@article {4517, title = {Caracteriza{\c c}{\~a}o morfofisiol{\'o}gica e an{\'a}lise de PCR-SSCP de isolados de Phytophthora da ac{\'a}cia-negra na regi{\~a}o Sul do Brasil}, journal = {Summa Phytopathologica}, volume = {37}, year = {2011}, month = {Jan-01-2011}, pages = {92 - 97}, abstract = {

The aim of this study was to characterize Phytophthora isolates from black wattle (Acacia mearnsii) in Southern Brazil, based on phenotypic traits such as morphology, mycelial growth, cultural features, sexual compatibility and pathogenicity, as well as on single strand conformation polymorphism (PCR-SSCP) of\ rDNA ITS-gene 5.8S region. The isolates presented sporangia with prominent papilla, irregularly sympodial sporangia, heterothalic cultures with amphigynous antheridia, presence of chlamydospore and mycelial growth at temperature above 35{\textdegree}C, allowing the classification of all 12 isolates as P. nicotianae. All isolates were pathogenic to black wattle, causing necrosis on stems without gum formation, with significant differences on aggressiveness (P=0.05). Two populations\ of P. nicotianae from black wattle can be distinguished based on PCR-SSCP analysis of rDNA; however, this separation has no apparent correlation with phenotypic traits.

O objetivo do trabalho foi caracterizar isolados de Phytophthora da ac{\'a}cia-negra (Acacia mearnsii) provenientes do Sul do Brasil, com base em caracter{\'\i}sticas fenot{\'\i}picas tais como morfologia, crescimento micelial, caracter{\'\i}sticas das culturas, compatibilidade sexual e patogenicidade, e em perfis de polimorfismo de conforma{\c c}{\~a}o de fita simples (SSCP = Single Strand Conformation Polymorphism) da regi{\~a}o ITS-gene 5.8S do rDNA. Os isolados apresentaram espor{\^a}ngios com papilas proeminentes, arranjo dos espor{\^a}ngios irregularmente simpodial, culturas heterot{\'a}licas com presen{\c c}a de anter{\'\i}dios anf{\'\i}genos, presen{\c c}a de clamid{\'o}sporos e crescimento micelial em temperatura acima de 35{\textdegree}C, permitindo a classifica{\c c}{\~a}o dos 12 isolados como P. nicotianae. Todos os isolados foram patog{\^e}nicos, causando necrose em ramos de ac{\'a}cia-negra, sem forma{\c c}{\~a}o de goma, com diferen{\c c}as significativas de agressividade (p=0,05). Duas popula{\c c}{\~o}es podem ser distinguidas em P. nicotianae da ac{\'a}cia negra pela an{\'a}lise PCR-SSCP do rDNA; no entanto essa separa{\c c}{\~a}o n{\~a}o apresenta aparente correla{\c c}{\~a}o com caracter{\'\i}sticas fenot{\'\i}picas.

}, issn = {0100-5405}, doi = {10.1590/S0100-54052011000300002}, url = {http://www.scielo.br/pdf/sp/v37n3/a02v37n3.pdf}, author = {Alves, TCA and Santos, A. F. dos and Tessmann, DJ and Vida, JB and Harakava, Ricardo} } @article {594531620010401, title = {Comparative aggressiveness of standard and variant hybrid alder phytophthoras, Phytophthora cambivora and other phytophthora species on bark of alnus, Quercus and other woody hosts.}, journal = {Plant Pathology}, volume = {50}, number = {2}, year = {2001}, pages = {218}, abstract = {

Analyzes results of pathogenicity tests on the bark of Alnus glutinosa with standard and variant hybrid alder phytophthoras. Aggressiveness on living alder logs; Levels of pathogenicity; Rates of lesion development.

}, keywords = {Alnus glutinosa, Disease, pest resistance, Phytophthora, plants}, issn = {00320862}, doi = {10.1046/j.1365-3059.2001.00553.x}, url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com.proxy.library.oregonstate.edu/doi/10.1046/j.1365-3059.2001.00553.x/abstract}, author = {C.M. Brasier and Kirk, S.A.} } @article {4652, title = {Cultural characters, protein patterns and unusual mating behaviour of Phytophthora gonapodyides isolates from Britain and North America}, journal = {Mycological Research}, volume = {97}, year = {1993}, month = {Jan-11-1993}, pages = {1287 - 1298}, abstract = {

Isolates of Phytophthora gonapodyides associated with roots of woody hosts or from aquatic habitats in Britain (10 isolates) and North America (Alaska to California, 12 isolates) were compared. They showed similar characteristics including similar sporangial dimensions, colonies with often distinctive petaloid patterns and a silvery appearance, slow growth rates at 20, 25 and 30 {\textdegree}C, and a maximum temperature for growth of about 35{\textdegree}. Most isolates exhibited a similar protein banding pattern distinct from that of P. cryptogea or P. drechsleri, and including a characteristic band designated the {\textquoteleft}PG band{\textquoteright}. Three isolates deviated from this pattern and two of these also produced chlamydospores and chains of swellings in culture. These isolates might be hybrids related to P. gonapodyides or a different taxon, in which case {\textquoteleft}P. gonapodyides{\textquoteright} is polyphyletic.

All the isolates were self-sterile. When paired directly or indirectly via polycarbonate membranes with A2 sexual compatibility types of heterothallic species such as P. cambivora, P. megakarya or P. meadii, gametangia were produced which were morphologically characteristic of these species. The range of heterothallic species responding was different from that responding sexually to Trichoderma volatiles. P. gonapodyides isolates may be sterile A1 compatibility types able to produce a compatibility substance which induces selfing in the heterothallic A2s.

Three other self-sterile Phytophthora isolates associated with woody hosts in Britain were a distinct group, with a different colony pattern, a distinct 30{\textdegree} growth optimum and an ability to grow at 37{\textdegree}. Their protein banding pattern was different from that of either P. gonapodyides or P. cryptogea/P. drechsleri, but showed similarities to these species. One isolate induced gametangial formation in P. drechsleri A1 types, the two others were sexually neutral. These three isolates might also be species hybrids, possibly with P. gonapodyides and P. cryptogea as parents.

}, issn = {09537562}, doi = {10.1016/S0953-7562(09)80160-3}, url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0953756209801603}, author = {Brasier, C.M. and Hamm, P.B. and Hansen, E.M.} } @article {Brasier19931287, title = {Cultural characters, protein patterns and unusual mating behaviour of Phytophthora gonapodyides isolates from Britain and North America}, journal = {Mycological Research}, volume = {97}, number = {11}, year = {1993}, pages = {1287 - 1298}, issn = {0953-7562}, doi = {DOI: 10.1016/S0953-7562(09)80160-3}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B7XMR-4VXMWBV-2/2/79f23cf89ac836528cb576d2f46f81b3}, author = {C.M. Brasier and P.B. Hamm and Hansen, E.M.} } @article {PPA:PPA1511, title = {Colonization of tree xylem by Phytophthora ramorum, P. kernoviae and other Phytophthora species}, journal = {Plant Pathology}, volume = {56}, number = {2}, year = {2007}, pages = {227{\textendash}241}, publisher = {Blackwell Publishing Ltd}, abstract = {

The aetiology and frequency of Phytophthora spp. in discoloured xylem tissue beneath phloem lesions was investigated in a range of broadleaved trees infected with P. ramorum, P. kernoviae, P. cambivora, P. citricola and other species. Isolation was attempted from the inner surface of 81 sterilized discoloured wood panels (6 {\texttimes} 4 cm) from 53 trees. Discolouration mostly extended 1{\textendash}5 mm into the xylem (75\%), but incursions of 6{\textendash}10 mm (10\%) and 10{\textendash}25 mm (15\%) were frequent. Of the wood panels, 81\% yielded Phytophthora spp. In 66 cases, both a wood panel and an overlying phloem panel were sampled. In 56\% of these, a Phytophthora, sp. was isolated from both the wood and the phloem panel. In 23\% the Phytophthora sp. was isolated from the wood panel only and in 8\% from the phloem panel only. Small {\textquoteleft}island{\textquoteright} phloem lesions, often in linear arrays adjacent to main lesions, were a common feature of Fagus sylvatica and Quercus spp. trees infected with P. ramorum or P. kernoviae. Island lesions were often connected by underlying strips or intermittent pits of discoloured xylem in line with the wood grain. Phytophthora ramorum, P. kernoviae and other Phytophthora spp. were successfully isolated from these connecting xylem features with P. ramorum and P. kernoviae also recovered from discoloured tissue 5{\textendash}25 mm below exposed xylem surfaces 24{\textendash}27 months after the overlying phloem was removed. These results show that these pathogens commonly occupy xylem beneath phloem lesions; that they can perennate in xylem tissue; that they can spread in xylem tissue ahead of phloem lesions; and indicate that they may initiate new phloem lesions in this way. Such colonization must lead to at least local xylem dysfunction. It is recommended that, if xylem discoloration is present, isolation of the Phytophthora sp. should be attempted from the xylem as well as the bark; also, that removal of infected outer sapwood should be undertaken during excision of bleeding lesions for disease control and in protocols aimed at preventing national or international spread of these tree stem pathogens.

}, keywords = {bark lesions, bleeding cankers, phloem, Phytophthora, tree stem diseases, wood}, issn = {1365-3059}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-3059.2006.01511.x}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3059.2006.01511.x}, author = {Brown, A. V. and C.M. Brasier} } @article {4487, title = {Current and projected global distribution of Phytophthora cinnamomi, one of the world{\textquoteright}s worst plant pathogens}, journal = {Global Change Biology}, year = {2016}, month = {Jan-09-2016}, abstract = {

Globally, Phytophthora cinnamomi is listed as one of the 100 worst invasive alien species and active management is required to reduce impact and prevent spread in both horticulture and natural ecosystems. Conversely, there are regions thought to be suitable for the pathogen where no disease is observed. We developed a CLIMEX model for the global distribution of P. cinnamomi based on the pathogen{\textquoteright}s response to temperature and moisture and by incorporating extensive empirical evidence on the presence and absence of the pathogen. The CLIMEX model captured areas of climatic suitability where P. cinnamomi occurs that is congruent with all available records. The model was validated by the collection of soil samples from asymptomatic vegetation in areas projected to be suitable by the model for which there were few records. DNA was extracted and the presence or absence of P. cinnamomi determined by high throughput sequencing (HTS). While not detected using traditional isolation methods, HTS detected P. cinnamomi at higher elevations in eastern Australia and central Tasmania as projected by the CLIMEX model. Further support for the CLIMEX model was obtained by using the large dataset from southwest Australia where the proportion of positive records in an area is related to the Ecoclimatic Index value for the same area. We provide for the first time a comprehensive global map of the current P. cinnamomi distribution, an improved CLIMEX model of the distribution, and a projection to 2080 of the distribution with predicted climate change. This information provides the basis for more detailed regional scale modelling and supports risk assessment for governments to plan management of this important soil-borne plant pathogen.

}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/gcb.13492 }, url = { http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/gcb.13492 }, author = {Burgess, Treena I. and Scott, John K. and McDougall, Keith L. and Stukely, Michael J. C. and Crane, Colin and Dunstan, William A. and Brigg, Frances and Andjic, Vera and White, Diane and Rudman, Tim and Arentz, Frans and Ota, Noboru and Hardy, Giles E. St.J.} } @article {4031, title = {Change of Mating Type in an EU1 Lineage Isolate of Phytophthora ramorum}, journal = {Journal of Phytopathology}, year = {2013}, month = {07/2013}, pages = {n/a - n/a}, abstract = {

All Phytophthora ramorum EU1 lineage isolates tested are of A1 mating type, except for three rare isolates from 2002 to 2003 from Belgium, which were originally assigned the A2 mating type. In one of these isolates (2338), a switch from A2 to A1 mating type was observed in 2006. This observation initiated a larger study in which all cultures and subcultures of the original three EU1 A2 isolates, maintained in three laboratories under different storage conditions, were checked for mating type change. The A2 to A1 mating type switch was observed in four of seven independently maintained isolates that were derived from isolate 2338 in two laboratories, using different transfer regimes and storage conditions. Following the mating type switch to A1 in these four derived isolates, no reversion back to A2 mating was observed, even after up to 5\ years of additional isolate maintenance and several more subculturing events. The three other isolates that were derived from isolate 2338 as well as the other EU1 A2 isolates collected in 2002 and 2003 and stored in the same conditions did not display such mating type change. The potential causes of the mating type conversions as well as their epidemiological implications are discussed.

}, doi = {10.1111/jph.12150}, url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jph.12150/abstract}, author = {Chandelier, Anne and Heungens, Kurt and Werres, Sabine} } @article {655, title = {A crown rot of hollyhock caused by Phytophthora megasperma n. sp.}, journal = {J Wash Acad Sci}, volume = {21}, year = {1931}, pages = {513-526}, author = {Drechsler, C.} } @article {murdoch2427, title = {Control of Phytophthora cinnamomi with phosphite: some recent developments in application methods}, journal = {Australasian Plant Conservation}, volume = {34}, number = {4}, year = {2005}, pages = {10{\textendash}11}, publisher = {Australian Network for Plant Conservation Inc.}, abstract = {

Phytophthora cinnamomi has a world-wide distribution, causes disease in a very wide range of plants and is responsible for the destruction of certain plant communities in Europe and Australia. P. cinnamomi was probably introduced into Australia in the nineteenth century and is now established in south-western Australia and Tasmania, and throughout eastern Australia, from South Australia to the wet tropics. P. cinnamomi is listed as a Key Threatening Process under the Commonwealth Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999.

}, url = {http://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/2427/}, author = {Dunstan, W.A. and G.E.St.J. Hardy} } @article {408, title = {Cypress mortality (mal del cipr{\'e}s) in the Patagonian Andes: comparisons with similar forest diseases and declines in North America}, journal = {European Journal of Forest Pathology}, volume = {29}, year = {1999}, month = {April 1999}, pages = {89{\textendash}96}, abstract = {

Summary Widespread mortality of Cordilleran cypress (Austrocedrus chilensis) occurs in developed and pristine forests in south-western Argentina and possibly south-eastern Chile. Affected trees may die rapidly but mortality is commonly preceded by several decades of severely restricted radial stem growth. Roots are often affected by one or more types of decay. Cypress mortality, locally termed {\textquoteleft}mal del cipres{\textquoteright}, is similar to a major forest disease in North America: Port-Orford-cedar (Chamaecyparis lawsoniana) root disease in Oregon and California and a major tree decline: Alaska yellow-cedar (Chamaecyparis nootkatensis) decline in south-east Alaska. This paper discusses several hypotheses concerning mal del cipres and compares current forest decline research in Patagonia with North America.

}, doi = {10.1046/j.1439-0329.1999.00133.x}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1439-0329.1999.00133.x}, author = {Filip, G. M. and Rosso, P. H.} } @article {4138, title = {Cocoa black pod: a reinterpretation}, journal = {Cocoa Growers{\textquoteright} Bulletin}, volume = {35}, year = {1984}, pages = {5{\textendash}22}, author = {Gregory, PH and Maddison, AC and Ward, MR} } @article {4081, title = {Crown rot of Abies balsamea var. phanerolepis caused by Phytophthora cactorum in Virginia}, journal = {Plant Disease}, volume = {89}, year = {2005}, month = {04/2005}, pages = {433 - 433}, abstract = {

In early July 2004, a severe crown rot of Canaan fir (Abies balsamea var. phanerolepis Fern.) was reported to the Virginia Cooperative Extension, Frederick County Office, and subsequently to the Virginia Tech Disease Clinic in Virginia Beach. One thousand five-year-old Canaan fir transplants (approximately 11 mm in caliper and 31 cm high) had been purchased from a tree nursery in Oregon and planted in the field in Frederick County, VA, in April of 2004. The field site had not been cultivated for 4 years after an apple orchard had been removed in 2000. By mid-May, needle browning had become serious, affecting the lower crown first. By August, transplants had suffered 40\% mortality. Basal stems of affected plants were obviously discolored. Root and basal stem samples from several infected plants were then cultured on PARP-V8 agar on three different dates. Phytophthora sp. isolates were recovered from all stem samples but none from the roots. These isolates produced a large number of papillate sporangia that were caducous with short pedicels. Abundant oogonia with paragynous antheridia formed oospores directly on isolation plates within 7 days. The isolates were keyed as P. cactorum (2). This identification was confirmed using a single-strand-conformation polymorphism analysis of ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS)-1 (4). It appears that the source of inoculum was P. cactorum associated with the previous apple crop, since Canaan fir from the same transplant lot planted in a nearby field without a history of apples remained healthy. P. cactorum has been reported to cause root rot of noble fir (A. procera Rhedo), Pacific silver fir (A. amabilis (Dougl.) Forbes), and Shasta red fir (A. magnifica var. shastensis Lemm.) in the Pacific Northwest (3). It has also caused crown rot of Fraser fir (A. fraseri (Pursh) Poir.), noble fir, white fir (A. concolor (Gord. \& Glend.) Lindl.), and balsam fir (A. balsamea (L.) Mill.) in Michigan (1). To our knowledge, this is the first report of P. cactorum attacking Canaan fir. Canaan fir currently is a recommended Christmas tree species for areas where Fraser fir does not do well due to root rot caused by Phytophthora cinnamomi. This study suggests that such a recommendation must be used with caution. Growing Canaan fir trees in P. cactorum-infested soil could result in devastating crop losses as reported in this note.

}, issn = {0191-2917}, doi = {10.1094/PD-89-0433B}, url = { http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/PD-89-0433B }, author = {Hong, C. X. and Marston, C. D.} } @article {MEN:MEN1554, title = {Characterization of microsatellite markers in the interspecific hybrid Phytophthora alni ssp. alni, and cross-amplification with related taxa}, journal = {Molecular Ecology Notes}, volume = {7}, number = {1}, year = {2007}, pages = {133{\textendash}137}, publisher = {Blackwell Publishing Ltd}, abstract = {

Phytophthora alni ssp. alni is an interspecific hybrid oomycete causing a large-scale decay of alders throughout Europe. In this study we developed a set of 10 microsatellite markers that shows promise for population studies and for studying hybridization events between the parental species of the hybrid. Moreover, the genotype and the ploidy of the different subspecies of P. alni might be inferred from the quantitative ratio of amplified genome-specific alleles. Nine primer pairs cross amplified with the related species Phytophthora cambivora and Phytophthora fragariae and yielded distinct alleles.

}, keywords = {genotyping, oomycete, polyploidy}, issn = {1471-8286}, doi = {10.1111/j.1471-8286.2006.01554.x}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-8286.2006.01554.x}, author = {Renaud Ioos and Barr{\'e}s, Beno{\^{\i}t and Axelle Andrieux and Pascal Frey} } @article {4610, title = {Canker and decline diseases caused by soil- and airborne Phytophthora species in forests and woodlands}, journal = {Persoonia - Molecular Phylogeny and Evolution of Fungi}, volume = {40}, year = {2018}, month = {Jan-01-2018}, pages = {182-220}, abstract = {

Most members of the oomycete genus Phytophthora are primary plant pathogens. Both soil- and airborne Phytophthora species are able to survive adverse environmental conditions with enduring resting structures, mainly sexual oospores, vegetative chlamydospores and hyphal aggregations. Soilborne Phytophthora species infect fine roots and the bark of suberized roots and the collar region with motile biflagellate zoospores released from sporangia during wet soil conditions. Airborne Phytophthora species infect leaves, shoots, fruits and bark of branches and stems with caducous sporangia produced during humid conditions on infected plant tissues and dispersed by rain and wind splash. During the past six decades, the number of previously unknown Phytophthora declines and diebacks of natural and semi-natural forests and woodlands has increased exponentially, and the vast majority of them are driven by introduced invasive Phytophthora species. Nurseries in Europe, North America and Australia show high infestation rates with a wide range of mostly exotic Phytophthora species. Planting of infested nursery stock has proven to be the main pathway of Phytophthora species between and within continents. This review provides insights into the history, distribution, aetiology, symptomatology, dynamics and impact of the most important canker, decline and dieback diseases caused by soil- and airborne Phytophthora species in forests and natural ecosystems of Europe, Australia and the Americas.

}, issn = {0031-5850}, doi = {10.3767/persoonia.2018.40.08}, url = {http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/nhn/pimj/10.3767/persoonia.2018.40.08}, author = {Jung, T. and P{\'e}rez-Sierra, A. and Dur{\'a}n, A. and Horta Jung, M. and Balci, Y. and Scanu, B.} } @article {700, title = {Chestnut cultivation and breeding in Korea}, journal = {Journal of The American Chestnut Foundation}, volume = {20}, year = {2006}, pages = {31 - 37}, author = {Mahn-Jo Kim} } @article {701, title = {Chestnut cultivation and breeding in Korea: Part II}, journal = {Journal of The American Chestnut Foundation}, volume = {20}, year = {2006}, pages = {26-34}, author = {Mahn-Jo Kim} } @article {4678, title = {CPHST Pest Datasheet for Phytophthora kernoviae}, year = {2015}, publisher = {USDA-APHIS-PPQ-CPHST}, url = {http://download.ceris.purdue.edu/file/2780}, author = {Mackesy, D. and Sullivan, M.} } @article {4636, title = {Characterization of Phytophthora hybrids from ITS clade 6 associated with riparian ecosystems in South Africa and Australia}, journal = {Fungal Biology}, volume = {117}, year = {2013}, month = {Jan-05-2013}, pages = {329 - 347}, abstract = {

Surveys of Australian and South African rivers revealed numerous Phytophthora isolates residing in clade 6 of the genus, with internal transcribed spacer (ITS) gene regions that were either highly polymorphic or unsequenceable. These isolates were suspected to be hybrids. Three nuclear loci, the ITS region, two single copy loci (antisilencing factor (ASF) and G protein alpha subunit (GPA)), and one mitochondrial locus (cytochrome oxidase c subunit I (coxI)) were amplified and sequenced to test this hypothesis. Abundant recombination within the ITS region was observed. This, combined with phylogenetic comparisons of the other three loci, confirmed the presence of four different hybrid types involving the three described parent species Phytophthora amnicola, Phytophthora thermophila, and Phytophthora taxon PgChlamydo. In all cases, only a single coxI allele was detected, suggesting that hybrids arose from sexual recombination. All the hybrid isolates were sterile in culture and all their physiological traits tended to resemble those of the maternal parents. Nothing is known regarding their host range or pathogenicity. Nonetheless, as several isolates from Western Australia were obtained from the rhizosphere soil of dying plants, they should be regarded as potential threats to plant health. The frequent occurrence of the hybrids and their parent species in Australia strongly suggests an Australian origin and a subsequent introduction into South Africa.

}, issn = {18786146}, doi = {10.1016/j.funbio.2013.03.004}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.funbio.2013.03.004}, author = {Nagel, Jan H. and Gryzenhout, Marieka and Slippers, Bernard and Wingfield, Michael J. and Hardy, Giles E.St.J. and Stukely, Michael J.C. and Burgess, Treena I.} } @article {3978, title = {A combination of baiting and PCR techniques for the detection of Phytophthora quercina and P. citricola in soil samples from oak stands}, journal = {Forest Pathology}, volume = {31}, year = {2001}, pages = {85-97}, abstract = {

Es wird der spezifische Nachweis von Phytophthora quercina und P. citricola in Bodenproben von absterbenden Eichen mit Hilfe einer Kombination von PCR- Reaktionen mit artspezifischen Primern erlaubten den Nachweis von P. quercina und P. citricola in den infizierten Eichenblaettern aus diesen Tests und im jeweiligen {\textquoteright}Baiting-Wasser{\textquoteright}. Der PCR- und Baiting-Methoden beschrieben. Die Bodenproben wurden mit Wasser geflutet und Baiting-Tests unterzogen, bei denen junge Blaettchen von Quercus robur als Koeder zum Einsatz kamen. Einfache oder nested PCR-Nachweis beider Erreger war auch moeglich, wenn Bodenproben gruendlich mit Wasser gemischt wurden, das aufgeschwemmte organische Material abgesammelt und das Wasser abgenommen wurde. P. quercina und P. citricola wurden dabei in nahezu allen Faellen im Wasser, jedoch weniger regelmaessig im organischen Material nachgewiesen. Die Identitaet der betreffenden Arten wurde zusaetzlich durch Restriktions-Analysen der entsprechenden Amplicons bestaetigt. Ausserdem wurde die Anwesenheit beider Arten in den untersuchten Bodenproben durch klassische Baiting-Methoden nachgewiesen. Nested PCR mit den verwendeten Primaerpaaren erlaubte den Nachweis von nur 5 Zoosporen von P. citricola und 300 Zoosporen von P. quercina in einem Gesamt-Volumen von 100 My l. Die beschriebenen Methoden ermoeglichen Nachweis und Identifizierung von Phytophthora-Arten in Bodenproben, ohne die Notwendigkeit einer direkten Extraktion des Bodens und ohne weitreichende Kenntnis der morphologischen Merkmale der Arten dieser Gattung.

}, issn = {1437-4781}, author = {Nechwatal, J. and Schlenzig, A. and T. Jung and Cooke, D. E. L. and Duncan, J. M. and W. O{\ss}wald} } @article {4014, title = {Challenges in predicting invasive reservoir hosts of emerging pathogens: mapping Rhododendron ponticum as a foliar host for Phytophthora ramorum and Phytophthora kernoviae in the UK}, journal = {Biological Invasions}, volume = {15}, year = {2013}, month = {3/2013}, pages = {529 - 545}, abstract = {

Invasive species can increase the susceptibility of ecosystems to disease by acting as reservoir hosts for pathogens. Invasive hosts are often sparsely recorded and not in equilibrium, so predicting their spatial distributions and overlap with other hosts is problematic. We applied newly developed methods for modelling the distribution of invasive species to the invasive shrub Rhododendron ponticum{\textemdash}a foliar reservoir host for the Phytophthora oomycete plant pathogens, P. ramorum and P. kernoviae, that threaten woodland and heathland habitat in Scotland. We compiled eleven datasets of biological records for R. ponticum (1,691 points, 8,455 polygons) and developed Maximum Entropy (MaxEnt) models incorporating landscape, soil and climate predictors. Our models produced accurate predictions of current suitable R. ponticum habitat (training AUC\ =\ 0.838; test AUC\ =\ 0.838) that corresponded well with population performance (areal cover). Continuous broad-leaved woodland cover, low elevation (\<400\ m a.s.l.) and intermediate levels of soil moisture (or Enhanced Vegetation Index) favoured presence of R. ponticum. The high coincidence of suitable habitat with both core native woodlands (54\ \% of woodlands) and plantations of another sporulation host, Larix kaempferi (64\ \% of plantations) suggests a high potential for spread of Phytophthora infection to woodland mediated by R. ponticum. Incorporating non-equilibrium modelling methods did not improve habitat suitability predictions of this invasive host, possibly because, as a long-standing invader, R. ponticum has filled more of its available habitat at this national scale than previously suspected.

}, issn = {1387-3547}, doi = {10.1007/s10530-012-0305-y}, url = {http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10530-012-0305-y$\#$}, author = {Purse, Bethan V. and Graeser, Philipp and Searle, Kate and Edwards, Colin and Harris, Catriona} } @article {4256, title = {Comparative study of Phytophthora faberi on coconut and cacao in the Philippine Islands}, journal = {Journal of Agricultural Research }, volume = {25}, year = {1923}, pages = {267-284}, url = {http://worldcocoafoundation.org/wp-content/files_mf/reinking1923.pdf}, author = {Reinking, OA} } @article {4477, title = {Comparison of Five Detection and Quantification Methods for Phytophthora ramorum in Stream and Irrigation Water}, journal = {Plant Disease}, volume = {100}, year = {2016}, month = {Jan-06-2016}, pages = {1202 - 1211}, abstract = {

Propagules of Phytophthora ramorum, the causal agent of sudden oak death (SOD) and ramorum blight, can be recovered from infested stream and nursery irrigation runoff using baiting and filtration methods. Five detection methods, including pear and rhododendron leaf baits, Bottle O{\textquoteright} Bait, filtration, and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) performed on zoospores trapped on a filter were compared simultaneously in laboratory assays using lab or creek water spiked with known quantities of P. ramorum zoospores. The detection threshold for each method was determined and methods that could be used to quantify zoospore inoculum were identified. Filtration and qPCR were the most sensitive at detecting low levels of zoospores, followed by wounded rhododendron leaves, rhododendron leaf disks, and pear baits. Filtration, qPCR, and leaf disks were able to quantify P. ramorum zoospores ranging from 2 to 451 direct-plate CFU/liter while wounded leaves and pear baits appeared to be better at detection rather than quantification. The ability to detect and quantify P. ramorum inoculum in water will assist scientists, regulatory agencies, and nursery personnel in assessing the risk of spreading P. ramorum in nurseries and landscape sites where untreated infested water is used for irrigation.

}, issn = {0191-2917}, doi = {10.1094/PDIS-11-15-1380-RE}, url = {http://apsjournals.apsnet.org/doi/10.1094/PDIS-11-15-1380-RE}, author = {Rollins, Lucy and Coats, Katie and Elliott, Marianne and Chastagner, Gary} } @article {213, title = {Collar rot on Italian alder trees in California caused by Phytophthora siskiyouensis}, journal = {Plant Health Progress}, year = {2009}, publisher = {Plant Management Network}, abstract = {

In November 2006, trees of Italian alder (Alnus cordata) were observed declining in association with bleeding trunk cankers in a commercial landscape in Foster City, CA. A species of Phytophthora was isolated on PARP selective medium from the leading edge of the cankers. The Phytophthora species was homothallic with primarily paragynous antheridia and had oospores that were mostly globose and aplerotic. Sporangia were produced from mycelia on plugs of carrot piece agar in soil extraction solution and were semi-papillate and ovoid to ellipsoid in shape. The intergenic transcribed spacer region of rDNA from an alder isolate matched with 100\% identity to isolates in GenBank of Phytophthora siskiyouensis, a recently described species associated with tanoak and found in the soil and waterways of coastal Oregon. Pathogenicity was tested on young alder trees growing in pots. Pathogenicity was confirmed on Italian alder trees and potential pathogenicity was demonstrated on red and white alder trees.

}, doi = {10.1094/PHP-2009-0413-01-RS}, url = {http://www.plantmanagementnetwork.org/sub/php/research/2009/alder/}, author = {Suzanne Rooney-Latham and Cheryl L. Blomquist and Tomas Pastalka and Laurence Costello} } @article {4528, title = {Comportamento diferenciado da gomose de Phytophthora em diferentes alturas ao longo de troncos de ac{\'a}cia-negra (Acacia mearnsii) em Piratini, RS}, journal = {Boletim de Pesquisa Florestal }, volume = {43}, year = {2001}, pages = {145-149}, abstract = {

The symptoms of gummosis of Phytophthora of black wattle (Acacia mearnsii) occur\  predominantly\  in\  the\  basal\  region of\  the\  trunk.\  The\  highest\  severity\  is usually observed in the basal section (up to 0,50 m from ground level, along the trunk). Black wattle gummosis was observed in trees growing at Piratini, RS, in 1998. In this case, a different kind of symptoms was observed: necrotic lesions occurring severily in heights above the basal section of the trunks. Phytophthora was isolated from diseased bark from differents heights of the trunk up to 10 m. All isolates of Phytophthora showed\  pathogenicity to black wattle.

Os sintomas da gomose de Phytophthora da ac{\'a}cia-negra (Acacia mearnsii) ocorrem predominantemente na regi{\~a}o basal do tronco das {\'a}rvores, com maior severidade na por{\c c}{\~a}o que vai do colo at{\'e} 0,50 m de altura. No ano de 1998, na regi{\~a}o de Piratini-RS, ocorreu um surto de gomose em {\'a}rvores adultas, caracterizando-se pela predomin{\^a}ncia de les{\~o}es necr{\'o}ticas, n{\~a}o exsudativas, atingindo severamente alturas superiores {\`a}quelas normalmente encontradas nos troncos. Procedeu-se a uma coleta sistematizada de amostras de casca de troncos de {\'a}rvores com sintomas, na regi{\~a}o do colo, aos 2 m, aos 4 m, aos 6 m, aos 8 m e aos 10 m de altura. Nos isolamentos e testes de patogencidade feitos, confirmouse a associa{\c c}{\~a}o de Phytophthora {\`a}s les{\~o}es.

}, url = {http://ainfo.cnptia.embrapa.br/digital/bitstream/CNPF-2009-09/30242/1/santos.pdf}, author = {Santos, A. F. dos} } @article {4047, title = {Coconut bud rot in Florida}, volume = {Technical Bulletin 199}, year = {1928}, pages = {87 pp.}, publisher = {University of Florida, Agricultural Experiment Station, Gainsville, FL}, url = {http://ufdc.ufl.edu/UF00027165/00001}, author = {JL Seal} } @article {3960, title = {COST action FP0801 - established and emerging phytophthora: Increasing threats to woodland and forest ecosystems in Europe}, journal = {New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science}, volume = {41S}, year = {2011}, pages = {7{\textendash}13}, abstract = {

With the rapidly growing international trade in plants and ongoing impacts of climate change, impacts of plant pathogens in the genus Phytophthora are increasing, threatening the biodiversity and sustainability of European forest ecosystems. Through the European Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST) framework Action FP0801, scientists and disease-control experts are working on Phytophthora in forest ecosystems with the overall aim of increasing understanding of the biology and ecology of Phytophthora species with potential to cause damage to European forestry. This knowledge will be used in the development of effective control and management protocols for the problems caused. Outcomes of the Action will be promoted in an effort to increase knowledge and awareness of the problem by disseminating information to end-users and authorities in the forestry sector, and to the general public. Four interrelated working groups have been established to (i) examine the ways in which Phytophthora species spread into and within Europe; (ii) determine how phytophthoras kill woody plants and elucidate mechanisms for host resistance; (iii) disseminate state-of-the-art rapid molecular diagnostic techniques, and (iv) seek sustainable protocols for management and control of the diseases. The project is expected to increase understanding of threats to forest ecosystems by Phytophthora, improve the ability to rapidly detect phytophthora in environmental samples, and provide sustainable management solutions to the diseases caused by these destructive organisms.

}, url = {http://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/4375/}, author = {S. Woodward and A. Vannini and Werres, S. and W. O{\ss}wald and Bonants, P. and T. Jung} }