00992nas a2200313 4500008004100000245008700041210006900128260011100197300000800308490003200316100001600348700001600364700001600380700001800396700001800414700001300432700001600445700001400461700001400475700001500489700001400504700001400518700001500532700001500547700001700562700001700579700001800596856006400614 2010 eng d00aDetection and eradication of Phytophthora ramorum from Oregon forests, 2001–20080 aDetection and eradication of Phytophthora ramorum from Oregon fo aSanta Cruz, CaliforniabU.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station a3-50 vGen. Tech. Rep. PSW-GTR-2291 aKanaskie, A1 aHansen, E M1 aGoheen, E M1 aOsterbauer, N1 aMcWilliams, M1 aLaine, J1 aThompson, M1 aSavona, S1 aTimeus, H1 aWoosley, B1 aSutton, W1 aReeser, P1 aSchultz, R1 aHilburn, D1 aFrankel, S J1 aKliejunas, T1 aPalmieri, K M uhttp://www.fs.fed.us/psw/publications/documents/psw_gtr229/01543nas a2200205 4500008004100000245010800041210007000149260001600219300001400235490000700249520086500256100002201121700002001143700001501163700001501178700002201193700001401215700001701229856009101246 2016 eng d00aPhytophthora ×alni and Phytophthora lacustris associated with common alder decline in Central Portugal0 aPhytophthora ×alni and Phytophthora lacustris associated with co cJan-04-2016 a174 - 1760 v463 a

Since the early 1990s, an emerging disease induced by the highly aggressive oomycete Phytophthora ×alni has caused widespread alder decline across Europe. In parallel, P. lacustris, a recently described species associated with riparian habitats, has been subject of increasing interest. A field survey conducted in 2014 showed high mortality rates in alder stands located in the riparian gallery along two rivers in Central Portugal. The pathogens isolated from necrotic alder stem base during this study were identified as P. ×alni and P. lacustris. This paper is the first to report the occurrence of P. lacustris in Portugal and presents the first finding of P. ×alni affecting mature trees in natural ecosystems located in Central Portugal.

1 aKanoun-Boulé, M.1 aVasconcelos, T.1 aGaspar, J.1 aVieira, S.1 aDias-Ferreira, C.1 aHusson, C1 aWoodward, S. uhttp://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/efp.2016.46.issue-2http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/efp.1227302705nas a2200193 4500008004100000245014100041210006900182260003900251300001100290490000600301520203400307100001802341700002202359700001302381700002102394700002002415700002302435856005302458 2012 eng d00aPhenotypic diversification Is associated with host-induced transposon derepression in the sudden oak death pathogen Phytophthora ramorum0 aPhenotypic diversification Is associated with hostinduced transp bPublic Library of Sciencec04/2012 ae347280 v73 a

The oomycete pathogen Phytophthora ramorum is responsible for sudden oak death (SOD) in California coastal forests. P. ramorum is a generalist pathogen with over 100 known host species. Three or four closely related genotypes of P. ramorum (from a single lineage) were originally introduced in California forests and the pathogen reproduces clonally. Because of this the genetic diversity of P. ramorum is extremely low in Californian forests. However, P. ramorum shows diverse phenotypic variation in colony morphology, colony senescence, and virulence. In this study, we show that phenotypic variation among isolates is associated with the host species from which the microbe was originally cultured. Microarray global mRNA profiling detected derepression of transposable elements (TEs) and down-regulation of crinkler effector homologs (CRNs) in the majority of isolates originating from coast live oak (Quercus agrifolia), but this expression pattern was not observed in isolates from California bay laurel (Umbellularia californica). In some instances, oak and bay laurel isolates originating from the same geographic location had identical genotypes based on multilocus simples sequence repeat (SSR) marker analysis but had different phenotypes. Expression levels of the two marker genes analyzed by quantitative reverse transcription PCR were correlated with originating host species, but not with multilocus genotypes. Because oak is a nontransmissive dead-end host for P. ramorum, our observations are congruent with an epi-transposon hypothesis; that is, physiological stress is triggered on P. ramorum while colonizing oak stems and disrupts epigenetic silencing of TEs. This then results in TE reactivation and possibly genome diversification without significant epidemiological consequences. We propose the P. ramorum-oak host system in California forests as an ad hoc model for epi-transposon mediated diversification.

1 aKasuga, Takao1 aKozanitas, Melina1 aBui, Mai1 aHüberli, Daniel1 aRizzo, David, M1 aGarbelotto, Matteo uhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.003472800460nas a2200121 4500008004100000245011000041210006900151300001200220490000700232100002500239700001900264856005500283 2006 eng d00aHeterogeneity shapes invasion: host size and environment influence susceptibility to a nonnative pathogen0 aHeterogeneity shapes invasion host size and environment influenc a166-1750 v161 aKauffman, Matthew, J1 aJules, Erik, S uhttp://www.esajournals.org/doi/abs/10.1890/05-021100628nas a2200169 4500008004100000022001400041245011400055210006900169300000900238490000700247100001400254700001400268700001400282700001400296700001700310856013100327 2009 eng d a0031-949X00aFamily variation in Phytophthora lateralis resistance in Port-Orford-cedar: Greenhouse and raised bed testing0 aFamily variation in Phytophthora lateralis resistance in PortOrf aS1220 v991 aKegley, A1 aKolpak, S1 aReeser, P1 aHansen, E1 aSniezko, R A uhttps://forestphytophthoras.org/references/family-variation-phytophthora-lateralis-resistance-port-orford-cedar-greenhouse-and00368nas a2200109 4500008004100000245004700041210004700088300001200135490000700147100001700154856008700171 2006 eng d00aChestnut cultivation and breeding in Korea0 aChestnut cultivation and breeding in Korea a31 - 370 v201 aKim, Mahn-Jo uhttps://forestphytophthoras.org/references/chestnut-cultivation-and-breeding-korea00391nas a2200109 4500008004100000245005600041210005500097300001000152490000700162100001700169856009500186 2006 eng d00aChestnut cultivation and breeding in Korea: Part II0 aChestnut cultivation and breeding in Korea Part II a26-340 v201 aKim, Mahn-Jo uhttps://forestphytophthoras.org/references/chestnut-cultivation-and-breeding-korea-part-ii02289nas a2200157 4500008004100000245013300041210006900174260001600243300001600259490000700275520163300282100001701915700001901932700001901951856016101970 2015 eng d00aIn planta detection used to define the distribution of the European lineages of Phytophthora ramorum on larch (Larix ) in the UK0 aIn planta detection used to define the distribution of the Europ cJan-10-2015 a1168 - 11750 v643 a

Two genetically distinct evolutionary lineages of the oomycete pathogen Phytophthora ramorum are responsible for the major epidemic on larch (Larix spp.) in the UK: EU1 (historically widespread) and the recently identified EU2 (reported only from Northern Ireland and a small area in southwest Scotland). Methods for lineage discrimination have required pure cultures of P. ramorum but, as the pathogen is challenging to isolate from infected larch tissue, only limited data have been available on the distribution of EU2. In this study a protocol was developed to determine the lineage of P. ramorum in infected larch tissue without the need for isolation. The protocol was applied to 134 UK samples collected during 2013–14. In addition, lineage testing was applied to over 300 P. ramorum isolates cultured from a wide range of hosts between 2002 and 2012. Combined data confirmed that EU2 is restricted to Northern Ireland and a small area of southwest Scotland where it is the dominant lineage. There was no evidence of EU2 spread into England and Wales where only EU1 was found. However, EU2 was more widely distributed in southern and eastern parts of Scotland than previously reported. Furthermore, EU1 and EU2 were detected <10 km apart in larch plantations. This study provides the first reports of natural EU2 infection on European larch (Larix decidua), hybrid larch (Larix × eurolepis), beech (Fagus sylvatica), noble fir (Abies procera) and western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla).

1 aKing, K., M.1 aHarris, A., R.1 aWebber, J., F. uhttp://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/ppa.2015.64.issue-5http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/ppa.12345http://api.wiley.com/onlinelibrary/tdm/v1/articles/10.1111%2Fppa.1234501518nas a2200169 4500008004100000022001300041245006200054210005900116300001400175490000700189520097600196653001501172653002901187100001901216700001501235856009801250 1981 eng d a0191291700aPhytophthora root rot of Port-Orford-cedar in California.0 aPhytophthora root rot of PortOrfordcedar in California a446–4470 v653 a

Phytophthora Root Rot of {Port-Orford-Cedar} in California. John T. Kliejunas, Plant Pathologist, Forest Pest Management, Forest Service, {U.S.} Department of Agriculture, San Francisco, {CA} 94111. David H. Adams, Forest Pathologist, Department of Forestry, State of California, Sacramento 95814. Plant Dis. 65:446-447. . This article is in the public domain and not copyrightable. It may be freely reprinted with customary crediting of the source. The American Phytopathological Society, 1981. {DOI:} {10.1094/PD-65-446.} The {Port-Orford-cedar} stands on federal, state, and private lands in northern California were surveyed in the spring of 1980 for Phytophthora root rot caused by Phytophthora lateralis. The disease was present at six sites on the Gasquet Ranger District, Six Rivers National Forest, and Jedediah Smith Redwoods State Park, Del Norte County, and on six ornamental cedars at a residence in Eureka, Humboldt County.

10aCalifornia10aChamaecyparis lawsoniana1 aKliejunas, J T1 aAdams, D H uhttps://forestphytophthoras.org/references/phytophthora-root-rot-port-orford-cedar-california01775nas a2200133 4500008004100000245009400041210006900135300001600204490000700220520127400227100001901501700001501520856010601535 1979 eng d00aPhytophthora cinnamomi in Hawaiian forest soils: seasonal variations in population levels0 aPhytophthora cinnamomi in Hawaiian forest soils seasonal variati a1268–12720 v693 a

Soils from three ohia forest sites with trees showing varying degrees of decline, and from adjacent healthy and declining sites, were sampled biweekly for population levels of Phytophthora cinnamomi over an 8- to 13-mo period. Population levels varied considerably among sites and within the same site throughout the course of the study. At the three sites, the fungus generally was undetectable or its population levels were lowest in the winter months when minimum soil temperatures were near 10 C and then they increased as soil temperatures increased. Population levels decreased after extended periods of heavy rain and measurements at six of the eight monthly sampling times were significantly higher at the decline site than at the adjacent healthy site. Significant correlations between P. cinnamomi population levels and maximum soil temperature, minimum soil temperature, and rainfall were found at some sites but not at others. Soil matric potentials at all sites ranged from 0 to –30 mb and were seldom less than –25 mb. High water holding capacity of the soils combined with rainfall averages ranging 2,984–3,489 mm/yr apparently were favorable for sporangium formation. Zoospores were prevalent at certain times of the year.

1 aKliejunas, J T1 aNagata, JT uhttp://www.apsnet.org/publications/phytopathology/backissues/Documents/1979Abstracts/Phyto69_1268.htm00481nas a2200109 4500008004100000245007500041210006900116260010500185300001100290100002300301856004700324 2010 eng d00aSudden oak death and Phytophthora ramorum: a summary of the literature0 aSudden oak death and Phytophthora ramorum a summary of the liter aAlbany, CA, USAbU.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station. a181 p.1 aKliejunas, John, T uhttp://www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/3659100952nas a2200253 4500008004100000022003200041245013600073210006900209260009900278300001000377653001500387653002000402653001900422653002000441653003400461653002000495653002100515653001700536653001800553653001500571653002500586100002300611856006400634 2011 eng d aGen. Tech. Rep. PSW-GTR-23600aA risk assessment of climate change and the impact of forest diseases on forest ecosystems in the Western United States and Canada.0 arisk assessment of climate change and the impact of forest disea bU.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station, Albany, CA a70 p.10aArmillaria10acanker diseases10aClimate change10adwarf mistletoe10aenvironmental risk assessment10afoliar diseases10aforest pathogens10aPhytophthora10aroot diseases10astem rusts10ayellow-cedar decline1 aKliejunas, John, T uhttp://www.fs.fed.us/psw/publications/documents/psw_gtr236/00575nas a2200157 4500008004100000024001200041245011500053210006900168100001400237700001500251700001400266700001400280700001200294700002100306856009000327 2022 eng d aEM 933000aPreventing Phytophthora infestations in restoration nurseries: a key to protecting wildland plant communities.0 aPreventing Phytophthora infestations in restoration nurseries a 1 aKline, N.1 aElliott, M1 aParke, J.1 aStark, D.1 aShaw, D1 aChristiansen, A. u https://catalog.extension.oregonstate.edu/sites/catalog/files/project/pdf/em9330.pdf00562nas a2200133 4500008004100000245012800041210006900169300001400238490000700252100001200259700001300271700001200284856013200296 2006 eng d00aThe possible origin and relation of Phytophthora katsurae and P. heveae, discovered in a protected natural forest in Taiwan0 apossible origin and relation of Phytophthora katsurae and P heve a273–2770 v471 aKo, W H1 aWang, SY1 aAnn, PJ uhttps://forestphytophthoras.org/references/possible-origin-and-relation-phytophthora-katsurae-and-p-heveae-discovered-protected00673nas a2200157 4500008004100000022001300041245005500054210005300109260003500162300001600197490000700213520022800220100001200448700001500460856004000475 1979 eng d a0027551400aPhytophthora katsurae, a new name for P. castaneae0 aPhytophthora katsurae a new name for P castaneae bMycological Society of America app. 840-8440 v713 a

P. katsurae is proposed to replace P. castaneae Katsura & Uchida from chestnut [RPP 57, 2024] which is illegitimate, being a later homonym of P. castaneae (Mangin) Clements & Shear.

1 aKo, W H1 aChang, H S uhttp://www.jstor.org/stable/375919801965nas a2200217 4500008004100000022001400041245014500055210006900200260001200269300001200281490000800293520124400301653003601545653001301581653002201594100001501616700002101631700002101652700001901673856005501692 2012 eng d a1574-696800aSurvival of Phytophthora alni, Phytophthora kernoviae, and Phytophthora ramorum in a simulated aquatic environment at different levels of pH0 aSurvival of Phytophthora alni Phytophthora kernoviae and Phytoph c07/2012 a54–600 v3323 a

Phytophthora ramorum, Phytophthora alni, and Phytophthora kernoviae present significant threats to biosecurity. As zoosporic oomycetes, these plant pathogens may spread through natural waterways and irrigation systems. However, survival of these pathogens in aquatic systems in response to water quality is not well understood. In this study, we investigated their zoospore survival at pH 3–11 in a 10% Hoagland’s solution over a 14-day period. The results showed that all three pathogens were most stable at pH 7, although the populations declined overnight irrespective of pH. Extended survival of these species depended on the tolerance of pH of their germinants. Germinants of P. alni ssp. alni and P. ramorum were more basic tolerant (pH 5–11), while those of P. kernoviae were more acidic tolerant (pH 3–9). These tolerant germinants formed compact hyphae or secondary sporangia to allow longer survival of these pathogens. Long-term survival at a broad pH range suggests that these pathogens, especially P. ramorum, are adapted to an aquatic environment and pose a threat to new production areas through water dispersal.

10aquarantine Phytophthora species10awater pH10azoospore survival1 aKong, Ping1 aLea-Cox, John, D1 aMoorman, Gary, W1 aHong, Chuanxue uhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6968.2012.02574.x02234nas a2200217 4500008004100000022001400041245013700055210006900192260002900261300001600290490000700306520151900313653002001832653002801852653002401880653001401904100001201918700001701930700001401947856005501961 2012 eng d a1365-305900aEffect of electrical conductivity on survival of Phytophthora alni, P. kernoviae and P. ramorum in a simulated aquatic environment0 aEffect of electrical conductivity on survival of Phytophthora al bBlackwell Publishing Ltd a1179–11860 v613 a

This study investigated survival of the pathogens Phytophthora ramorum, P. alni and P. kernoviae as zoospores or sporangia in response to an important water quality parameter, electrical conductivity (EC), at its range in irrigation water reservoirs and irrigated cropping systems. Experiments with different strengths of Hoagland’s solution showed that all three pathogens survived at a broad range of EC levels for at least 3 days and were stimulated to grow and sporulate at ECs > 1·89 dS m-1. Recovery of initial populations after a 14-day exposure was over 20% for P. alni subsp. alni and P. kernoviae, and 61·3% and 130% for zoospores and sporangia of P. ramorum, respectively. Zoospore survival of these pathogens at ECs < 0·41 dS m-1 was poor, barely beyond 3 days in pure water; only 0·3% (P. alni), 2·9% (P. kernoviae) and 15·1% (P. ramorum) of the initial population survived after 14 days at EC = 0·21 dS m-1. The variation in rates of survival at different EC levels suggests that these pathogens survive better in cropping systems than in irrigation water. Containment of run-off and reduction in EC levels may therefore be non-chemical control options to reduce the risk of pathogen spread through natural waterways and irrigation systems.

10aaquatic biology10aelectrical conductivity10aquarantine pathogen10azoospores1 aKong, P1 aLea-Cox, J D1 aHong, C X uhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3059.2012.02614.x02297nas a2200217 4500008004100000245012800041210006900169260001600238300001600254490000700270520152100277100001501798700002001813700001501833700001401848700001501862700001301877700001401890700001401904856016101918 2015 eng d00aPotential of Ypt1 and ITS gene regions for the detection of Phytophthora species in a lab-on-a-chip DNA hybridization array0 aPotential of Ypt1 and ITS gene regions for the detection of Phyt cJan-10-2015 a1176 - 11890 v643 a

A novel DNA-chip hybridization assay that uses the ras-related GTP-binding protein 1 gene (Ypt1) was developed for the identification of several devastating Phytophthora species. The hybridization was conducted in a portable microfluidic lab-on-a-chip device for fast and accurate detection of 40 Phytophthora, two Pythium and one Phytopythium species. Moreover, the functionality of the Ypt1 region was examined in comparison to an array for the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region by in silico modelling. The difference in species-specific capture probe sequences was lower for the ITS than for the Ypt1 region. While ITS-probes of Phytophthora ramorum, Phytophthora fragariae and Phytophthora lateralis cross-reacted with up to 11 non-target species, Ypt1-probes were specific except for P. fragariae/Phytophthora rubi. First analyses of artificially inoculated Rhododendron leaves successfully demonstrated the usability of the respective capture probes for the Ypt1 and the ras-related plant protein Rab1a gene region. The on-chip hybridization enabled the detection of up to 1 pg μL−1 target DNA depending on the species examined. Due to the complementarity of ITS and Ypt1 genetic features, the use of multiple loci is recommended to identify targets of different taxonomic rank.

1 aKönig, S.1 aSchwenkbier, L.1 aPollok, S.1 aRiedel, M1 aWagner, S.1 aPopp, J.1 aWeber, K.1 aWerres, S uhttp://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/ppa.2015.64.issue-5http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/ppa.12357http://api.wiley.com/onlinelibrary/tdm/v1/articles/10.1111%2Fppa.1235702580nas a2200205 4500008004100000245013200041210006900173260001600242300001600258490000700274520179100281100001502072700002602087700002602113700001702139700001902156700001502175700002302190856016102213 2016 eng d00aMultiplex detection and identification of Phytophthora spp. using target-specific primer extension and Luminex xTAG technology0 aMultiplex detection and identification of Phytophthora spp using cJan-08-2016 a1008 - 10210 v653 a

There are more than 100 species that belong to the fungus-like genus Phytophthora, many of which can cause severe damage to plants in both natural and agricultural ecosystems. The availability of techniques for detection and identification are crucial for monitoring and control of these pathogens. In recent years, new methods using molecular approaches have been developed. However, the majority of them are designed to detect single Phytophthora species. Techniques that are able to target multiple species in one sample would offer advantages, especially for the assessment of Phytophthora diversity in the environment. This paper describes a multiplex assay for simultaneous detection and identification of 26 members of Phytophthora down to species level and another 22 to clade or subclade level through target-specific primer extension (TSPE) and the Luminex xTAG array detection system. The assay starts with PCR amplification of two genomic regions, ITS and coxI, followed by a multiplex TSPE reaction with clade-, subclade- and species-specific probes. As a result, biotin-dCTP labelled products are generated and subsequently detected through hybridization with a set of anti-TAG coupled, colour-coded paramagnetic beads. The specificity of the method has been tested using DNA extracts from over 400 isolates representing 110 Phytophthora species and subspecies. The sensitivity and robustness have been determined by the use of DNA mixtures, dilution series and environmental samples. Thus the developed technique allows simultaneous identification of multiple Phytophthora species, particularly useful for the detection of these pathogens in environmental samples such as soil, water and plant tissue.

1 aKostov, K.1 aVerstappen, E., C. P.1 aBergervoet, J., H. W.1 aDe Weerdt, M1 aSchoen, C., D.1 aSlavov, S.1 aBonants, P., J. M. uhttp://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/ppa.2016.65.issue-6http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/ppa.12481http://api.wiley.com/onlinelibrary/tdm/v1/articles/10.1111%2Fppa.1248102336nas a2200181 4500008004100000022001300041245016200054210006900216260001600285300001200301490000700313520165900320100002201979700002402001700001902025700002302044856008702067 2017 eng d a1754504800aInterspecific interactions between the Sudden Oak Death pathogen Phytophthora ramorum and two sympatric Phytophthora species in varying ecological conditions0 aInterspecific interactions between the Sudden Oak Death pathogen cAug-08-2017 a86 - 960 v283 a

Even when introduced invasive pathogens lack their natural predators or competitors, they must still interact with other organisms in their introduced range. Sudden Oak Death (SOD), caused by Phytophthora ramorum (Oomycota), is an introduced disease causing large-scale tree mortality. Two additional Phytophthora species, Phytophthora nemorosa and Phytophthora pseudosyringae, cause significantly lower oak mortality, yet they also commonly colonize leaves of Umbellularia californica, the major transmissive host of SOD in California. We combined field surveys and inoculation experiments to understand disease prevalence dynamics and competitive interactions among these pathogen species. Despite the broader geographic distribution of P. nemorosa with respect to that of P. ramorum, our results suggest that P. nemorosa exhibits a narrower ecological amplitude and, in any given region, occupies fewer sites than P. ramorum. Our results additionally suggest that, perhaps due to priority effects, P. nemorosa can persist at levels comparable to those of P. ramorum in ecologically suitable plots when climate favors P. ramorum dormancy. However, P. ramorum prevalence increases to levels higher than those of the competing species when abundant rainfall triggers its sporulation. Understanding the determinants and outcomes of competition between these species has important implications for understanding the epidemiology and possible control strategies for Sudden Oak Death.

1 aKozanitas, Melina1 aOsmundson, Todd, W.1 aLinzer, Rachel1 aGarbelotto, Matteo uhttps://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1754504817300600?via%3Dihub01089nas a2200133 4500008004100000245014000041210006900181300001200250490000800262520061400270100001400884700001600898856004100914 1993 eng d00aPhytophthora tentaculata sp. nov. und Phytophthora cinnamomi var. parvispora var. nov., zwei neue Pilze von Zierpflanzen in Deutschland0 aPhytophthora tentaculata sp nov und Phytophthora cinnamomi var p a250-2580 v1003 a

Während der letzten beiden Jahre sind in Deutschland in einigen stark geschädigten Gewächshausbeständen von Zierpflanzen wiederholt zwei Vertreter der Gattung Phytophthora isoliert worden, die bisher noch nicht bekannt waren. Sie werden hier als P. tentaculata und als P. cinnamomi vai. parvispora beschrieben.

From severely damaged ornamental plants found in greenhouses in Germany, two representatives of the genus Phytophthora were isolated. Because these fungi are unknown until now they are described in this treatise as new fungi, namely P. tentaculata and P. cinnamomi var. parvispora.

1 aKrober, K1 aMarwitz, RZ uhttp://www.jstor.org/stable/4338617300594nas a2200133 4500008004100000022001400041245014000055210006900195300001500264490001400279100001500293700001500308856013700323 1993 eng d a0340-815900aPhytophthora tentaculata sp. nov. and Phytophthora cinnamomi var. parvispora var. nov., two new fungi from ornamental plants in Germany0 aPhytophthora tentaculata sp nov and Phytophthora cinnamomi var p ap. 250-2580 vv. 100(3)1 aKroeber, H1 aMarwitz, R uhttps://forestphytophthoras.org/references/phytophthora-tentaculata-sp-nov-and-phytophthora-cinnamomi-var-parvispora-var-nov-two-new01773nas a2200193 4500008004100000022001300041245009900054210006900153260001600222300001400238490000700252520116000259100001901419700001601438700002501454700001901479700001501498856006601513 2004 eng d a1087184500aPhylogenetic analysis of Phytophthora species based on mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequences0 aPhylogenetic analysis of Phytophthora species based on mitochond cJan-08-2004 a766 - 7820 v413 a

A molecular phylogenetic analysis of the genus Phytophthora was performed, 113 isolates from 48 Phytophthora species were included in this analysis. Phylogenetic analyses were performed on regions of mitochondrial (cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1; NADH dehydrogenase subunit 1) and nuclear gene sequences (translation elongation factor 1α; β-tubulin) and comparisons made to test for incongruence between the mitochondrial and nuclear data sets. The genus Phytophthora was confirmed to be monophyletic. In addition, results confirm that the classical taxonomic grouping as described by [Waterhouse (1963)] does not reflect true phylogenetic relations. Phytophthora species were redistributed into 8 clades, providing a more accurate representation of phylogenetic relationships within the genus Phytophthora. The evolution and transition of morphological, pathogenic, and reproductive traits was inferred from the cladogram generated in this study. Mating system was inferred to be a homoplasious trait, with at least eight independent transitions from homothallism to heterothallism observed.

1 aKroon, L.P.N.M1 aBakker, F.T1 avan den Bosch, G.B.M1 aBonants, P.J.M1 aFlier, W.G uhttp://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S108718450400061101434nas a2200181 4500008004100000022001400041245003700055210003300092260001200125300001400137490000800151520093700159100002601096700001801122700002401140700002101164856006701185 2012 eng d a0031-949X00aThe genus Phytophthora anno 20120 agenus Phytophthora anno 2012 c04/2012 a348 - 3640 v1023 a

Plant diseases caused by Phytophthora species will remain an ever increasing threat to agriculture and natural ecosystems. Phytophthora literally means plant destroyer, a name coined in the 19th century by Anton de Bary when he investigated the potato disease that set the stage for the Great Irish Famine. Phytophthora infestans, the causal agent of potato late blight, was the first species in a genus that at present has over 100 recognized members. In the last decade, the number of recognized Phytophthora species has nearly doubled and new species are added almost on a monthly basis. Here we present an overview of the 10 clades that are currently distinguished within the genus Phytophthora with special emphasis on new species that have been described since 1996 when Erwin and Ribeiro published the valuable monograph ‘Phytophthora diseases worldwide’ (35).

1 aKroon, Laurens, P N M1 aBrouwer, Henk1 aCock, Arthur, W A M1 aGovers, Francine uhttp://apsjournals.apsnet.org/doi/abs/10.1094/PHYTO-01-11-002502382nas a2200193 4500008004100000245009800041210006900139260001600208300001400224490000700238520163800245100001801883700002001901700001801921700001801939700002001957700002001977856019101997 2013 eng d00aAbsence of evidence is not evidence of absence: Feral pigs as vectors of soil-borne pathogens0 aAbsence of evidence is not evidence of absence Feral pigs as vec cJan-08-2013 a534 - 5420 v383 a

Invasive soil-borne pathogens are a major threat to forest ecosystems worldwide. The newly discovered soil pathogen, Phytophthora ‘taxon Agathis’ (PTA), is a serious threat to endemic kauri (Agathis australis: Araucariaceae) in New Zealand. This study examined the potential for feral pigs to act as vectors of PTA. We investigated whether snouts and trotters of feral pigs carry soil contaminated with PTA, and using these results determined the probability that feral pigs act as a vector. We screened the soil on trotters and snouts from 457 pigs for PTA using various baiting techniques and molecular testing. This study detected 19 species of plant pathogens in the soil on pig trotters and snouts, including a different Phytophthora species (Phytophthora cinnamomi). However, no PTA was isolated from the samples. A positive control experiment showed a test sensitivity of 0–3% for the baiting methods and the data obtained were used in a Bayesian probability modelling approach. This showed a posterior probability of 35–90% (dependent on test sensitivity scores and design prevalence) that pigs do vector PTA and estimated that a sample size of over 1000 trotters would be required to prove a negative result. We conclude that feral pigs cannot be ruled out as a vector of soil-based plant pathogens and that there is still a high probability that feral pigs do vector PTA, despite our negative results. We also highlight the need to develop a more sensitive test for PTA in small soil samples associated with pigs due to unreliable detection rates using the current method.

1 aKrull, C., R.1 aWaipara, N., W.1 aChoquenot, D.1 aBurns, B., R.1 aGormley, A., M.1 aStanley, M., C. uhttp://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/aec.2013.38.issue-5http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/j.1442-9993.2012.02444.xhttp://api.wiley.com/onlinelibrary/tdm/v1/articles/10.1111%2Fj.1442-9993.2012.02444.x02425nas a2200277 4500008004100000022001400041245008900055210006900144260003800213300001600251490000700267520160500274653002201879653002501901653001301926653001901939653002301958100001401981700001501995700001502010700001702025700002102042700001402063700001502077856005502092 2012 eng d a1365-305900aResponse of selected South Australian native plant species to Phytophthora cinnamomi0 aResponse of selected South Australian native plant species to Ph bBlackwell Publishing Ltdc12/2012 a1165–11780 v613 a

Thirty-seven South Australian native plant species from 11 families, including 15 threatened species in the state (of which six are listed as threatened under the federal Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999) were assessed for response to infection by Phytophthora cinnamomi. Seedlings, 3-6 months old and grown in a greenhouse, were inoculated by placing infested pine wood plugs in the potting mix, maintained in moist conditions and assessed for mortality and disease symptoms for between 3 and 10 months. Thirty species were found to be susceptible, of which nine were highly susceptible, 15 moderately susceptible and six slightly susceptible. Three species were found to be resistant and results for four species were inconclusive. Six of the 15 threatened, rare or locally endangered species tested (Eucalyptus viminalis var. viminalis, Correa aemula, C. calycina, Olearia pannosa ssp. pannosa, Pomaderris halmaturina ssp. halmaturina and Prostanthera eurybioides) were moderately susceptible, while two (Allocasuarina robusta and Pultenaea graveolens) were highly susceptible.Significant populations of at least five of the threatened species susceptible to the disease are located close to confirmed or suspected Phytophthora-infested areas or growing in areas conducive for P.cinnamomi. An effective management strategy is therefore required to avoid extinction of such species due to infection by the phytophthora dieback pathogen.

10anative vegetation10aphytophthora dieback10asurvival10asusceptibility10athreatened species1 aKueh, K H1 aMcKay, S F1 aFacelli, E1 aFacelli, J M1 aVelzeboer, R M A1 aAble, A J1 aScott, E S uhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3059.2012.02593.x02596nas a2200205 4500008004100000022001400041245015500055210006900210260001600279300001600295490000800311520186400319100002602183700002502209700001702234700002802251700002202279700002302301856006602324 2019 eng d a0191-291700aA qPCR Assay for the Detection of Phytophthora cinnamomi Including an mRNA Protocol Designed to Establish Propagule Viability in Environmental Samples0 aqPCR Assay for the Detection of Phytophthora cinnamomi Including cJan-09-2019 a2443 - 24500 v1033 a

Phytophthora cinnamomi causes root and collar rot in many plant species in natural ecosystems and horticulture. A species-specific primer and probe PCIN5 were designed based on a mitochondrial locus encoding subunit 2 of cytochrome c oxidase (cox2). Eight PCR primers, including three forward and five reverse, were designed and tested in all possible combinations. Annealing temperatures were optimized for each primer pair set to maximize both specificity and sensitivity. Each set was tested against P. cinnamomi and two closely related clade 7 species, P. parvispora and P. niederhauseri. From these tests, five primer pairs were selected based on specificity and, with a species-specific P. cinnamomi probe, used to develop quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) assays. The specificity of the two most sensitive qPCR assays was confirmed using the genomic DNA of 29 Phytophthora isolates, including 17 isolates of 11 species from clade 7, and representative species from nine other clades (all except clade 3). The assay was able to detect as little as 150 ag of P. cinnamomi DNA and showed no cross-reaction with other Phytophthora species, except for P. parvispora, a very closely related species to P. cinnamomi, which showed late amplification at high DNA concentrations. The efficiency of the qPCR protocol was evaluated with environmental samples including roots and associated soil from plants artificially infected with P. cinnamomi. Different RNA isolation kits were tested and evaluated for their performance in the isolation of RNA from environmental samples, followed by cDNA synthesis, and qPCR assay. Finally, a protocol was recommended for determining the presence of P. cinnamomi in recalcitrant environmental samples.

1 aKunadiya, Manisha, B.1 aDunstan, William, D.1 aWhite, Diane1 aHardy, Giles, E. St. J.1 aGrigg, Andrew, H.1 aBurgess, Treena, I uhttps://apsjournals.apsnet.org/doi/10.1094/PDIS-09-18-1641-RE02181nas a2200169 4500008004100000022001400041245010900055210006900164260001600233300001400249490000800263520160700271100002101878700002101899700002001920856007101940 2017 eng d a1861-382900aPhytophthora chlamydospora and P. megasperma associated with root and crown rot of sour cherry in Turkey0 aPhytophthora chlamydospora and P megasperma associated with root cJan-08-2017 a403 - 4060 v1243 a

Sour cherry is a very important commercial crop of Turkey. In a newly established orchard in Ankara province of Turkey, some of young sour cherry trees did not leaf out or collapsed after a while turning green in spring, 2014. Lateral and hairy roots of symptomatic trees showed poor growth. Occurrence of necrotic and decay tissues girdling the whole roots resulted in tree mortality. Two Phytophthora spp. were isolated from necrotic tissues on taproots and crowns. The pathogens were identified as Phytophthora chlamydospora and P. megasperma based on morphological characteristics and DNA sequences of the internal transcribed spacer region. Pathogenicity of the isolates was tested by stem inoculation to sour cherry seedlings. P. chlamydospora caused canker lesions and killed the seedlings within 4 weeks, while no cankers occurred on stem of the plants inoculated with P. megasperma and on control plants. Also P. megasperma was found as pathogen on roots of sour cherry seedlings in soil infestation test. This is the first report of P. chlamydospora and P. megasperma causing crown and root rot of sour cherry in Turkey. In addition, P. chlamydospora is a new pathogen of sour cherry grafted on Prunus mahaleb.

1 aKurbetli, İlker1 aAydoğdu, Mehmet1 aSülü, Görkem uhttp://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s41348-017-0075-y.pdf