.org/references/phytophthora-katsurae-descriptions-fungi-and-bacteria%E2%80%A803570nas a2200145 4500008004100000022001400041245013900055210006900194300001000263490000700273520300600280100002003286700002203306856009603328 2010 eng d a1179-539500aA review of New Zealand kauri (Agathis australis (D.Don) Lindl.): its ecology, history, growth and potential for management for timber0 areview of New Zealand kauri Agathis australis DDon Lindl its eco a33-590 v403 a

Kauri (Agathis australis (D.Don) Lindl.) is endemic to New Zealand, where it is the only indigenous member of the Araucariaceae. It has the most southerly distribution of any species in the genus and is currently confined to the warm temperate areas of the North Island. At the time of European settlement, forests containing kauri covered 1 000 000 ha or more in New Zealand. Following uncontrolled logging, land clearance for alternative land use and destruction by fire, only 7500 ha of virgin or primary forest remain, mainly in conservation reserves. An additional 60 000 ha of scrub/shrubland and secondary forest contain varying amounts of regenerating kauri. Kauri is reputed to produce greater volumes of wood from single stems than any other timber tree in the world. Its timber is regarded as one of the finest due to qualities of decay resistance and dimensional stability under moist conditions. A wide range of products was developed by Maori and European settlers. Kauri timber and gum made a substantial contribution to the physical and economic development of New Zealand between 1830 and 1900. Agathis australis shares a number of biological characteristics with lowland Agathis species found in the tropics and subtropics. These include a juvenile form with narrow tapering crown; mature emergent trees with massive, spreading, dome-shaped crowns and upwardly-arched branches; self-pruning in sapling and pole-stage trees; flaking bark; winddispersed, small-winged seeds formed in cones that disintegrate at time of seed maturity while still on the tree; and only a few months of seed viability after shedding. Juvenile trees with taproots and mature trees with wide-spreading lateral roots and descending peg roots are windfirm, assisting longevity. Although surviving trees of massive dimensions (3-5 m diameter) are usually hollow, their life span may be 1500 years or more. Large kauri have a podsolising effect on some acidic soils, making them less fertile. Efficiency in the use of water and nutrients has enabled the species to become dominant on infertile and drought-prone ridge tops. Observations of growth in natural stands indicate mean annual increment of 2.5-6.0 mm in diameter and 0.3 m in height. Interplanting of kauri in scrub and shrubland developed on former kauri forest sites has produced poor results. Mean annual increments of 6.9 mm in diameter and 0.44 m in height have been recorded in young untended plantations. Greater success has been achieved through attention to site selection, improved establishment techniques and silvicultural tending. The most suitable sites for planting are those with fertile, well-drained, light-textured soils, a warm, humid climate, and a history of previous occupation by broadleaved (angiosperm) plant species. Current research suggests that rotation length can be reduced by best-practice management, and that planted stands could be a continuing source of kauri timber in the future.

1 aSteward, G., A.1 aBeveridge, A., E. uhttp://www.scionresearch.com/__data/assets/pdf_file/0019/17164/NZJFS40201033-59_STEWARD.pdf02664nas a2200169 4500008004100000245010300041210006900144260001600213300001000229490000700239520204500246100002402291700002302315700001902338700002102357856011602378 2014 eng d00aGrowth and productivity of New Zealand kauri (Agathis australis (D.Don) Lindl.) in planted forests0 aGrowth and productivity of New Zealand kauri Agathis australis D cJan-12-2014 a13 pp0 v443 a

Background

The establishment of even-aged planted stands of New Zealand kauri (Agathis australis (D.Don) Lindl.) for timber has been constrained by a lack of quantitative information on productivity and rotation length on which forest management and investment decisions could be made.

Methods

Stand-level models of height and basal area against time were developed (as well as a stand-volume function to calculate volume from height and basal area) based on planted stands that were up to 83-years old and represented planting sites both within and outside the current natural range of the species.

Results

Planted kauri was shown to be slow to establish with little height growth for the first five years after planting. Similar trends were observed for basal area and whole-tree volume development. A Schumacher equation with local slope parameter and asymptote bounded at 45 m gave the best fit for height, while a von Bertalanffy-Richards equation in difference form with local slope parameter gave the best fit for basal area. For plantations with an average site index (20.4), height was predicted to be 22.3 m in height at age 60, with a basal area of 78.1 m2 ha?1. Whole-tree volume was predicted to be 702 m3 ha?1. Predicted volume mean annual increment was 11.7 m3 ha?1 yr?1for all stands at age 60. From age 20-60 years, stands with a higher site index had a volume mean annual increment of 18.6 m3 ha?1 yr?1. The best stand exceeded 20 m3 ha?1 yr?1.

Conclusions

This study indicates an opportunity to grow kauri in plantations on selected good-quality sites over rotations of 60-80 years or less.

1 aSteward, Gregory, A1 aKimberley, Mark, O1 aMason, Euan, G1 aDungey, Heidi, S uhttp://www.nzjforestryscience.com/content/44/1/27http://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s40490-014-0027-201593nas a2200157 4500008004100000245013100041210007000172260001600242300001100258490000700269520094800276100002001224700001701244700001301261856016101274 2016 eng d00aVariation in Alnus glutinosa susceptibility to Phytophthora ×alni infection and its geographic pattern in the Czech Republic0 aVariation in Alnus glutinosa susceptibility to Phytophthora ×aln cJan-02-2016 a3 - 100 v463 a

Variation in natural susceptibility of the black alder population to Phytophthora ×alni (PA), the oomycete pathogen causing a devastating disease of alder, and its possible relationship to geographic origin, was studied in vitro using branch inoculation tests. Ninety black alder genotypes from different regions of the Czech Republic and two isolates of PA were employed. Host susceptibility varied significantly. After 1 week of infection, the lesion surface areas ranged from 254 to 2051 mm2 and from 19 to 970 mm2 for the two isolates, respectively. The differences were also dependent on the geographical origin and altitude of the sites from which particular host genotypes were taken. These findings have important implications for restoration plantings and for PA resistance breeding programmes, as there is potential to make selections from natural populations.

1 aŠtochlová, P.1 aNovotná, K.1 aCerny, K uhttp://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/efp.2016.46.issue-1http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/efp.12205http://api.wiley.com/onlinelibrary/tdm/v1/articles/10.1111%2Fefp.1220501915nas a2200181 4500008004100000022001400041245010000055210006900155260002600224300001400250490000700264520132900271100001701600700001701617700001401634700003001648856005501678 2002 eng d a1439-032900aPhytophthora disease of alder (Alnus glutinosa) in France: investigations between 1995 and 19990 aPhytophthora disease of alder Alnus glutinosa in France investig bBlackwell Verlag GmbH a179–1910 v323 a

A severe decline of alder associated with an undescribed Phytophthora species was identified for the first time in England in 1993. No generalized decline of alder was reported in France before 1990. The first diebacks and mortalities of common alder were observed at the beginning of the 1990s, but the so-called alder Phytophthora was not isolated in France until 1996. First, a synthesis about alder declines that were known in France before 1995 is presented. Then, a survey was established in north-eastern France; 108 sites were visited and the alder Phytophthora was isolated from 57 of them. All the main rivers were found to be affected and damage levels are significant along some of them. The frequency of the alder Phytophthora and other fungi isolated from declining alders is discussed. Finally, information on other alder declines in France is presented region by region, and a map summarizes the known distribution of the disease. The alder Phytophthora is quite common and widespread in France, with western and north-eastern France being especially affected; however, the number of diseased or dead trees varies greatly from one site to another. All records are from Alnus glutinosa; other Alnus species were seldom seen in the surveys.

1 aStreito, J-C1 aLegrand, PH.1 aTabary, F1 aDe Villartay, Jarnouen, G uhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1439-0329.2002.00282.x02286nas a2200229 4500008004100000245017100041210006900212260001600281300001400297490000700311520145000318100002501768700001801793700003901811700002301850700001701873700002301890700001801913700002301931700002601954856007601980 2019 eng d00aGenome sequencing of oomycete isolates from Chile supports the New Zealand origin of Phytophthora kernoviae and makes available the first Nothophytophthora sp. genome0 aGenome sequencing of oomycete isolates from Chile supports the N cJan-03-2019 a423 - 4310 v203 a

Genome sequences were generated for six oomycete isolates collected from forests in Valdivia, Chile. Three of the isolates were identified morphologically as Phytophthora kernoviae, whereas two were similar to other clade 10 Phytophthora species. One isolate was tentatively identified as Nothophytophthora valdiviana based on nucleotide sequence similarity in the cytochrome oxidase 1 gene. This is the first genome sequence for this recently described genus. The genome assembly was more fragmented and contained many duplicated genes when compared with the other Phytophthora sequences. Comparative analyses were performed with genomic sequences of the P. kernoviae isolates from the UK and New Zealand. Although the potential New Zealand origin of P. kernoviae has been suggested, new isolations from Chile had cast doubt on this hypothesis. We present evidence supporting P. kernoviae as having originated in New Zealand. However, investigation of the diversity of oomycete species in Chile has been limited and warrants further exploration. We demonstrate the expediency of genomic analyses in determining phylogenetic relationships between isolates within new and often scantly represented taxonomic groups, such as Phytophthora clade 10 and Nothophytophthora. Data are available on GenBank via BioProject accession number PRJNA352331.

1 aStudholme, David, J.1 aPanda, Preeti1 avon Stowasser, Eugenio, Sanfuentes1 aGonzález, Mariela1 aHill, Rowena1 aSambles, Christine1 aGrant, Murray1 aWilliams, Nari, M.1 aMcDougal, Rebecca, L. uhttps://bsppjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/mpp.1276501560nas a2200229 4500008004100000022001300041245008800054210006900142260001600211300001200227490000600239520088000245100002001125700001901145700001601164700001501180700001401195700001401209700001701223700001901240856007101259 2016 eng d a2213596000aGenome sequences of six Phytophthora species associated with forests in New Zealand0 aGenome sequences of six Phytophthora species associated with for cJan-03-2016 a54 - 560 v73 a
In New Zealand there has been a long association of Phytophthora diseases in forests, nurseries, remnant plantings and horticultural crops. However, new Phytophthora diseases of trees have recently emerged. Genome sequencing has been performed for 12 Phytophthora isolates, from six species: Phytophthora pluvialis, P. kernoviae, P. cinnamomi, P. agathidicida, P. multivora and P. taxon Totara. These sequences will enable comparative analyses to identify potential virulence strategies and ultimately facilitate better control strategies. This Whole Genome Shotgun data have been deposited in DDBJ/ENA/GenBank under the accession numbers LGTT00000000, LGTU00000000, JPWV00000000, JPWU00000000, LGSK00000000, LGSJ00000000, LGTR00000000, LGTS00000000, LGSM00000000, LGSL00000000, LGSO00000000, and LGSN00000000.
1 aStudholme, D.J.1 aMcDougal, R.L.1 aSambles, C.1 aHansen, E.1 aHardy, G.1 aGrant, M.1 aGanley, R.J.1 aWilliams, N.M. uhttp://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S221359601530085401803nas a2200157 4500008004100000245008500041210006900126300001600195490000700211520131200218100001401530700001601544700002001560700001901580856004601599 2009 eng d00aStream monitoring for detection of Phytophthora ramorum in Oregon tanoak forests0 aStream monitoring for detection of Phytophthora ramorum in Orego a1182–11860 v933 a

Stream monitoring using leaf baits for early detection of Phytophthora ramorum has been an important part of the Oregon Sudden Oak Death (SOD) program since 2002. Sixty-four streams in and near the Oregon quarantine area in the southwest corner of the state were monitored in 2008. Leaves of rhododendron (Rhododendron macrophyllum) and tanoak (Lithocarpus densiflorus) were placed in mesh bags, and bags were floated in streams. Leaf baits were exchanged every 2 weeks throughout the year. Leaves were assayed by isolation on selective medium and by multiplex rDNA internal transcribed spacer polymerase chain reaction (ITS PCR). The two methods gave comparable results, but multiplex PCR was more sensitive. P. ramorum was regularly recovered at all seasons of the year from streams draining infested sites 5 years after eradication treatment. In streams with lower inoculum densities, recovery was much higher in summer than in winter. P. ramorum was isolated from streams in 23 watersheds. When P. ramorum was detected, intensive ground surveys located infected tanoaks or other host plants an average of 306 m upstream from the bait station. P. ramorum was isolated from stream baits up to 1,091 m from the probable inoculum source.

1 aSutton, W1 aHansen, E M1 aReeser, Paul, W1 aKanaskie, Alan uhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-93-11-118202064nas a2200157 4500008004100000022001400041245007200055210006900127260001600196300001400212490000700226520154800233100001801781700002301799856008401822 2015 eng d a0008-084500aPhytophthora ramorum can survive introduction into finished compost0 aPhytophthora ramorum can survive introduction into finished comp cJan-10-2015 a237 - 2410 v693 a

Composted municipal green waste is a potential vehicle for the transmission of Phytophtora ramorum, the pathogen responsible for the disease known as sudden oak death. To assess the survival rate of the pathogen in compost, we introduced zoospores — a type of infectious propagule — into six composts of varying provenance and maturity. The compost samples represented three production facilities, two production techniques (turned windrow and forced air static pile) and two levels of maturity (fresh, defined as aged for less than 1 week; and mature, aged for more than 4 weeks). Positive re-isolations — indicating survival of the pathogen — were obtained from all composts. The re-isolation rate from the compost from one of the three production facilities was greater than that obtained from an inert substrate (filter paper) inoculated with the pathogen (P < 0.01), while re-isolation rates from the other two sources were statistically indistinguishable from those obtained from the inert substrate (P < 0.01). There was no significant difference in re-isolation rate between composts produced by the turned windrow method and composts produced by the forced air static pile technique. Re-isolation rates were greater from mature composts than from fresh composts (P < 0.01). The results show that P. ramorum may be present and infectious if introduced into finished compost, and that variations in compost characteristics appear to influence survival rates.

1 aSwain, Steven1 aGarbelotto, Matteo uhttp://californiaagriculture.ucanr.edu/landingpage.cfm?articleid=ca.v069n04p23700710nas a2200169 4500008004100000245012300041210006900164260011100233300001200344490003200356100001700388700001700405700001700422700001900439700001800458856006400476 2008 eng d00aIncreasing distance from California bay reduces the risk and severity of Phytophthora ramorum canker in coast live oak0 aIncreasing distance from California bay reduces the risk and sev aSanta Rosa, CaliforniabU.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station a181-1940 vGen. Tech. Rep. PSW-GTR-2141 aSwiecki, T J1 aBernhardt, E1 aFrankel, S J1 aKliejunas, J T1 aPalmieri, K M uhttp://www.fs.fed.us/psw/publications/documents/psw_gtr214/00545nas a2200133 4500008004100000245015400041210006900195300001400264490000700278100001700285700001900302700001800321856007200339 2003 eng d00aFirst report of root and crown rot caused by Phytophthora cinnamomi affecting native stands of Arctostaphylos myrtifolia and A. viscida in California0 aFirst report of root and crown rot caused by Phytophthora cinnam a1395-13950 v871 aSwiecki, T J1 aBernhardt, E A1 aGarbelotto, M uhttp://apsjournals.apsnet.org/doi/abs/10.1094/PDIS.2003.87.11.1395B00481nas a2200145 4500008004100000245007300041210006900114300001400183490000700197100001800204700001200222700001500234700001400249856007200263 2000 eng d00aFirst report of Phytophthora root and collar rot of alder in Hungary0 aFirst report of Phytophthora root and collar rot of alder in Hun a1251-12510 v841 aSzabó, Ilona1 aNagy, Z1 aBakonyi, J1 aÉrsek, T uhttp://apsjournals.apsnet.org/doi/abs/10.1094/PDIS.2000.84.11.1251A02140nas a2200169 4500008004100000022003100041245012500072210006900197260001600266300002000282520151300302100002601815700001901841700002001860700002401880856006601904 2019 eng d a0191-2917 e-ISSN:1943-769200aVariation in Susceptibility of Tanoak to the NA1 and EU1 Lineages of Phytophthora ramorum, the Cause of Sudden Oak Death0 aVariation in Susceptibility of Tanoak to the NA1 and EU1 Lineage cFeb-09-2021 aPDIS-04-19-08313 a

Phytophthora ramorum, the cause of sudden oak death (SOD), kills tanoak (Notholithocarpus densiflorus) trees in southwestern Oregon and California. Two lineages of P. ramorum are now found in wildland forests of Oregon (NA1 and EU1). In addition to the management of SOD in forest ecosystems, disease resistance could be used as a way to mitigate the impact of P. ramorum. The objectives of this study were to (i) characterize the variability in resistance of N. densiflorus among families using lesion length; (ii) determine whether lineage, isolate, family, or their interactions significantly affect variation in lesion length; and (iii) determine whether there are differences among isolates and among families in terms of lesion length. The parameters isolate nested within lineage (isolate[lineage]) and family × isolate(lineage) interaction explained the majority of the variation in lesion length. There was no significant difference between the NA1 and EU1 lineages in terms of mean lesion length; however, there were differences among the six isolates. Lesions on seedlings collected from surviving trees at infested sites were smaller, on average, than lesions of seedlings collected from trees at noninfested sites (P = 0.0064). The results indicate that there is potential to establish a breeding program for tanoak resistance to SOD and that several isolates of P. ramorum should be used in an artificial inoculation assay.

1 aSøndreli, Kelsey, L.1 aKanaskie, Alan1 aKeriö, Susanna1 aLeBoldus, Jared, M. uhttps://apsjournals.apsnet.org/doi/10.1094/PDIS-04-19-0831-RE