00456nas a2200145 4500008004100000022001300041245005900054210005600113300001400169490000700183100001000190700001700200700001600217856007700233 2006 eng d a1437478100aPort-Orford-cedar resistant to Phytophthora lateralis.0 aPortOrfordcedar resistant to Phytophthora lateralis a385–3940 v361 aOh, E1 aSniezko, R A1 aHansen, E M uhttp://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1439-0329.2006.00474.x/full01023nas a2200325 4500008004100000022001300041245012300054210006900177300001400246490000700260653002900267653002500296653001700321653001900338653003000357653001900387653001400406653001800420653002200438653001800460653002700478653002100505653002700526653001000553653003200563653001000595100001000605700001600615856006600631 2007 eng d a0031949X00aHistopathology of infection and colonization of susceptible and resistant Port-Orford-cedar by Phytophthora lateralis.0 aHistopathology of infection and colonization of susceptible and  a684–6930 v9710aChamaecyparis lawsoniana10adevelopmental stages10aforest trees10afungal anatomy10afungal diseases of plants10ahistopathology10ainfection10aNorth America10aornamental plants10apathogenicity10aPhytophthora lateralis10aplant morphology10aplant pathogenic fungi10aroots10asigns and symptoms (plants)10astems1 aOh, E1 aHansen, E M uhttp://apsjournals.apsnet.org/doi/abs/10.1094/PHYTO-97-6-068400502nas a2200157 4500008004100000245008700041210006900128300001100197490000700208100001000215700001300225700001300238700001300251700001400264856006600278 2008 eng d00aFirst report of chestnut ink disease by Phytophthora katsurae on chestnut in Korea0 aFirst report of chestnut ink disease by Phytophthora katsurae on ap. 3120 v921 aOh, E1 aLee, S H1 aKim, K H1 aLee, J K1 aShin, K C uhttp://apsjournals.apsnet.org/doi/abs/10.1094/PDIS-92-2-0312A05098nas a2200193 4500008004100000022001300041245011000054210006900164260001600233300001400249490000600263520447400269100001604743700002404759700002604783700002704809700002304836856004504859 2013 eng d a2210634000aSurveys of soil and water reveal a goldmine of Phytophthora diversity in South African natural ecosystems0 aSurveys of soil and water reveal a goldmine of Phytophthora dive cJun-06-2015 a123 - 1310 v43 a

Phytophthora species are well-known as destructive plant pathogens, especially in natural ecosystems. It is ironic, therefore, how little is known regarding the Phytophthora diversity in South African natural woody ecosystems. In this study, Phytophthora species were isolated using standard baiting techniques from 182 soil and water samples and these were identified based on ITS and coxI sequence data. The 171 resulting Phytophthora isolates resided in 14 taxa including six known species (P. multivora, P. capensis, P. cryptogea, P. frigida, P. cinnamomi, P. cinnamomi var. parvispora), the known but as yet unnamed Phytophthora sp. PgChlamydo, P. sp. emzansi, and P. sp. Kununurra and five novel taxa referred to as P. sp. stellaris, P. sp. Umtamvuna P. sp. canthium, P. sp. xWS, P. sp. xHennops. Four of the new taxa were found exclusively in water and two of these are hybrids. The most commonly isolated species from soil was P. multivora, a species recently described from Western Australia. Phytophthora frigida was isolated for the first time from stream water. With the exception of P. cinnamomi, very little is known regarding the biology, epidemiology or origin of Phytophthora in South Africa.

1 aOh, Eunsung1 aGryzenhout, Marieka1 aWingfield, Brenda, D.1 aWingfield, Michael, J.1 aBurgess, Treena, I uhttp://www.imafungus.org/Issue/41/22.pdf00446nas a2200097 4500008004100000245007300041210006900114260003900183100001600222856011000238 2004 eng d00aResistance mechanisms of Port-Orford-cedar to Phytophthora lateralis0 aResistance mechanisms of PortOrfordcedar to Phytophthora lateral aCorvallisbOregon State University1 aOh, Eunsung uhttps://forestphytophthoras.org/references/resistance-mechanisms-port-orford-cedar-phytophthora-lateralis02703nas a2200169 4500008004100000022001400041245016800055210006900223260001100292300001400303490000800317520208000325100002002405700002302425700002002448856006502468 2007 eng d a0929-187300aAssessment of sanitation and fungicide application directed at cocoa tree trunks for the control of Phytophthora black pod infections in pods growing in the canopy0 aAssessment of sanitation and fungicide application directed at c c1/2007 a167 - 1750 v1173 a

Studies were conducted in two cocoa-growing areas of Ghana, one solely affected by Phytophthora palmivora and the other predominantly by Phytophthora megakarya, to determine the effectiveness of sanitation practices and fungicide application on tree trunks for the control of black pod disease in the canopy. Sanitation practices including weeding, pruning, thinning, shade reduction and removal of mummified pods were carried out prior to fungicide applications, and diseased pods were routinely removed at monthly intervals during harvesting. Three types of fungicides were used: systemic (Foli-R-Fos 400) applied as injection into the main trunks, semi-systemic (Ridomil 72 plus) and contact (Nordox 75, Kocide 101, Kocide DF, Blue Shield and Funguran-OH) applied as sprays onto pods on the main trunk. Sanitation combined with fungicide application on the trunk significantly reduced black pod disease incidence in the tree canopy. For fungicides applied as a spray, Ridomil 72 plus at 3.3 g l−1 and Kocide DF at 10 g l−1 and as injection, 40 ml Foli-R-Fos 400 injected twice a year, performed better than the other fungicide treatments. The position of pods significantly influenced the incidence of canopy black pod infection in the P. megakarya predominantly affected area but to a lesser extent in the P. palmivora solely affected area. However, no significant interactions were found between fungicide treatments and the position of pods on the tree in both disease areas. The determined trunk-canopy relationship in the development of black pod disease on cocoa can be used in disease control programmes to maximise the impact of sanitation practices, achieve judicious application of fungicides, thereby reducing the environmental impact of fungicides on the cocoa ecosystem, and ultimately increase the economic returns.

1 aOpoku, Isaac, Y1 aAkrofi, Andrews, Y1 aAppiah, Alex, A uhttp://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs10658-006-9082-802216nas a2200145 4500008004100000245011000041210006900151300001400220490000600234520170500240100001401945700001501959700001401974856008201988 2007 eng d00aManagement of black pod disease of cocoa with reduced number of fungicide application and crop sanitation0 aManagement of black pod disease of cocoa with reduced number of  a601–6040 v23 a

Black pod disease caused by Phytophthora megakarya is the most important fungal disease on cocoa in Ghana. The current recommended control method of combining sanitation practices with 6 - 8 fungicide applications in a year is considered unfriendly to the environment, too expensive and time consuming. Consequently, fungicide adoption rate by farmers is extremely low. Studies were therefore conducted to determine the effectiveness of combining 1 - 3 fungicide application in June and/or September/October with crop sanitation for the control of cocoa black pod disease caused by P. megakarya. Sanitation practices were common to all the treatments and the fungicide application(s) superimposed. A semi-systemic fungicide, Ridomil 72 plus (12% metalaxyl + 60% copper-1-oxide), was used as the test fungicide. Fungicide application combined with crop sanitation practices were effective in the management of the severe form of black pod disease caused by P. megakarya, resulting in 25% to 48% disease reduction and 10.9% to 51.8% yield increase. Combining the sanitation practices with three fungicide applications gave significantly better results, in terms of disease control and yields than either sanitation practices alone or combining them with one or two fungicide applications. However, the combination of sanitation practices and three fungicide applications was significantly less effective than the standard fungicide application of six times a year. All the fungicide applications and/or crop sanitation practices were profitable with a Benefit Cost Ratio (BCR) ranging from 1.8 - 2.1.

1 aOpokuI, Y1 aAssuah, MK1 aAneani, F uhttp://www.academicjournals.org/article/article1380898856_Opoku%20et%20al.pdf02329nas a2200205 4500008004100000022001400041245010500055210006900160260002900229300001400258490000700272520168900279100002001968700001501988700001802003700001702021700001802038700001202056856005502068 2011 eng d a1439-032900aPhytophthora root and collar rot of mature Fraxinus excelsior in forest stands in Poland and Denmark0 aPhytophthora root and collar rot of mature Fraxinus excelsior in bBlackwell Publishing Ltd a510–5190 v413 a

In recent years, Common ash (Fraxinus excelsior) throughout Europe has been severely impacted by a leaf and twig dieback caused by the hyphomycete Chalara fraxinea. The reasons for its current devastating outbreak, however, still remain unclear. Here, we report the presence of four Phytophthora taxa in declining ash stands in Poland and Denmark. Phytophthora cactorum, Phytophthora plurivora, Phytophthora taxon salixsoil and Phytophthora gonapodyides were isolated from rhizosphere soil samples and necrotic bark lesions on stems and roots of mature declining ash trees in four stands. The first three species proved to be aggressive to abscised roots, twigs and leaves of F. excelsior in inoculation experiments. Soil infestation tests also confirmed their pathogenicity towards fine and feeder roots of ash seedlings. Our results provide first evidence for an involvement of Phytophthora species as a contributing factor in current decline phenomena of F. excelsior across Europe. Specifically, they may act as a predisposing factor for trees subsequently infected by C. fraxinea. Phytophthora species from ash stands also proved to be aggressive towards a wide range of tree and shrub species commonly associated with F. excelsior in mixed stands. Although damage varied considerably depending on the Phytophthora species/isolate-host plant combination, these results show that many woody species may be a potential source for survival and inoculum build-up of soilborne Phytophthora spp. in ash stands and forest ecosystems in general.

1 aOrlikowski, L B1 aPtaszek, M1 aRodziewicz, A1 aNechwatal, J1 aThinggaard, K1 aJung, T uhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0329.2011.00714.x01183nas a2200205 4500008004100000245011100041210006900152300001000221490000700231520048600238653001000724653002000734653001800754653001300772653000900785100002000794700001400814700001400828856013500842 2006 eng d00aFirst record on Phytophthora spp. associated with the decline of European beech stand in south-west Poland0 aFirst record on Phytophthora spp associated with the decline of  a37-460 v423 a

Phytophthora citricola was detected in Siewierz Forest District in soil samples and diseased bark taken from declined 88-111-year-old European beech trees growing in three compartments of Trzebyczka Forest. Phytophthora cambivora was isolated only from diseased fine roots, bleeding cankers near trunk base and aerial canker spots. Both species colonised leaves and young stem parts as well as five-year-old beech branches. Necrosis spread about 1 mm/24 h.

10aBeech10ableeding canker10apathogenicity10aroot rot10asoil1 aOrlikowski, L B1 aOszako, T1 aSzkuta, G uhttps://forestphytophthoras.org/references/first-record-phytophthora-spp-associated-decline-european-beech-stand-south-west-poland01452nas a2200121 4500008004100000245008300041210006900124520096400193100002001157700001901177700001501196856011901211 2004 eng d00aSurveying for and eradicating Phytophthora ramorum in agricultural commodities0 aSurveying for and eradicating Phytophthora ramorum in agricultur3 a

Since 2001, Oregon nurseries, Christmas tree plantations, and other sites have been surveyed for the federally regulated pathogen Phytophthora ramorum. Host plants at each site were visually surveyed for disease symptoms and symptomatic tissues tested in the laboratory by isolation onto a selective medium and by a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay. In 2002 and 2003, we detected PCR-positive plants that later proved to be infected with another Phytophthora, suggesting there are limitations to the PCR assay tested. In 2003, P. ramorum was detected for the first time in Viburnum, Pieris, Rhododendron, and Camellia plants in six nurseries. All infected and neighboring plant materials were destroyed by incineration and the nurseries and surrounding environs subsequently surveyed for the pathogen. Phytophthora ramorum was not detected, indicating the pathogen was successfully eradicated.

1 aOsterbauer, N K1 aGriesbach, J A1 aHedberg, J uhttps://forestphytophthoras.org/references/surveying-and-eradicating-phytophthora-ramorum-agricultural-commodities00585nas a2200145 4500008004100000245010100041210006900142300001200211490000700223653002900230100001900259700001400278700001500292856013200307 1977 eng d00aDetection of Phytophthora lateralis in soil organic matter and factors that affect its survival.0 aDetection of Phytophthora lateralis in soil organic matter and f a79–840 v6710aChamaecyparis lawsoniana1 aOstrofsky, W D1 aRoth, L F1 aPratt, R G uhttps://forestphytophthoras.org/references/detection-phytophthora-lateralis-soil-organic-matter-and-factors-affect-its-survival02280nas a2200169 4500008004100000245008100041210006900122300001200191490000700203520170500210100001501915700001201930700001701942700001701959700001901976856011501995 2001 eng d00aSignificance of Phytophthoras and Pythium for oak, alder and spruce decline.0 aSignificance of Phytophthoras and Pythium for oak alder and spru a96-103 0 v473 a

The results of a survey of soil borne Phytophthoras in 35 oak (Quercus) stands on geologically different sites in Bavaria clearly showed that the most widespread species were identified as Phytophthora citricola, P. cambivora and P. quercina. These three species were only isolated from rhizosphere soil of stands with mean soil pH-values (CaCl2) of 3.5 and higher on loamy, clayey or sandy-loamy soil texture. At these Phytophthora stands, all root parameters of declining oaks were significantly reduced as compared to healthy looking trees. It is concluded that the above mentioned Phytophthora species are involved in oak decline as primary root rot pathogens on clay or sandy-loamy stands with soil pH-values higher than 3.5. A new Phytophthora hybrid, called 'alder Phytophthora', was isolated frequently from bark sections of declining alders along several Bavarian rivers and from nursery plants. PCR-RFLP analysis proved that the Bavarian isolates belonged to the same hybrid variants found in Great Britain, Sweden, France or Denmark. Spruce decline was studied in the Bavarian Alps on stands representing various site conditions. Most root parameters were negatively correlated with crown transparency. In addition, the total number of lateral roots was significantly lower for declining compared to healthy trees. Remarkably, only Pythium species were isolated from rhizosphere soil, which were divided into several groups after PCR-RFLP analysis. In soil infestation tests, most of the isolates caused severe root damage on spruce similar to root rot seen on declining trees in the field.

1 aOßwald, W1 aJung, T1 aNechwatal, J1 aSchlenzig, A1 aFleischmann, F uhttps://forestphytophthoras.org/references/significance-phytophthoras-and-pythium-oak-alder-and-spruce-decline02026nas a2200373 4500008004100000245007900041210006900120260001400189300001400203490000700217520105400224100001601278700002001294700001501314700001901329700001701348700001301365700001801378700001601396700001401412700001301426700001401439700001301453700001301466700001701479700001701496700001501513700001301528700002301541700001401564700001701578700001401595856004301609 2014 eng d00aStrategies of attack and defence in woody plant- Phytophthora interactions0 aStrategies of attack and defence in woody plant Phytophthora int cJune 2014 a169–1900 v443 a

This review comprises both well-known and recently described Phytophthora species and concentrates on Phytophthora–woody plant interactions. First, comprehensive data on infection strategies are presented which were the basis for three models that explain invasion and spread of Phytophthora pathogens in different woody host plants. The first model describes infection of roots, the second concentrates on invasion of the trunk, and the last one summarizes infection and invasion of host plants via leaves. On the basis of morphological, physiological, biochemical and molecular data, scenarios are suggested which explain the sequences of reactions that occur in susceptible and tolerant plants following infections of roots or of stem bark. Particular emphasis is paid to the significance of Phytophthora elicitins for such host–pathogen interactions. The overall goal is to shed light on the sequences of pathogenesis to better understand how Phytophthora pathogens harm their host plants.

1 aOßwald, W.1 aFleischmann, F.1 aRigling, D1 aCoelho, A., C.1 aCravador, A.1 aDiez, J.1 aDalio, R., J.1 aJung, Horta1 aPfanz, H.1 aRobin, C1 aSipos, G.1 aSolla, A1 aCech, T.1 aChambery, A.1 aDiamandis, S1 aHansen, E.1 aJung, T.1 aOrlikowski, L., B.1 aParke, J.1 aProspero, S.1 aWerres, S uhttp://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/efp.1209604060nas a2200157 4500008004100000022001300041245009300054210006900147260001600216300001600232490000700248520353700255100002003792700002403812856006603836 1991 eng d a0953756200aA revised systematics of twelve papillate Phytophthora species based on isozyme analysis0 arevised systematics of twelve papillate Phytophthora species bas cJan-09-1991 a1025 - 10460 v953 a

Isoenzyme analysis was used to examine intraspecific diversity and interspecific relatedness of P. cactorum (group I) and 12 papillate species of Phytophthora within group II of Waterhouse's (1963) taxonomic scheme. Isolates of 6 species, specifically P. botryosa, P. heveae, P. katsurae, P. meadii, P. palmivora and P. parasitica (P. nicotianae var. parasitica), contained low levels of genetic diversity and were judged to be valid species. Based upon isoenzyme analysis, all isolates of P. arecae were found to be identical with some isolates of P. palmivora. Thus, it is proposed that these 2 species are synonymous. For P. nicotianae var. parasitica, differences in oospore size or host plant were contrasted with the isoenzyme data using single locus coefficients and no evidence was found to support the existence of distinct varieties. In contrast, several other species, particularly P. capsici, P. citrophthora and P. megakarya, demonstrated much higher levels of variation in isoenzyme pattern and subgroups were readily identified. Isolates of P. capsici, including those previously identified as P. palmivora 'MF4' separated into 3 subgroups CAP1, CAP2 and CAP3. Those in CAP1 were from widely distributed geographical locations on a range of hosts including Capsicum sp., tomato, cucurbits, as well as cocoa and black pepper and it contained the greatest amount of intraspecific diversity. A single representative of P. mexicana also clustered with this subgroup and as such is considered conspecific to P. capsici. CAP2 isolates were found primarily on black pepper and from Hawaii on Macadamia integrifolia as well as other hosts. In some instances, specifically with isolates from India and Indonesia on black pepper both CAP1 and CAP2 were found. However, the evidence from isoenzymes suggests that the 2 groups are genetically isolated from one another. All representatives of CAP3 were derived from diseased cocoa in Brazil and this subgroup was monomorphic for all loci examined. P. citrophthora was divided into 2 subgroups. Isolates of CTR1 were derived from a large range of hosts including citrus and kiwi fruit. CTR2 was composed of only Brazilian isolates from cocoa. P. megakarya, which has only been reported on cocoa from West Africa, was also divided into 2 subgroups which were separated geographically. Isolates of MGK1 originated from either Nigeria or Guinea and isolates of MGK2 were from Cameroon. P. boehmeriae was the most genetically diverse species examined with 4 isoenzymatically diverse ETs representing only 11 isolates. Interspecific comparisons revealed relationships which would not have been predicted based on morphological comparisons alone. For example, P. meadii and P. botryosa clustered together indicating a very close genetic relatedness. P. katsurae and P. heveae also formed a single cluster. However, comparison of oospores of these 2 species showed that the oogonial stalk length of P. katsurae was consistently much longer. Unexpectedly, P. capsici and P. citrophthora also formed a cluster indicating that they were genetically related. Finally, the results of this isoenzyme analysis suggest that the papillate species of Group II of Waterhouse's (1963) scheme may form at least 6 distinct evolutionary lines.

1 aOudemans, Peter1 aCoffey, Michael, D. uhttp://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0953756209805431