02112nas a2200157 4500008004100000022001400041245008700055210006900142260003300211300000900244520160200253100001601855700001701871700001801888856004801906 2011 eng d a1612-466900aModelling Phytophthora disease risk in Austrocedrus chilensis forests of Patagonia0 aModelling Phytophthora disease risk in Austrocedrus chilensis fo bSpringer Berlin / Heidelberg a1-153 a

Austrocedrus chilensis forests suffer from a disease caused by Phytophthora austrocedrae, which is found often in wet soils. We applied three widely used modelling techniques, with different data requirements, to model disease potential distribution under current environmental conditions: Mahalanobis distance, Maxent and Logistic regression. Each model was built using field data of health condition and landscape layers of environmental conditions (distance to streams, slope, aspect, elevation, mean annual precipitation and soil pH NaF). We compared model predictions by area under the receiver operating characteristic curve and Kappa statistics. A reasonable ability to predict observed disease distribution was found for each of the three modelling techniques. However, Maxent and Logistic regression presented the best predictive performance, with significant differences with respect to the Mahalanobis distance model. Our results suggested that if good absence data are available, Logistic regression should be used in order to better discriminate sites with high risk of disease. On the other hand, if absence data are not available or doubtful, Maxent could be a very good option. The three models predicted that around 50% (49–56%) of the currently asymptomatic forests are located on sites at risk of disease according to abiotic factors. Most of these asymptomatic forests surround the current diseased patches, at distances lower than 100 m from diseased patches. Management considerations and the scope of future studies were discussed in this article.

1 aLa Manna, L1 aMatteucci, S1 aKitzberger, T uhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10342-011-0503-700565nas a2200145 4500008004100000022001400041245011300055210006900168300001400237490000800251653001500259100002200274700002300296856010000319 2004 eng d a0378-112700aThe decline of Austrocedrus chilensis forests in Patagonia, Argentina: soil features as predisposing factors0 adecline of Austrocedrus chilensis forests in Patagonia Argentina a345 - 3570 v19010aTopography1 aLa Manna, Ludmila1 aRajchenberg, Mario uhttp://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6T6X-4BD5PHG-4/2/6181ecf7a2cf4ba397d9afef97ee478d00564nas a2200133 4500008004100000245011900041210006900160300001200229490000700241100001600248700001700264700001200281856013700293 2008 eng d00aSeedling recruitment of Austrocedrus chilensis in relation to cattle use, microsite environment and forest disease0 aSeedling recruitment of Austrocedrus chilensis in relation to ca a27–410 v181 aLa Manna, L1 aCollantes, M1 aBava, J uhttps://forestphytophthoras.org/references/seedling-recruitment-austrocedrus-chilensis-relation-cattle-use-microsite-environment-and01561nas a2200169 4500008004100000022001400041245011300055210006900168300001600237490000800253520096300261653001401224100001601238700001901254700001801273856010001291 2008 eng d a0378-112700aAbiotic factors related to the incidence of the Austrocedrus chilensis disease syndrome at a landscape scale0 aAbiotic factors related to the incidence of the Austrocedrus chi a1087 - 10950 v2563 aIn this paper, the incidence of the A. chilensis disease syndrome in the "16 de Octubre" Valley (Chubut, Argentinean Patagonia) was related to landscape climatic, topographic and edaphic attributes, using remote sensing, geographic information systems and statistical methods. A strong relationship between the occurrence and incidence of the A. chilensis disease syndrome and site variables related to poor soil drainage was found. Non-allophanized soils with fine textures on flat and wavy soil phases, geomorphologies associated to alluvial processes, and low elevations and gentle slopes were positively related to the incidence of the disease. These relationships at a landscape scale agree with previous studies carried out at the stand level. A logistic predictive model of diseased occurrence was developed for the study area considering aspect, elevation, slope, mean annual precipitation and soil phase (classified according to predominant slopes).10aPatagonia1 aLa Manna, L1 aMatteucci, S D1 aKitzberger, T uhttp://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6T6X-4T4JDN7-1/2/6ec5c810e304a848ea7deb23b39e897700377nas a2200121 4500008004100000245003900041210003900080300001000119490000600129100001400135700001200149856009400161 1870 eng d00aÜber die Fäule der Cactusstämme0 aÜber die Fäule der Cactusstämme a51-570 v11 aLebert, H1 aCohn, F uhttps://forestphytophthoras.org/references/%C3%BCber-die-f%C3%A4ule-der-cactusst%C3%A4mme03670nas a2200217 4500008004100000022001400041245009900055210006900154260001600223300001400239490000800253520293200261100002103193700002103214700001403235700001503249700001603264700001603280700002203296856013403318 2018 eng d a0191-291700aFirst Report of Phytophthora ramorum Lineage EU1 Infecting Douglas Fir and Grand Fir in Oregon0 aFirst Report of Phytophthora ramorum Lineage EU1 Infecting Dougl cJan-02-2018 a455 - 4550 v1023 a

Sudden oak death (SOD) is caused by the introduced oomycete pathogen Phytophthora ramorum S. Werres, A. W. A. M. de Cock & W. A. Man in’t Veld. This fungus-like organism has four clonal lineages: NA1, NA2, EU1, and EU2 (Grünwald et al. 2016; Prospero et al. 2007). Until recently, the NA1 lineage was the only clonal lineage of P. ramorum reported in wildland forests in the western United States. In contrast, EU1, NA1, and NA2 have all been found in U.S. nurseries (Grünwald et al. 2012). In the winter of 2015, a symptomatic Notholithocarpus densiflorus Manos, Cannon & S.H.Oh (tanoak) was identified during a SOD helicopter survey in Curry County, OR. P. ramorum was isolated from symptomatic bark tissue. Subsequently, the isolate was determined to be of the EU1 lineage based on 14 microsatellite loci (Grünwald et al. 2016). Continued monitoring of the area in 2016 and 2017 has identified symptomatic Abies grandis (Douglas ex D. Don) Lindl. (grand fir; n = 3) and Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco (Douglas fir; n = 2) saplings growing near infected tanoak trees in the mixed conifer forest of Curry County, OR. Symptoms with shoot blight for these species were similar to those described in the literature, including wilting and dieback of new shoots, brown discoloration of needles, and needle loss on young shoots. Isolations were made by plating surface-sterilized tip dieback tissue from A. grandis and P. menziesii on a Phytophthora-selective medium. Based on the presence of chlamydospores, characteristic hyphae, and sporangial morphology, the isolates were identified as P. ramorum. DNA was extracted from hyphae, and a portion of the cellulose binding elicitor lectin (CBEL) gene was amplified and sequenced using the CBEL5U and CBEL6L primers (Gagnon et al. 2014). The sequences of the unknown lineage were aligned to sequences of CBEL for NA1, NA2, EU1, and EU2 using the Staden package in GAP version 4.11.2. The lineage of the isolates from A. grandis and P. menziesii (GenBank accession nos. MF918374 and MF918375, respectively) had 100% identity to the EU1 reference sequences (GenBank nos. EU688952 and EF117945). To satisfy Koch’s postulates, three branches of A. grandis and P. menziessii were inoculated with the original EU1 isolates of P. ramorum from those hosts. Ten days after inoculation, the same pathogen was reisolated from symptomatic stem tissue of both tree species. The EU1 lineage is considered more aggressive than the NA1 lineage and is of opposite mating type to NA1, thus potentially resulting in establishment of sexual populations.

1 aLeBoldus, J., M.1 aSondreli, K., L.1 aSutton, W1 aReeser, P.1 aNavarro, S.1 aKanaskie, A1 aGrünwald, N., J. uhttps://apsjournals.apsnet.org/doi/10.1094/PDIS-05-17-0681-PDNhttps://apsjournals.apsnet.org/doi/full/10.1094/PDIS-05-17-0681-PDN02379nas a2200241 4500008004100000245011500041210006900156260003800225300001200263490000700275520158700282653002801869653002501897653002501922653002601947653001401973100001801987700001702005700002002022700001902042700001902061856005702080 2009 eng d00aIsolation, identification and characterization of Phytophthora katsurae, causing chestnut ink disease in Korea0 aIsolation identification and characterization of Phytophthora ka bKorean Society of Plant Pathology a121-1270 v253 a

Since July 2005, survey of chestnut ink disease was carried out in chestnut stands located at southern parts of Korea. Dead chestnut trees showing inky ooze on necrotic trunks were found in two different locations. In order to isolate and identify the causal fungus, infected tissues and soil samples around dead or dying trees were collected and placed on Phytophthora-selective medium. Rhododendron and chestnut tree leaves were used as a bait to isolate the fungus from soil samples by attracting zoospores in soil suspensions. On V-8 culture medium, the isolates produced homothallic oogonia with protuberances (34.0-46.2×21.9-26.7㎛) abundantly, but did not produced sporangia. Mass production of sporangia was possible by immersing agar plugs with actively growing mycelium in the creek water at 18oC for 3 days. Sporangia were papillate, and ovoid to obpyriform (17.0-38.9×14.6-29.2㎛) in shape. Comparison of the ITS sequences revealed that the isolates had 100% identity to the P. katsurae isolates from Japan and New Zealand and 99.6% identity to other P. katsurae isolates. All of the examined isolates from Korea were completely identical to each other in ITS sequence. Numerous sporangia were formed in filtered as well as unfiltered creek water, but no sporangia formed in sterilized distilled water. Light induced sporangia formation, but has no influence on oospore formation. Amendments of β-sitosterol in culture media have no significant effect on mycelial growth but significantly stimulate oospore and sporangia formation.

10aamphigynous antheridium10achestnut ink disease10ahomothallic oogonium10aPhytophthora katsurae10asporangia1 aLee, Jong Kyu1 aJo, Jong Won1 aShin, Keum Chul1 aLee, Sang Hyun1 aLee, Sang Yong uhttp://www.dbpia.co.kr/view/ar_view.asp?arid=120777001853nas a2200193 4500008004100000022001400041245008400055210006900139260001200208300001400220490000700234520122100241100002001462700001401482700001201496700001601508700001901524856011601543 2013 eng d a0191-291700aA survey of Phytophthora spp. in midwest nurseries, greenhouses, and landscapes0 asurvey of Phytophthora spp in midwest nurseries greenhouses and  c05/2013 a635 - 6400 v973 a

A survey of nurseries, greenhouses, and landscapes was conducted from 2006 to 2008 in order to determine the prevalence and diversity of Phytophthora spp. From sites in Iowa, Michigan, Ohio, and, predominantly, Indiana, 121 Phytophthora isolates were obtained from 1,657 host samples spanning 32 host genera. Based on sequence of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of the ribosomal DNA, 11 Phytophthora spp. and two hybrid species were identified. A majority of the isolates were P. citricola (35.9%) or P. citrophthora (27.4%). Six isolates were confirmed as hybrids (four of P. cactorum × hedraiandra and two of P. nicotianae × cactorum) by cloning and sequencing the ITS region. Three P. cactorum × hedraiandra isolates were obtained from the same site, from three Rhododendron spp., which are known hosts to the parental species. The fourth isolate, however, was recovered out of a different location in a Dicentra sp., which is not a known host to either parental species, suggesting an expansion of host range of the hybrid isolate as compared with either parental species.

1 aLeonberger, A J1 aSpeers, C1 aRuhl, G1 aCreswell, T1 aBeckerman, J L uhttps://forestphytophthoras.org/references/survey-phytophthora-spp-midwest-nurseries-greenhouses-and-landscapes01617nas a2200193 4500008004100000245011500041210006900156260001200225300001400237490000800251520093800259100001901197700001901216700002101235700002501256700002701281700001901308856009601327 2014 eng d00aThe Microscopic Examination of Phytophthora cinnamomi in Plant Tissues Using Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization0 aMicroscopic Examination of Phytophthora cinnamomi in Plant Tissu c12/2014 a747 - 7570 v1623 a

The microscopic examination of Phytophthora cinnamomi in plant tissues is often difficult as structures such as hyphae, chlamydospores and oospores are frequently indistinguishable from those of other fungi and oomycetes, with histological stains not enabling species differentiation. This lack of staining specificity makes the localization of P. cinnamomi hyphae and reproductive structures within plant tissues difficult, especially in woody tissues. This study demonstrates that with the use of a species-specific fluorescently labelled DNA probe, P. cinnamomi can be specifically detected and visualized directly using fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) without damage to plant or pathogen cell integrity or the need for subculturing. This approach provides a new application for FISH with potential use in the detailed study of plant–pathogen interactions in plants.

1 aLi, Andrew, Y.1 aCrone, Michael1 aAdams, Peter, J.1 aFenwick, Stanley, G.1 aHardy, Giles, E. S. J.1 aWilliams, Nari uhttp://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/jph.2014.162.issue-11-12http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/jph.1225705777nas a2200157 4500008004100000022001400041245004000055210003700095300000900132490000700141520530100148100001605449700001805465700001805483856011805501 2013 eng d a2191-139800aPhytophthora on Betula spp. (birch)0 aPhytophthora on Betula spp birch a7 pp0 v803 a

Birch is an important forest tree especially in colder climates. It is monoecious and wind polli- nated species, and it has wind-dispersed seeds. The genus contains more than 60 taxa including trees and shrubs. B. pendula Roth (silver birch) and B pubescens Ehrh. (downy birch) have both wide distribution in Europe and are also found in northern parts of Asia (Hämet-Ahti et al., 1989, Niemistö et al., 2008). B. alleghaniensis Britton (yellow birch), B. lenta L. (sweet birch), B. papyrifera Marshall (paper birch) B. populifolia Marsh. (grey birch) and B. nigra L. (river birch) are species typical for North America (Hämet-Ahti et al., 1989; Verkasalo, 1990). In Scandinavia and northern Europe B. pendula is an important tree species for forest industry, but also used as amenity trees in parks, alleys and in gardens. B. alleghaniensis, B. lenta and B. papyrifera are also valuable for forest industry. Birches are cold tolerant pioneer species and in southern Europe they are found mainly on higher altitudes. Many Betula species such as B. nana L. (dwarf birch), B. pubescens subsp. czerepanovii (Orlova) Hämet-Ahti (arctic moor birch) and B. utilis D. Don (Himalayan birch) are typi- cal for treeline. B. nana and it’s subspecies are shrubs native to arctic and cool temperate regions of northern Europe, northern Asia and northern North America. They are also present in Greenland as well as in mountains in Scotland and the Alps. B. utilis is growing as a shrub or tree native to the the Himalayas (Hämet-Ahti et al., 1989; http://www.discoverlife.org).

1 aLilja, Arja1 aThinggaard, K1 aMunda, Alenka uhttp://www.jki.bund.de/fileadmin/dam_uploads/_veroeff/JKI_Datenblaetter/Phytophthora/englisch/final_Betula_en.pdf05060nas a2200193 4500008004100000022001400041245010100055210006900156260001600225520443400241100001904675700001704694700001804711700001804729700001704747700001904764700001204783856007104795 2022 eng d a0191-291700aFirst Report of Root Rot Caused by Phytophthora acerina on Metasequoia glyptostroboides in China0 aFirst Report of Root Rot Caused by Phytophthora acerina on Metas cAug-02-20223 a

Metasequoia glyptostroboides Hu & W. C. Cheng (Taxodiaceae), commonly called the Chinese redwood or dawn redwood, is a well-known "living fossil" and rare relict plant species endemic to China, which has been successfully cultivated throughout the world (Ma 2007). In July to September 2020, trees of Chinese redwood which were more than thirty years-old, showed symptoms of decline and death associated with branch dieback, root and collar rot (Fig. 1) in Yangtze River shelter-forests of Jiangling County in Hubei Province, China (112°15′19″E, 30°11′56″N; 40m). Diseased roots and rhizosphere soils were collected in September 2020 and April 2021. Using the baiting method, a homothallic Phytophthora sp. was recovered consistently from diseased roots and soil samples of Chinese redwood. All the isolates of this Phytophthora sp. formed similar colonies on V8 agar and corn meal agar (Fig. 2), and then three representative isolates (L4-5-4, L4-5-5 and L4-5-6) were randomly selected for morphological and molecular identification. In distilled water, semipapillate persistent sporangia were borne in simple sympodial branched sporangiophores. Sporangia were predominantly ovoid (Fig. 3a, d and f), but other shapes were observed including subglobose (Fig. 3b), limoniform (Fig. 3c) or distorted shapes (Fig. 3e), averaging 44.1 ± 7.7 µm (n=102) in length and 32.8 ± 5.2 µm (n=102) in width, with narrow exit pores of 8.0 ± 1.4 µm (n=93) and a length/breadth ratio of 1.3 ± 0.10 (n=102). Chlamydospores were not observed. Oogonia were globose or subglobose, 20.51 to 40.15 µm (av. 33.1 ± 3.9 µm) (n=119) in diameter, with smooth walls and paragynous antheridium (Fig. 3g-i). Oospores were globose or subglobose in elongated oogonia with medium wall thickness of 1.9 ± 0.5 µm (n=36), aplerotic or plerotic and 16.9 to 32.6 µm in diameter (av. 26.6 ± 3.8 µm) (n=40). According to the above morphological characteristics, this Phytophthora sp. was placed in Waterhouse's (1963) group III. The sequences of the internal transcribed spacers (ITS) region of nuclear ribosomal DNA of each isolate (GenBank Accession No. OK087320, OK087321 and OK087322) was 760 bp and had identity of 99.84% with three P. acerina isolates (JX951285, JX951291 and JX951296), while the 800 bp β-tubulin (BTUB) sequences (OK140540, OK140541 and OK140542) showed 99.97% homology to the sequence of P. acerina (KC201283) (Ginetti, Moricca and Squires 2014) (Table 1). The ML phylogenetic trees were established by comparing ITS and BTUB sequences of three Phytophthora strains (L4-5-4, L4-5-5 and L4-5-6) with reference sequences of isolates of Phytophthora in ITS and BTUB in GenBank (Fig. 4-5). Based on the morphological and molecular characteristics, the strains were identified as namely P. acerina. In addition, pathogenicity assays were performed with one of the three strains (L4-5-4) on M. glyptostroboides using both one year old and three years old seedlings. Inoculum was prepared by subculturing agar plugs from edges of CMA cultures into V8 medium plates, incubating at 20 ℃ in darkness for 10 days. Six seedlings planted in pots filled with sterilized soil were inoculated by mycelium plug at root collar and stem wounded by a 8 mm diameter puncher. Six control seedlings were inoculated in the same manner as above, and sterile agar plugs were used. After 35 days, inoculated seedlings all had necrotic lesions at the inoculation sites, and some seedlings had the symptoms of foliage blight and dieback, whereas control seedlings remained healthy (Fig. 6). The number of fibrous roots after inoculation was significantly less than the control, and the roots of inoculated seedlings blackened or even rotted, while there were no obvious symptoms in the control (Fig. 7). Phytophthora isolates recovered from the symptomatic tissues of artificially inoculated plants were identical to isolate L4-5-4 in morphological characters and ITS sequencing. This is the first report of P. acerina causing root rot on the Chinese redwood in China. As only the seedlings were inoculated, further research is needed to address the epidemiology and pathogenicity of P. acerina to adult trees of Chinese red wood. References: Ginetti, B. et al. 2014. Plant Pathology, 63(4): 858-876. Ma, J. S. 2007. Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History, 48(2): 235-253. Waterhouse, G. M. 1963. Mycological Papers 92:1-22

1 aLiu, Duanchong1 aZhao, Wenxia1 aHuai, Wen-Xia1 aXia, Jianping1 aCai, Sanshan1 abin Zhang, Ru-1 aLi, Bin uhttps://apsjournals.apsnet.org/doi/pdf/10.1094/PDIS-12-21-2722-PDN00498nas a2200157 4500008004100000022001400041245003700055210003700092260002900129300001400158490000700172520006900179100001800248700001700266856005700283 1989 eng d a1365-305900aPhytophthora katsurae from cocoa0 aPhytophthora katsurae from cocoa bBlackwell Publishing Ltd a627–6290 v383 aPhytophthora katsurae is reported for the first time from cocoa.1 aLiyanage, NIS1 aWheeler, BEJ uhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3059.1989.tb01463.x00438nas a2200133 4500008004100000022001400041245007600055210006900131260002500200300001000225490000700235100001400242856004800256 2009 eng d a1387-354700aEcological impacts of non-indigenous invasive fungi as forest pathogens0 aEcological impacts of nonindigenous invasive fungi as forest pat bSpringer Netherlands a81-960 v111 aLoo, Judy uhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10530-008-9321-3