@proceedings {4041, title = {On-farm farmer managed trials to control black pod disease caused by Phytophthora megakarya in Ghana}, year = {1995}, month = {1997}, pages = {pp. 109{\textendash}118}, publisher = {Owusu, G.K., Padi, B., Ollennu, L.A.A., Owusu Manu, E. (Eds.)}, address = {Accra, Ghana}, doi = {10.4314/gjas.v33i2.1876}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/gjas.v33i2.1876}, author = {AY Akrofi and IY Opoku and AA Appiah} } @article {268, title = {Oak mortality in Iberia}, journal = {Nature}, volume = {360}, year = {1992}, pages = {539-539}, issn = {0028-0836}, doi = {doi:10.1038/360539a0}, url = {http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v360/n6404/abs/360539a0.html}, author = {C.M. Brasier} } @article {Brasier11051999, title = {Origin of a new Phytophthora pathogen through interspecific hybridization}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America}, volume = {96}, number = {10}, year = {1999}, pages = {5878-5883}, abstract = {Plant disease epidemics resulting from introductions of exotic fungal plant pathogens are a well known phenomenon. An associated risk that accelerated pathogen evolution may be occurring as a consequence of genetic exchange between introduced, or introduced and resident, fungal pathogens is largely unrecognized. This is, in part, because examples of natural, interspecific hybridization in fungi are very rare. Potential evolutionary developments range from the acquisition of new host specificities to emergence of entirely new pathogen taxa. We present evidence from cytological behavior, additive nucleotide bases in repetitive internal transcribed spacer regions of the rRNA-encoding DNA (rDNA), and amplified fragment length polymorphisms of total DNA that a new, aggressive Phytophthora pathogen of alder trees in Europe comprises a range of heteroploid-interspecific hybrids involving a Phytophthora cambivora-like species and an unknown taxon similar to Phytophthora fragariae. The hybrids marked developmental instabilities, unusual morphological variability, and evidence for recombination in their internal transcribed spacer profiles indicates that they are of recent origin and that their evolution is continuing. The likelihood of such evolutionary events may be increasing as world trade in plants intensifies. However, routine diagnostic procedures currently in use are insufficiently sensitive to allow their detection.}, doi = {doi: 10.1073/pnas.96.10.5878}, url = {http://www.pnas.org/content/96/10/5878.abstract}, author = {C.M. Brasier and Cooke, D. E. L. and Duncan, J. M.} } @article {261, title = {The occurrence of Phytophthora cinnamomi in the soil under pine stands in the southeast.}, journal = {Phytopathology}, volume = {41}, year = {1951}, pages = {742-746}, author = {Campbell, W.A.} } @article {4250, title = {The occurrence of Phytophthora palmivora (Butl.) Butl. in soil in Ghana}, journal = {Ghana Jnl. Agric. Sci}, volume = {7}, year = {1974}, pages = {37-41}, abstract = {

The occurrence of Phytophthora palmivora (But!.) But!. in soil was studied over 2 consecutive years by baiting the fungus with healthy cocoa pods. The fungus was frequently found in soils of a forest reserve, an abandoned cocoa farm and in farms still under cocoa cultivation; its activity, however, differed under the three soil conditions. Fluctuations in the occurrence of P. palmivora in soil did not depend on atmospheric temperature. At Obomeng, the fungus was isolated more frequently from a cocoa farm than from either an abandoned cocoa farm or a forest area. The isolation of P. palmivora from the uncultivated forest soil indicates that the fungus is indigenous to forest soils.

}, url = {http://gains.org.gh/articles/gjas_v7_1_p37_41.pdf}, author = {Dakwa, JT} } @article {4459, title = {An overview of Australia{\textquoteright}s Phytophthora species assemblage in natural ecosystems recovered from a survey in Victoria}, journal = {IMA Fungus}, volume = {7}, year = {2016}, month = {Jan-01-2016}, pages = {47-58}, abstract = {

Although Phytophthora species cause serious diseases worldwide, until recently the main focus on disease in natural ecosystems in southern Australia has been on the distribution and impact of P. cinnamomi. However, new Phytophthora pathogens have emerged from natural ecosystems, and there is a need to better understand the diversity and distribution of these species in our natural forests, woodlands and heathlands. From a survey along a 70 km pipeline easement in Victoria, Phytophthora species were isolated from 249 rhizosphere samples and 25 bait bags deployed in 21 stream, river, or wetland locations. Of the 186 Phytophthora isolates recovered, 130 were identified to species based on ITS sequence data. Ninety-five isolates corresponded to 13 described Phytophthora species while additionally 35 isolates were identified as Clade 6 hybrids. Phytophthora cinnamomi was the most common species isolated (31 \%), followed by P. elongata (6 \%), both species were only recovered from soil. Samples from sites with the highest soil moisture at the time of sampling had the highest yield of isolates. Consistent with other studies throughout the world, Clade 6 species and their hybrids dominated water samples, although many of these species were also recovered less frequently from soil samples. Many of the species recovered in this study have not previously been reported from eastern Australia, reinforcing that Phytophthora species are widespread, abundant and diverse in natural ecosystems. We have probably been underestimating Phytophthora diversity in Australia.

}, doi = {10.5598/imafungus.2016.07.01.04}, url = {http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/ima/imafung/pre-prints/content-k4_Vol7_no1_Article4}, author = {William A. Dunstan and Kay Howard and Giles E. StJ. Hardy and Treena I. Burgess} } @article {253, title = {The occurrence of Phytophthora and Pythium species on roots of native plants in northern California and southern Oregon.}, journal = {Phytopathology}, volume = {45}, year = {1955}, pages = {694 (abstract)}, author = {Middleton, J.T. and Baxter, D.V.} } @article {4524, title = {O complexo gomose da ac{\'a}cia-negra}, journal = {Colombo-PR: Embrapa Florestas}, volume = {Circular T{\'e}cnica, 44}, year = {2001}, pages = {8 pp.}, abstract = {

A ac{\'a}cia-negra {\'e} uma esp{\'e}cie florestal que foi introduzida no Brasil, no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, na d{\'e}cada de 30. Atualmente, com uma {\'a}rea plantada de aproximadamente 100.000 ha, envolve cerca de 10 mil pequenos produtores rurais (Higa \& Dedecek, 1999), compondo um dos maci{\c c}os florestais daquele Estado, onde desempenha importante papel s{\'o}cio-econ{\^o}mico para as pequenas propriedades rurais (Fleig, 1993).

O r{\'a}pido crescimento da ac{\'a}cia-negra, associado ao aproveitamento integral da madeira, torna essa esp{\'e}cie ideal para reflorestamento e para utiliza{\c c}{\~a}o industrial. Sua contribui{\c c}{\~a}o aos mais variados segmentos econ{\^o}micos e industriais {\'e} ampla, tanto pelo aproveitamento da casca para extra{\c c}{\~a}o do tanino (a casca possui cerca de 28\% de tanino), quanto pelo uso da madeira para diversos fins, tais como a fabrica{\c c}{\~a}o de papel e celulose, chapas de aglomerados, carv{\~a}o e lenha. No Brasil, {\'e} plantada principalmente para produ{\c c}{\~a}o de tanino.

A ac{\'a}cia-negra {\'e} uma planta que exsuda goma na casca do tronco. A goma {\'e} aparentemente produzida pelas {\'a}rvores em resposta a alguma condi{\c c}{\~a}o anormal, como pat{\'o}genos ou inj{\'u}rias provocadas por insetos, danos mec{\^a}nicos ou fatores externos que afetam o seu crescimento (Zeijlemaker, 1968). Quimicamente, a goma da ac{\'a}cia-negra {\'e} uma combina{\c c}{\~a}o de arabinose, galactose, ramnose e {\'a}cido glucur{\^o}nico (Stephen 1951). A quantidade de goma produzida por uma {\'a}rvore depende da caracter{\'\i}stica gen{\'e}tica do material e da influ{\^e}ncia de fatores ambientais, tais como a temperatura e a disponibilidade de umidade.

Como resultado, tem-se pouca goma no per{\'\i}odo seco, enquanto muita goma pode ser exsudada no per{\'\i}odo {\'u}mido (Zeijlemaker, 1968). Um dos principais problemas da ac{\'a}cia-negra {\'e} a doen{\c c}a conhecida como gomose de Phytophthora sp. (Santos et al., 1998). Os sintomas ocorrem no tronco e se caracterizam por les{\~o}es necr{\'o}ticas na casca, chegando a atingir o lenho. A abundante exsuda{\c c}{\~a}o gomosa {\'e} o sintoma mais caracter{\'\i}stico dessa doen{\c c}a, que {\'e} facilmente confundido com outros problemas, uma vez que o tronco da ac{\'a}cia-negra exsuda goma quando lesionado por a{\c c}{\~a}o tanto bi{\'o}tica quanto abi{\'o}tica. Assim sendo, embora a les{\~a}o exsudativa seja o tipo de sintoma mais caracter{\'\i}stico da gomose de Phytophthora, essa n{\~a}o {\'e} uma caracter{\'\i}stica exclusiva como indicadora da associa{\c c}{\~a}o Phytophthora -ac{\'a}cia. Portanto, este trabalho tem o objetivo de discutir aspectos relacionados {\`a} gomose de Phytophthora e aos de outros tipos de problemas associados {\`a} ac{\'a}cia-negra e que tenham a exsuda{\c c}{\~a}o de goma como parte de seu quadro sintomatol{\'o}gico, de maneira que se possam elucid{\'a}-los, para facilitar a sua identifica{\c c}{\~a}o no camp.

}, issn = {1517-5278}, url = {https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/15427678.pdf}, author = {Santos, A. F. dos and Grigoletti, A. Jr. and Auer, CG} } @article {4007, title = {Occurrence of Phytophthora cinnamomi in cork oak forests in Italy}, journal = {Forest Pathology}, volume = {43}, year = {2013}, month = {08/2013}, pages = {340{\textendash}343}, abstract = {

An increasing decline and mortality of cork oak trees have been recently observed in central Italy and Sardinia Island. Following surveys conducted in three declining cork oak forests, a Phytophthora species was consistently isolated from soil samples collected from trees displaying different level of decline. Based on morphological features, growth rates at different temperatures and analysis of DNA sequences of the ITS region, all isolates were identified as Phytophthora cinnamomi Rands. This pathogen caused large brownish lesions on inoculated freshly cut branches of cork oak. It was re-isolated from all infected tissues. These findings represent the first report of P.\ cinnamomi on cork oak trees in Italy.

}, doi = {10.1111/efp.12039}, url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/efp.12039/abstract}, author = {Scanu, B. and Linaldeddu, B. T. and Franceschini, A. and Anselmi, N. and A. Vannini and A.M. Vettraino}, editor = {Belbahri, L.} } @article {4621, title = {An Overview of Canadian Research Activities on Diseases Caused by Phytophthora ramorum: Results, Progress, and Challenges}, journal = {Plant Disease}, volume = {102}, year = {2018}, month = {Jan-07-2018}, pages = {1218 - 1233}, abstract = {

International trade and travel are the driving forces behind the spread of invasive plant pathogens around the world, and human-mediated movement of plants and plant products is now generally accepted as the primary mode of their introduction, resulting in huge disturbance to ecosystems and severe socio-economic impact. These problems are exacerbated under the present conditions of rapid climatic change. We report an overview of the Canadian research activities on Phytophthora ramorum. Since the first discovery and subsequent eradication of P. ramorum on infected ornamentals in nurseries in Vancouver, British Columbia, in 2003, a research team of Canadian government scientists representing the Canadian Forest Service, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, and Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada worked together over a 10-year period and have significantly contributed to many aspects of research and risk assessment on this pathogen. The overall objectives of the Canadian research efforts were to gain a better understanding of the molecular diagnostics of P. ramorum, its biology, host-pathogen interactions, and management options. With this information, it was possible to develop pest risk assessments and evaluate the environmental and economic impact and future research needs and challenges relevant to P. ramorum and other emerging forest Phytophthora spp.

}, issn = {0191-2917}, doi = {10.1094/PDIS-11-17-1730-FE}, url = {https://apsjournals.apsnet.org/doi/10.1094/PDIS-11-17-1730-FE}, author = {Shamoun, Simon Francis and Rioux, Danny and Callan, Brenda and James, Delano and Hamelin, Richard C. and Bilodeau, Guillaume J. and Elliott, Marianne and L{\'e}vesque, Andr{\'e} and Becker, Elisa and McKenney, Dan and Pedlar, John and Bailey, Karen and Bri{\`e}re, S. C. and Niquidet, Kurt and Allen, Eric} } @article {4699, title = {On-Site DNA Extraction and Real-Time PCR for Detection of Phytophthora ramorum in the FieldABSTRACT}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {71}, year = {2005}, month = {Jan-11-2005}, pages = {6702 - 6710}, abstract = {

Phytophthora ramorum is a recently described pathogen causing oak mortality (sudden oak death) in forests in coastal areas of California and southern Oregon and dieback and leaf blight in a range of tree, shrub, and herbaceous species in the United States and Europe. Due to the threat posed by this organism, stringent quarantine regulations are in place, which restrict the movement of a number of hosts. Fast and accurate diagnostic tests are required in order to characterize the distribution of P. ramorum, prevent its introduction into pathogen-free areas, and minimize its spread within affected areas. However, sending samples to a laboratory for testing can cause a substantial delay between sampling and diagnosis. A rapid and simple DNA extraction method was developed for use at the point of sampling and used to extract DNAs from symptomatic foliage and stems in the field. A sensitive and specific single-round real-time PCR (TaqMan) assay for P. ramorum was performed using a portable real-time PCR platform (Cepheid SmartCycler II), and a cost-effective method for stabilizing PCR reagents was developed to allow their storage and transportation at room temperature. To our knowledge, this is the first description of a method for DNA extraction and molecular testing for a plant pathogen carried out entirely in the field, independent of any laboratory facilities.

}, issn = {0099-2240}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.71.11.6702-6710.2005}, url = {https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16269700/}, author = {Tomlinson, J. A. and Boonham, N. and Hughes, K. J. D. and Griffin, R. L. and Barker, I.} } @article {springerlink:10.1007/s10658-004-1882-0, title = {Occurrence and distribution of Phytophthora; species in European chestnut stands, and their association with Ink Disease and crown decline}, journal = {European Journal of Plant Pathology}, volume = {111}, year = {2005}, note = {10.1007/s10658-004-1882-0}, pages = {169-180}, publisher = {Springer Netherlands}, abstract = {

The Phytophthora complex associated with Castanea sativa Mill. was investigated in five European countries in 35 regions and with respect to various domestication levels. Annual precipitation and length of drought season were the main parameters that regulated the presence of Phytophthora species in the chestnut stands. Seven species of Phytophthora were detected; three of these, P. megasperma, P. cryptogea and P. syringae had not been previously reported on sweet chestnut. P. cinnamomi. P. cambivora and P. citricola were most frequently isolated. P. cinnamomi and P. cambivora were the species significantly associated with declining trees with symptoms of Ink Disease. P. cinnamomi required distinct ecological conditions compared to the other species. P. cinnamomi was never detected in sites characterized by minimum temperatures below 1.4 {\textdegree}C, maximum temperature above 28 {\textdegree}C, or soil pH below 5.4. The results obtained provide useful information for modeling the probability of Ink Disease, crown decline and associated Phytophthora species in chestnut groves in global climatic change scenarios.

}, issn = {0929-1873}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10658-004-1882-0}, author = {Vettraino, A. and Morel, O. and Perlerou, C. and Robin, C. and Diamandis, S. and A. Vannini} } @article {EFP:EFP264, title = {Occurrence of Phytophthora species in oak stands in Italy and their association with declining oak trees}, journal = {Forest Pathology}, volume = {32}, number = {1}, year = {2002}, pages = {19{\textendash}28}, publisher = {Blackwell Science Ltd.}, abstract = {

Soil-borne species of Phytophthora were isolated from 19 of 30 examined oak forest areas in Italy. The frequency of isolated Phytophthora spp. (35.2\%) was significantly correlated with soil pH and longitude of the sites. Eleven Phytophthora species were detected. Phytophthora cambivora, P. cinnamomi and P. cactorum were recovered from sites in central and southern Italy whereas P. quercina was isolated in the northern and central part of the country. Phytophthora citricola occurred all over Italy. Phytophthora quercina was the only species significantly associated with declining oak trees.

}, issn = {1439-0329}, doi = {10.1046/j.1439-0329.2002.00264.x}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1439-0329.2002.00264.x}, author = {A.M. Vettraino and Barzanti, G. P. and Bianco, M. C. and Ragazzi, A. and Capretti, P. and Paoletti, E. and Luisi, N. and Anselmi, N. and A. Vannini} } @article {Xavier2010369, title = {Oospores progenies from Phytophthora ramorum}, journal = {Fungal Biology}, volume = {114}, number = {4}, year = {2010}, pages = {369 - 378}, abstract = {

Oospores of Phytophthora ramorum were produced from intraspecific pairings between a European A1 and European or American A2 strains. Their viability was evaluated through colouration with tetrazolium bromide. The distribution of oospores in the different classes of colouration was similar to that found in other Phytophthora species (homothallic and heterothallic): most of the oospores stained purple, which corresponds to spores in dormancy. In order to produce single-oospore cultures, a method was developed to separate oospores from mycelium and chlamydospores. Germination of oospores was observed in 110, 250, 350 and 500-d-old cultures at a low proportion. Microsatellite marker analyses on oospore progenies revealed that the oospores resulted from hybridisation. More than 50 oospore progenies were characterised in terms of mating type, aggressiveness on Rhododendron leaves, and growth rate on two different media. The results are discussed in the context of pest risk analysis.

}, keywords = {Sexual reproduction}, issn = {1878-6146}, doi = {10.1016/j.funbio.2010.02.009}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1878614610000383}, author = {Boutet Xavier and Vercauteren Annelies and Heungens Kurt and Laurent Fr{\'e}deric and Chandelier Anne} }