@article {4519, title = {Gomose da ac{\'a}cia-negra: etiologia, an{\'a}lise temporal, perdas e controle gen{\'e}tico.}, journal = {Boletim de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento, Embrapa Florestas, Minist{\'e}rio da Agricultura}, volume = {31}, year = {2007}, pages = {28 p.}, abstract = {

Gummosis is one of the most serious phytosanitary problems of black wattle (Acacia mearnsii) in the State of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. The objectives of this work were: 1) to identify the species of Phytophthora associated with gummosis; 2) to analyze the temporal distribution of the gummosis; 3) to quantify losses caused by this disease; and 4) to rank black wattle lines based on resistance to gummosis. The major results were: Phytophthora nicotianae and P. boehmeriae are the causal agent of gummosis on black-wattle in Brazil. This disease was found in all the surveyed black-wattle plantations and the species P. nicotianae was the major species found in the samples, suggesting that this is the main species causing this disease in Brazil. It was found two kinds of symptoms: 1) gummosis at the base of the trunks, associated to P. nicotianae; e 2) gummosis spread on the trunk, associated to P. boehmeriae. Plants killed by gummosis or other causes showed exponential growth, and started to die after 34 months. Plants showing gummosis had losses ranging from 3,5 to 0,5\% for bark and timber production, respectively. Both, natural and artificial inoculations assays showed variation on the resistance of plants to gummosis.

A gomose {\'e} um dos mais s{\'e}rios problemas fitossanit{\'a}rios da ac{\'a}cia-negra (Acacia mearnsii) no Rio Grande do Sul. Este trabalho teve como objetivos: 1) identificar a(s) esp{\'e}cie(s) de Phytophthora associada(s) {\`a} gomose; 2) analisar a distribui{\c c}{\~a}o temporal da gomose; 3) quantificar as perdas causadas pela doen{\c c}a; e 4) agrupar os materiais gen{\'e}ticos de ac{\'a}cia-negra de acordo com o n{\'\i}vel de resist{\^e}ncia {\`a} gomose. Os principais resultados foram: Phytophthora nicotianae e P.boehmeriae s{\~a}o os agentes causais da gomose da ac{\'a}cia-negra no Brasil. A gomose de Phytophthora foi encontrada em todos os plantios de ac{\'a}cia-negra e, no levantamento, evidenciou-se a predomin{\^a}ncia de P. nicotianae, mostrando que este pat{\'o}geno {\'e} o principal agente da gomose da ac{\'a}cia-negra no Brasil. As avalia{\c c}{\~o}es em plantios comerciais em idade de corte apresentaram at{\'e} 48 \% de indiv{\'\i}duos atacados. Tanto plantas mortas por outras causas quanto plantas mortas por gomose cresceram exponencialmente, e as mortes come{\c c}aram a partir do 34{\textordmasculine} m{\^e}s. Os dados mostraram perdas de produ{\c c}{\~a}o de at{\'e} 3,5 \% para casca e at{\'e} 0,5 \% para madeira nas {\'a}rvores com gomose. Tanto por infec{\c c}{\~a}o natural quanto por inocula{\c c}{\~a}o artificial, ocorreram varia{\c c}{\~o}es entre as proced{\^e}ncias quanto a resist{\^e}ncia {\`a} gomose.

}, issn = { 1980-041X}, url = {http://www.infoteca.cnptia.embrapa.br/infoteca/bitstream/doc/312305/1/BPD31CD.pdf}, author = {Santos, A. F. dos and Luz, E.D.M.N. and Maffia, L.A. and Souza, J.T.} } @article {JPH:JPH1741, title = {Root and crown rot of Brazilian pine (Araucaria angustifolia) caused by Phytophthora cinnamomi}, journal = {Journal of Phytopathology}, volume = {159}, number = {3}, year = {2011}, pages = {194{\textendash}196}, publisher = {Blackwell Publishing Ltd}, abstract = {

In an area reforested with Brazilian pine (Araucaria angustifolia) located in Paran√{\textdegree} State, southern Brazil, 20- to 40-year-old trees representing 0.2\% of the surveyed area had symptoms of root and crown rot, yellowing and browning of leaves from the uppermost branches and death. Three Phytophthora isolates obtained from diseased plant tissue were tested against 1-year-old Brazilian pine seedlings and found to display positive pathogenicity. Based on their morphological and physiological characteristics, the isolates were identified as Phytophthora cinnamomi. A GenBank BLAST search of partial sequences from the β-tubulin and elongation factor-1α genes, as well as the ITS regions and 5.8S gene of rDNA, confirmed the species identification. This is the first report of the involvement of this pathogen on the aetiology of Brazilian pine root and crown rot.

}, keywords = {chromistan fungi, forest pathology, fungal plant pathogen}, issn = {1439-0434}, doi = {10.1111/j.1439-0434.2010.01741.x}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0434.2010.01741.x}, author = {Santos, A. F. dos and Tessmann, Dauri J. and Alves, Tatiane C. A. and Vida, Jo{\~a}o B. and Harakava, Ricardo} } @article {4514, title = {Phytophthora nicotianae: agente etiol{\'o}gico da gomose da ac{\'a}cia negra no Brasil}, journal = {Fitopatologia Brasileira}, volume = {30}, year = {2005}, pages = {81{\textendash}4}, abstract = {

A gomose, causada por Phytophthora sp., {\'e} a mais importante enfermidade da ac{\'a}cia-negra (Acacia mearnsii) no Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. A identifica{\c c}{\~a}o espec{\'\i}fica permanecia indeterminada. Procurou-se, ent{\~a}o, identificar a esp{\'e}cie de Phytophthora causadora desta doen{\c c}a no Rio Grande do Sul, usando caracter{\'\i}sticas fisiomorfol{\'o}gicas e estudos moleculares baseados no seq{\"u}enciamento das regi{\~o}es de Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS). A patogenicidade dos isolados estudados para a ac{\'a}cia-negra foi confirmada. Os estudos confirmaram Phytophthora nicotianae como a correta identidade dos isolados fitopatog{\^e}nicos. Este {\'e} o primeiro relato de P. nicotianae em ac{\'a}cia-negra no Brasil.

Gummosis caused by Phytophthora sp. is the most important disease of black wattle (Acacia mearnsii) in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Isolates of Phytophthora sp. associated with diseased plants were obtained from Rio Grande do Sul and their pathogenicity was confirmed. In order to elucidate the correct identity of the fungus at the species level physiomorphological characteristics were determined and molecular studies were conducted based on sequences of Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) region. The fungus was identified as Phytophthora nicotianae. This is the first report of P. nicotianae on black wattle in Brazil.

}, issn = {1982-5676 }, doi = {10.1590/s0100-41582005000100015 }, url = {https://doi.org/10.1590/s0100-41582005000100015 }, author = {Santos, A. F. dos and Luz, EDMN and Souza, J. T.} } @article {4528, title = {Comportamento diferenciado da gomose de Phytophthora em diferentes alturas ao longo de troncos de ac{\'a}cia-negra (Acacia mearnsii) em Piratini, RS}, journal = {Boletim de Pesquisa Florestal }, volume = {43}, year = {2001}, pages = {145-149}, abstract = {

The symptoms of gummosis of Phytophthora of black wattle (Acacia mearnsii) occur\  predominantly\  in\  the\  basal\  region of\  the\  trunk.\  The\  highest\  severity\  is usually observed in the basal section (up to 0,50 m from ground level, along the trunk). Black wattle gummosis was observed in trees growing at Piratini, RS, in 1998. In this case, a different kind of symptoms was observed: necrotic lesions occurring severily in heights above the basal section of the trunks. Phytophthora was isolated from diseased bark from differents heights of the trunk up to 10 m. All isolates of Phytophthora showed\  pathogenicity to black wattle.

Os sintomas da gomose de Phytophthora da ac{\'a}cia-negra (Acacia mearnsii) ocorrem predominantemente na regi{\~a}o basal do tronco das {\'a}rvores, com maior severidade na por{\c c}{\~a}o que vai do colo at{\'e} 0,50 m de altura. No ano de 1998, na regi{\~a}o de Piratini-RS, ocorreu um surto de gomose em {\'a}rvores adultas, caracterizando-se pela predomin{\^a}ncia de les{\~o}es necr{\'o}ticas, n{\~a}o exsudativas, atingindo severamente alturas superiores {\`a}quelas normalmente encontradas nos troncos. Procedeu-se a uma coleta sistematizada de amostras de casca de troncos de {\'a}rvores com sintomas, na regi{\~a}o do colo, aos 2 m, aos 4 m, aos 6 m, aos 8 m e aos 10 m de altura. Nos isolamentos e testes de patogencidade feitos, confirmouse a associa{\c c}{\~a}o de Phytophthora {\`a}s les{\~o}es.

}, url = {http://ainfo.cnptia.embrapa.br/digital/bitstream/CNPF-2009-09/30242/1/santos.pdf}, author = {Santos, A. F. dos} } @article {4504, title = {A gomose da ac{\'a}cia-negra no Brasil: a review}, journal = {Summa Phytopathologica}, volume = {33}, year = {2007}, month = {Jan-01-2007}, pages = {113 - 118}, abstract = {

A ac{\'a}cia-negra (Acacia mearnsii) {\'e} cultivada no Brasil, especialmente no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, visando tanto {\`a} produ{\c c}{\~a}o de tanino, a partir da casca, quanto o uso da madeira para papel, celulose, carv{\~a}o, lenha e chapas de aglomerados. A gomose causada por Phytophthora nicotianae e P. boehmeriae, {\'e} o seu principal problema fitossanit{\'a}rio. Discute-se nesta revis{\~a}o a exist{\^e}ncia de dois padr{\~o}es distintos de sintomatologia da gomose de Phytophthora que t{\^e}m sido observados nas planta{\c c}{\~o}es brasileiras: gomose basal, associada a P. nicotianae, e gomose generalizada, mais associada a P. boehmeriae. S{\~a}o discutidos aspectos relacionados {\`a} etiologia, {\`a} epidemiologia e {\`a}s estrat{\'e}gias de controle.

The black wattle (Acacia mearnsii ) is cultivated in Brazil for bark tannin, paper, cellulose, plywood, charcoal and firewood production. Gummosis of Phytophthora, caused by P. nicotianae and P. boehmeriae is the main disease problem on black wattle. The existence of two distinct symptom patterns observed on plants in the commercial fields are: butt gummosis which is associated with P. nicotianae and general gummosis more related to P. boehmeriae. Etiological, epidemiological and control aspects of this disease are presented and discussed on this review.

}, issn = {0100-5405}, doi = {10.1590/S0100-54052007000200002}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1590/s0100-54052007000200002 }, author = {Santos, A. F. dos and Luz, E. D. M. N.} } @conference {4526, title = {Phytophthora spp: distribui{\c c}{\~a}o e associa{\c c}{\~a}o com esp{\'e}cies florestais}, booktitle = {Congresso Brasileiro de Fitopatologia, 47}, year = {2014}, publisher = {Sociedade Brasileira de Fitopatologia}, organization = {Sociedade Brasileira de Fitopatologia}, address = {Londrina, Brazil}, url = {http://www.alice.cnptia.embrapa.br/handle/doc/993792}, author = {Santos, A. F. dos and Luz, EDMN and Reis, A.} } @article {4503, title = {First report of Phytophthora boehmeriae on black wattle in Brazil}, journal = {Plant Pathology}, volume = {55}, year = {2006}, month = {Jan-12-2006}, pages = {813 - 813}, abstract = {

Black wattle (Acacia mearnsii) is an Australian tree species cultivated in several countries. In Brazil, particularly in Rio Grande do Sul State (RS), approximately 140\ 000 ha are cultivated for tannin extraction (Dos Santos et\ al., 2005).

The gummosis complex, which has Phytophthora nicotianae as one of the causal agents, is the main disease of black wattle in Brazil and is characterised by lesions at the trunk base with gum exudation (Dos Santos et\ al., 2005). Different symptoms were observed in plantations at the municipality of Piratini, RS (southern Brazil) and were characterised by dark lesions without gum exudation on trunks of 3- to 4-year-old wattle trees up to 10 m height. Isolates of Phytophthora spp. were obtained from the lesions and deposited in the Brazilian collection of Phytophthora species, under accession numbers CBP 307, 308 and 309. Sporangia of all isolates were ovoid to spherical, papillate and caducous, measuring 35 {\textmu}m {\textpm} 1{\textperiodcentered}42 {\texttimes} 30 {\textmu}m {\textpm} 1{\textperiodcentered}37, with a length/width ratio of 1{\textperiodcentered}16:1, mean depth of papillae of 4{\textperiodcentered}83 {\textmu}m {\textpm} 0{\textperiodcentered}04, and pore exit of 4{\textperiodcentered}69 {\textmu}m {\textpm} 0{\textperiodcentered}04. The isolates were homothallic, forming plerotic oospores with smooth walls and amphigynous antheridia. The ITS sequences obtained for isolates CBP 307 (AY428533), CBP 308 (AY428534), and CBP 309 (AY428535) were identical and most closely matched those of two isolates of P. boehmeriae KACC40173 (AY228076) from Korea and SCRP23 (DQ297406) from China. This and the morphological similarity (Erwin \& Ribeiro, 1996) suggest that these isolates are P. boehmeriae. However, seven clear single base pair differences were noted between the Brazilian and other P. boehmeriae isolates. This, combined with isozyme variation (Oudemans \& Coffey, 1991) suggests that further studies are needed to confirm the taxonomic status of P. boehmeriae.

Pathogenicity tests were done by inoculating five 1-year-old wattle plants with 7 mm mycelial discs of 5-day old cultures of the three isolates used in this study. The mycelial discs were placed in 7 mm diameter holes made in the bark with a cork borer, at 5 cm above the soil. Plants were maintained at approximately 25{\textdegree}C and were assessed 45 days after inoculation. All three isolates were pathogenic to black wattle and were re-isolated from the lesions.

Phytophthora boehmeriae was reported as one of the causal agents of the gummosis complex on black wattle in South Africa (TPCP, 2004) and is of quarantine importance for the citrus industry in Brazil. This is the first report of the involvement of P. boehmeriae in the aetiology of the gummosis complex of black wattle in Brazil.

}, issn = {0032-0862}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-3059.2006.01462.x}, url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-3059.2006.01462.x/full}, author = {Santos, A. F. dos and Luz, E. D. M. N. and Souza, J. T.} } @article {4524, title = {O complexo gomose da ac{\'a}cia-negra}, journal = {Colombo-PR: Embrapa Florestas}, volume = {Circular T{\'e}cnica, 44}, year = {2001}, pages = {8 pp.}, abstract = {

A ac{\'a}cia-negra {\'e} uma esp{\'e}cie florestal que foi introduzida no Brasil, no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, na d{\'e}cada de 30. Atualmente, com uma {\'a}rea plantada de aproximadamente 100.000 ha, envolve cerca de 10 mil pequenos produtores rurais (Higa \& Dedecek, 1999), compondo um dos maci{\c c}os florestais daquele Estado, onde desempenha importante papel s{\'o}cio-econ{\^o}mico para as pequenas propriedades rurais (Fleig, 1993).

O r{\'a}pido crescimento da ac{\'a}cia-negra, associado ao aproveitamento integral da madeira, torna essa esp{\'e}cie ideal para reflorestamento e para utiliza{\c c}{\~a}o industrial. Sua contribui{\c c}{\~a}o aos mais variados segmentos econ{\^o}micos e industriais {\'e} ampla, tanto pelo aproveitamento da casca para extra{\c c}{\~a}o do tanino (a casca possui cerca de 28\% de tanino), quanto pelo uso da madeira para diversos fins, tais como a fabrica{\c c}{\~a}o de papel e celulose, chapas de aglomerados, carv{\~a}o e lenha. No Brasil, {\'e} plantada principalmente para produ{\c c}{\~a}o de tanino.

A ac{\'a}cia-negra {\'e} uma planta que exsuda goma na casca do tronco. A goma {\'e} aparentemente produzida pelas {\'a}rvores em resposta a alguma condi{\c c}{\~a}o anormal, como pat{\'o}genos ou inj{\'u}rias provocadas por insetos, danos mec{\^a}nicos ou fatores externos que afetam o seu crescimento (Zeijlemaker, 1968). Quimicamente, a goma da ac{\'a}cia-negra {\'e} uma combina{\c c}{\~a}o de arabinose, galactose, ramnose e {\'a}cido glucur{\^o}nico (Stephen 1951). A quantidade de goma produzida por uma {\'a}rvore depende da caracter{\'\i}stica gen{\'e}tica do material e da influ{\^e}ncia de fatores ambientais, tais como a temperatura e a disponibilidade de umidade.

Como resultado, tem-se pouca goma no per{\'\i}odo seco, enquanto muita goma pode ser exsudada no per{\'\i}odo {\'u}mido (Zeijlemaker, 1968). Um dos principais problemas da ac{\'a}cia-negra {\'e} a doen{\c c}a conhecida como gomose de Phytophthora sp. (Santos et al., 1998). Os sintomas ocorrem no tronco e se caracterizam por les{\~o}es necr{\'o}ticas na casca, chegando a atingir o lenho. A abundante exsuda{\c c}{\~a}o gomosa {\'e} o sintoma mais caracter{\'\i}stico dessa doen{\c c}a, que {\'e} facilmente confundido com outros problemas, uma vez que o tronco da ac{\'a}cia-negra exsuda goma quando lesionado por a{\c c}{\~a}o tanto bi{\'o}tica quanto abi{\'o}tica. Assim sendo, embora a les{\~a}o exsudativa seja o tipo de sintoma mais caracter{\'\i}stico da gomose de Phytophthora, essa n{\~a}o {\'e} uma caracter{\'\i}stica exclusiva como indicadora da associa{\c c}{\~a}o Phytophthora -ac{\'a}cia. Portanto, este trabalho tem o objetivo de discutir aspectos relacionados {\`a} gomose de Phytophthora e aos de outros tipos de problemas associados {\`a} ac{\'a}cia-negra e que tenham a exsuda{\c c}{\~a}o de goma como parte de seu quadro sintomatol{\'o}gico, de maneira que se possam elucid{\'a}-los, para facilitar a sua identifica{\c c}{\~a}o no camp.

}, issn = {1517-5278}, url = {https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/15427678.pdf}, author = {Santos, A. F. dos and Grigoletti, A. Jr. and Auer, CG} } @article {SANTOS2004, title = {Primeiro relato da podrida da estipe da pupunheira, causada por Phytophthora palmivora, no estado do Parana{\textquoteleft}}, journal = {Fitopatologia Brasileira}, volume = {29}, year = {2004}, month = {12}, pages = {680 - 682}, publisher = {scielo}, abstract = {

Phytophthora palmivora was isolated from infected peach palm (Bactris gasipaes) plants with stem rot symptoms in Paran{\'a} State, in 2002. Pathogenicity tests and subsequent reisolations of P. palmivora confirmed the hypothesis that this fungus was the causal agent of the disease. This is the first report of P. palmivora causing stem rot on peach palm (Bactris gasipaes) in the southern State of Paran{\'a}. RESUMO Phytophthora palmivora foi isolado de plantas de pupunheira (Bactris gasipaes) com sintomas de podrid{\~a}o da estipe, no Paran{\'a}, em 2002. Testes de patogenicidade e o subseq{\"u}ente reisolamento do fungo confirmaram a hip{\'o}tese de que P. palmivora {\'e} o agente causal da podrid{\~a}o do estipe. Este {\'e} o primeiro relato de P. palmivora causando podrid{\~a}o do estipe na pupunheira no estado do Paran{\'a}.

}, issn = {0100-4158}, url = {http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext\&pid=S0100-41582004000600016\&nrm=iso}, author = {Santos, A. F. dos and Luz, Edna Dora. M. N. and Finato, Priscila D. and Tessmann, Dauri J. and Vida, J. B.} }