03172nas a2200301 4500008004100000245014100041210006900182260001600251300000700267490000700274520220200281100001702483700001702500700002302517700001702540700002202557700002202579700002402601700001902625700002002644700002002664700002002684700001702704700001602721700002302737700002502760856008502785 2020 eng d00aA Survey in Natural Forest Ecosystems of Vietnam Reveals High Diversity of both New and Described Phytophthora Taxa including P. ramorum0 aSurvey in Natural Forest Ecosystems of Vietnam Reveals High Dive cJan-01-2020 a930 v113 a

In 2016 and 2017, surveys of Phytophthora diversity were performed in 25 natural and semi-natural forest stands and 16 rivers in temperate and subtropical montane and tropical lowland regions of Vietnam. Using baiting assays from soil samples and rivers and direct isolations from naturally fallen leaves, 13 described species, five informally designated taxa and 21 previously unknown taxa of Phytophthora were isolated from 58 of the 91 soil samples (63.7%) taken from the rhizosphere of 52 of the 64 woody plant species sampled (81.3%) in 20 forest stands (83.7%), and from all rivers: P. capensis, P. citricola VII, VIII, IX, X and XI, P. sp. botryosa-like 2, P. sp. meadii-like 1 and 2, P. sp. tropicalis-like 2 and P. sp. multivesiculata-like 1 from Phytophthora major phylogenetic Clade 2; P. castaneae and P. heveae from Clade 5; P. chlamydospora, P. gregata, P. sp. bitahaiensis-like and P. sp. sylvatica-like 1, 2 and 3 from Clade 6; P. cinnamomi (Pc), P. parvispora, P. attenuata, P. sp. attenuata-like 1, 2 and 3 and P. ×heterohybrida from Clade 7; P. drechsleri, P. pseudocryptogea, P. ramorum (Pr) and P. sp. kelmania from Clade 8, P. macrochlamydospora, P. sp. ×insolita-like, P. sp. ×kunnunara-like, P. sp. ×virginiana-like s.l. and three new taxa, P. sp. quininea-like, P. sp. ×Grenada 3-like and P. sp. ×Peru 4-like, from Clade 9; and P. sp. gallica-like 1 and 2 from Clade 10. The A1 and A2 mating types of both Pc and Pr co-occurred. The A2 mating type of Pc was associated with severe dieback of montane forests in northern Vietnam. Most other Phytophthora species, including Pr, were not associated with obvious disease symptoms. It is concluded that (1) Vietnam is within the center of origin of most Phytophthora taxa found including Pc and Pr, and (2) Phytophthora clades 2, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10 are native to Indochina.

1 aJung, Thomas1 aScanu, Bruno1 aBrasier, Clive, M.1 aWebber, Joan1 aMilenković, Ivan1 aCorcobado, Tamara1 aTomšovský, Michal1 aPánek, Matěj1 aBakonyi, Jozsef1 aMaia, Cristiana1 aBačová, Aneta1 aRaco, Milica1 aRees, Helen1 aPérez-Sierra, Ana1 aJung, Marilia, Horta uhttps://www.mdpi.com/1999-4907/11/1/93https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4907/11/1/93/pdf03359nas a2200277 4500008004100000245010800041210006900149300001100218520245100229100001702680700001902697700003902716700002102755700001902776700002302795700002302818700003202841700002002873700001802893700002402911700002202935700002002957700002502977700001703002856006203019 2018 eng d00aDiversity of Phytophthora species in Valdivian rainforests and association with severe dieback symptoms0 aDiversity of Phytophthora species in Valdivian rainforests and a ae124433 a

The Valdivian rainforest, one of the global hotspots of biodiversity, is a temperate rainforest originating as a Tertiary relic from the supercontinent Gondwana. In November 2014, a survey of Phytophthora diversity was performed in 13 natural forest stands and 20 forest streams and rivers in two protected areas near Valdivia and in a temperate montane forest in the Concepción area. One planted stand each of the introduced tree species Castanea sativa and Fagus sylvatica were also included. Using baiting assays, eight described species and four previously unknown taxa of Phytophthora were isolated from 86% of the 50 rhizosphere soil samples from seven of the eight tree species sampled in 12 forest stands, and from 20 streams: P. chlamydospora, P. cinnamomi, P. kernoviae, P. lacustris, P. plurivora, P. pseudosyringae, P. ×cambivora, P×stagnum, P. valdiviana nom. prov. from Clade 2b, P. madida nom. prov. from Clade 8a, and P. chilensis nom. prov. and P. pseudokernoviae nom. prov. The latter two species are the closest relatives of P. kernoviae from Clade 10. Phytophthora pseudokernoviae nom. prov. was also isolated from necrotic leaves of Drimys winteri. From the Valdivia river, a swarm of three Clade 6 hybrids was recovered. Each hybrid isolate resulted from multiple reticulation events with P. thermophila as maternal and both P. amnicola and P. chlamydospora as paternal parents. In addition, three previously unknown and recently described Nothophytophthora species, N. caduca, N. chlamydospora and N. valdiviana, were isolated from several forest streams. Phytophthora cinnamomi, the most common and widespread species in soils of native forests, was associated with severe dieback of Valdivian rainforest trees, in particular D. winteri, Luma apiculata, Nothofagus dombeyi and the endangered Saxegothaea conspicua. A first pathogenicity test demonstrated high aggressiveness of P. cinnamomi to several native tree species, including N. dombeyi, Blepharocalyx cruckshanksii and Gevuina avellana.

1 aJung, Thomas1 aDurán, Alvaro1 avon Stowasser, Eugenio, Sanfuentes1 aSchena, Leonardo1 aMosca, Saveria1 aFajardo, Sebastian1 aGonzález, Mariela1 aOrtega, Angella, D. Navarro1 aBakonyi, Jozsef1 aSeress, Diana1 aTomšovský, Michal1 aCravador, Alfredo1 aMaia, Cristiana1 aJung, Marilia, Horta1 aWoodward, S. uhttps://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/efp.12443