@article {la2008seedling, title = {Seedling recruitment of Austrocedrus chilensis in relation to cattle use, microsite environment and forest disease}, journal = {Ecologia Austral.(Abr}, volume = {18}, number = {1}, year = {2008}, pages = {27{\textendash}41}, author = {La Manna, L. and Collantes, M. and Bava, J.} } @article {LaManna20081087, title = {Abiotic factors related to the incidence of the Austrocedrus chilensis disease syndrome at a landscape scale}, journal = {Forest Ecology and Management}, volume = {256}, number = {5}, year = {2008}, pages = {1087 - 1095}, abstract = {In this paper, the incidence of the A. chilensis disease syndrome in the "16 de Octubre" Valley (Chubut, Argentinean Patagonia) was related to landscape climatic, topographic and edaphic attributes, using remote sensing, geographic information systems and statistical methods. A strong relationship between the occurrence and incidence of the A. chilensis disease syndrome and site variables related to poor soil drainage was found. Non-allophanized soils with fine textures on flat and wavy soil phases, geomorphologies associated to alluvial processes, and low elevations and gentle slopes were positively related to the incidence of the disease. These relationships at a landscape scale agree with previous studies carried out at the stand level. A logistic predictive model of diseased occurrence was developed for the study area considering aspect, elevation, slope, mean annual precipitation and soil phase (classified according to predominant slopes).}, keywords = {Patagonia}, issn = {0378-1127}, doi = {DOI: 10.1016/j.foreco.2008.06.023}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6T6X-4T4JDN7-1/2/6ec5c810e304a848ea7deb23b39e8977}, author = {La Manna, L. and S.D. Matteucci and T. Kitzberger} } @article {springerlink:10.1007/s10342-011-0503-7, title = {Modelling Phytophthora disease risk in Austrocedrus chilensis forests of Patagonia}, journal = {European Journal of Forest Research}, year = {2011}, note = {10.1007/s10342-011-0503-7}, pages = {1-15}, publisher = {Springer Berlin / Heidelberg}, abstract = {

Austrocedrus chilensis forests suffer from a disease caused by Phytophthora austrocedrae, which is found often in wet soils. We applied three widely used modelling techniques, with different data requirements, to model disease potential distribution under current environmental conditions: Mahalanobis distance, Maxent and Logistic regression. Each model was built using field data of health condition and landscape layers of environmental conditions (distance to streams, slope, aspect, elevation, mean annual precipitation and soil pH NaF). We compared model predictions by area under the receiver operating characteristic curve and Kappa statistics. A reasonable ability to predict observed disease distribution was found for each of the three modelling techniques. However, Maxent and Logistic regression presented the best predictive performance, with significant differences with respect to the Mahalanobis distance model. Our results suggested that if good absence data are available, Logistic regression should be used in order to better discriminate sites with high risk of disease. On the other hand, if absence data are not available or doubtful, Maxent could be a very good option. The three models predicted that around 50\% (49{\textendash}56\%) of the currently asymptomatic forests are located on sites at risk of disease according to abiotic factors. Most of these asymptomatic forests surround the current diseased patches, at distances lower than 100 m from diseased patches. Management considerations and the scope of future studies were discussed in this article.

}, issn = {1612-4669}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10342-011-0503-7}, author = {La Manna, L. and Matteucci, S. and T. Kitzberger} } @article {Manna2004345, title = {The decline of Austrocedrus chilensis forests in Patagonia, Argentina: soil features as predisposing factors}, journal = {Forest Ecology and Management}, volume = {190}, number = {2-3}, year = {2004}, pages = {345 - 357}, keywords = {Topography}, issn = {0378-1127}, doi = {DOI: 10.1016/j.foreco.2003.10.025}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6T6X-4BD5PHG-4/2/6181ecf7a2cf4ba397d9afef97ee478d}, author = {La Manna, Ludmila and Rajchenberg, Mario} } @article {4179, title = {{\"U}ber die F{\"a}ule der Cactusst{\"a}mme}, journal = {Bietr. Biol. Pflantz}, volume = {1}, year = {1870}, pages = {51-57}, author = {Lebert, H. and Cohn, F} } @article {4608, title = {First Report of Phytophthora ramorum Lineage EU1 Infecting Douglas Fir and Grand Fir in Oregon}, journal = {Plant Disease}, volume = {102}, year = {2018}, month = {Jan-02-2018}, pages = {455 - 455}, abstract = {

Sudden oak death (SOD) is caused by the introduced oomycete pathogen Phytophthora ramorum S. Werres, A. W. A. M. de Cock \& W. A. Man in{\textquoteright}t Veld. This fungus-like organism has four clonal lineages: NA1, NA2, EU1, and EU2 (Gr{\"u}nwald et al. 2016; Prospero et al. 2007). Until recently, the NA1 lineage was the only clonal lineage of P. ramorum reported in wildland forests in the western United States. In contrast, EU1, NA1, and NA2 have all been found in U.S. nurseries (Gr{\"u}nwald et al. 2012). In the winter of 2015, a symptomatic Notholithocarpus densiflorus Manos, Cannon \& S.H.Oh (tanoak) was identified during a SOD helicopter survey in Curry County, OR. P. ramorum was isolated from symptomatic bark tissue. Subsequently, the isolate was determined to be of the EU1 lineage based on 14 microsatellite loci (Gr{\"u}nwald et al. 2016). Continued monitoring of the area in 2016 and 2017 has identified symptomatic Abies grandis (Douglas ex D. Don) Lindl. (grand fir; n = 3) and Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco (Douglas fir; n = 2) saplings growing near infected tanoak trees in the mixed conifer forest of Curry County, OR. Symptoms with shoot blight for these species were similar to those described in the literature, including wilting and dieback of new shoots, brown discoloration of needles, and needle loss on young shoots. Isolations were made by plating surface-sterilized tip dieback tissue from A. grandis and P. menziesii on a Phytophthora-selective medium. Based on the presence of chlamydospores, characteristic hyphae, and sporangial morphology, the isolates were identified as P. ramorum. DNA was extracted from hyphae, and a portion of the cellulose binding elicitor lectin (CBEL) gene was amplified and sequenced using the CBEL5U and CBEL6L primers (Gagnon et al. 2014). The sequences of the unknown lineage were aligned to sequences of CBEL for NA1, NA2, EU1, and EU2 using the Staden package in GAP version 4.11.2. The lineage of the isolates from A. grandis and P. menziesii (GenBank accession nos. MF918374 and MF918375, respectively) had 100\% identity to the EU1 reference sequences (GenBank nos. EU688952 and EF117945). To satisfy Koch{\textquoteright}s postulates, three branches of A. grandis and P. menziessii were inoculated with the original EU1 isolates of P. ramorum from those hosts. Ten days after inoculation, the same pathogen was reisolated from symptomatic stem tissue of both tree species. The EU1 lineage is considered more aggressive than the NA1 lineage and is of opposite mating type to NA1, thus potentially resulting in establishment of sexual populations.

}, issn = {0191-2917}, doi = {10.1094/PDIS-05-17-0681-PDN}, url = {https://apsjournals.apsnet.org/doi/10.1094/PDIS-05-17-0681-PDNhttps://apsjournals.apsnet.org/doi/full/10.1094/PDIS-05-17-0681-PDN}, author = {LeBoldus, J. M. and Sondreli, K. L. and Sutton, W. and Reeser, P. and Navarro, S. and Kanaskie, A. and Gr{\"u}nwald, N. J.} } @article {dbpia1207770, title = {Isolation, identification and characterization of Phytophthora katsurae, causing chestnut ink disease in Korea}, journal = {The Plant Pathology Journal}, volume = {25}, number = {2}, year = {2009}, pages = {121-127}, publisher = {Korean Society of Plant Pathology}, abstract = {

Since July 2005, survey of chestnut ink disease was carried out in chestnut stands located at southern parts of Korea. Dead chestnut trees showing inky ooze on necrotic trunks were found in two different locations. In order to isolate and identify the causal fungus, infected tissues and soil samples around dead or dying trees were collected and placed on Phytophthora-selective medium. Rhododendron and chestnut tree leaves were used as a bait to isolate the fungus from soil samples by attracting zoospores in soil suspensions. On V-8 culture medium, the isolates produced homothallic oogonia with protuberances (34.0-46.2{\texttimes}21.9-26.7㎛) abundantly, but did not produced sporangia. Mass production of sporangia was possible by immersing agar plugs with actively growing mycelium in the creek water at 18oC for 3 days. Sporangia were papillate, and ovoid to obpyriform (17.0-38.9{\texttimes}14.6-29.2㎛) in shape. Comparison of the ITS sequences revealed that the isolates had 100\% identity to the P. katsurae isolates from Japan and New Zealand and 99.6\% identity to other P. katsurae isolates. All of the examined isolates from Korea were completely identical to each other in ITS sequence. Numerous sporangia were formed in filtered as well as unfiltered creek water, but no sporangia formed in sterilized distilled water. Light induced sporangia formation, but has no influence on oospore formation. Amendments of β-sitosterol in culture media have no significant effect on mycelial growth but significantly stimulate oospore and sporangia formation.

}, keywords = {amphigynous antheridium, chestnut ink disease, homothallic oogonium, Phytophthora katsurae, sporangia}, url = {http://www.dbpia.co.kr/view/ar_view.asp?arid=1207770}, author = {Jong Kyu Lee and Jong Won Jo and Keum Chul Shin and Sang Hyun Lee and Sang Yong Lee} } @article {4084, title = {A survey of Phytophthora spp. in midwest nurseries, greenhouses, and landscapes}, journal = {Plant Disease}, volume = {97}, year = {2013}, month = {05/2013}, pages = {635 - 640}, abstract = {

A survey of nurseries, greenhouses, and landscapes was conducted from 2006 to 2008 in order to determine the prevalence and diversity of Phytophthora spp. From sites in Iowa, Michigan, Ohio, and, predominantly, Indiana, 121 Phytophthora isolates were obtained from 1,657 host samples spanning 32 host genera. Based on sequence of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of the ribosomal DNA, 11 Phytophthora spp. and two hybrid species were identified. A majority of the isolates were P. citricola (35.9\%) or P. citrophthora (27.4\%). Six isolates were confirmed as hybrids (four of P. cactorum {\texttimes} hedraiandra and two of P. nicotianae {\texttimes} cactorum) by cloning and sequencing the ITS region. Three P. cactorum {\texttimes} hedraiandra isolates were obtained from the same site, from three Rhododendron spp., which are known hosts to the parental species. The fourth isolate, however, was recovered out of a different location in a Dicentra sp., which is not a known host to either parental species, suggesting an expansion of host range of the hybrid isolate as compared with either parental species.

}, issn = {0191-2917}, doi = {10.1094/PDIS-07-12-0689-RE}, author = {Leonberger, A. J. and Speers, C. and Ruhl, G. and Creswell, T. and Beckerman, J. L.} } @article {4246, title = {The Microscopic Examination of Phytophthora cinnamomi in Plant Tissues Using Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization}, journal = {Journal of Phytopathology}, volume = {162}, year = {2014}, month = {12/2014}, pages = {747 - 757}, abstract = {

The microscopic examination of Phytophthora cinnamomi in plant tissues is often difficult as structures such as hyphae, chlamydospores and oospores are frequently indistinguishable from those of other fungi and oomycetes, with histological stains not enabling species differentiation. This lack of staining specificity makes the localization of P.\ cinnamomi hyphae and reproductive structures within plant tissues difficult, especially in woody tissues. This study demonstrates that with the use of a species-specific fluorescently labelled DNA probe, P.\ cinnamomi can be specifically detected and visualized directly using fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) without damage to plant or pathogen cell integrity or the need for subculturing. This approach provides a new application for FISH with potential use in the detailed study of plant{\textendash}pathogen interactions in plants.

}, doi = {10.1111/jph.2014.162.issue-11-1210.1111/jph.12257}, url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/jph.2014.162.issue-11-12http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/jph.12257}, author = {Li, Andrew Y. and Crone, Michael and Adams, Peter J. and Fenwick, Stanley G. and Hardy, Giles E. S. J. and Williams, Nari} } @article {4295, title = {Phytophthora on Betula spp. (birch)}, journal = {JKI Data Sheets {\textendash} Plant Diseases and Diagnosis}, volume = {80}, year = {2013}, pages = {7 pp}, abstract = {

Birch is an important forest tree especially in colder climates. It is monoecious and wind polli- nated species, and it has wind-dispersed seeds. The genus contains more than 60 taxa including trees and shrubs. B. pendula Roth (silver birch) and B pubescens Ehrh. (downy birch) have both wide distribution in Europe and are also found in northern parts of Asia (Hämet-Ahti et al., 1989, Niemistö et al., 2008). B. alleghaniensis Britton (yellow birch), B. lenta L. (sweet birch), B. papyrifera Marshall (paper birch) B. populifolia Marsh. (grey birch) and B. nigra L. (river birch) are species typical for North America (Hämet-Ahti et al., 1989; Verkasalo, 1990). In Scandinavia and northern Europe B. pendula is an important tree species for forest industry, but also used as amenity trees in parks, alleys and in gardens. B. alleghaniensis, B. lenta and B. papyrifera are also valuable for forest industry. Birches are cold tolerant pioneer species and in southern Europe they are found mainly on higher altitudes. Many Betula species such as B. nana L. (dwarf birch), B. pubescens subsp. czerepanovii (Orlova) Hämet-Ahti (arctic moor birch) and B. utilis D. Don (Himalayan birch) are typi- cal for treeline. B. nana and it{\textquoteright}s subspecies are shrubs native to arctic and cool temperate regions of northern Europe, northern Asia and northern North America. They are also present in Greenland as well as in mountains in Scotland and the Alps. B. utilis is growing as a shrub or tree native to the the Himalayas (Hämet-Ahti et al., 1989; http://www.discoverlife.org).

}, issn = {2191-1398}, doi = {10.5073/jkidspdd.2013.080}, url = {http://www.jki.bund.de/fileadmin/dam_uploads/_veroeff/JKI_Datenblaetter/Phytophthora/englisch/final_Betula_en.pdf}, author = {Lilja, Arja and Thinggaard, K. and Munda, Alenka} } @article {4725, title = {First Report of Root Rot Caused by Phytophthora acerina on Metasequoia glyptostroboides in China}, journal = {Plant Disease}, year = {2022}, month = {Aug-02-2022}, abstract = {

Metasequoia glyptostroboides Hu \& W. C. Cheng (Taxodiaceae), commonly called the Chinese redwood or dawn redwood, is a well-known "living fossil" and rare relict plant species endemic to China, which has been successfully cultivated throughout the world (Ma 2007). In July to September 2020, trees of Chinese redwood which were more than thirty years-old, showed symptoms of decline and death associated with branch dieback, root and collar rot (Fig. 1) in Yangtze River shelter-forests of Jiangling County in Hubei Province, China (112{\textdegree}15'19"E, 30{\textdegree}11'56"N; 40m). Diseased roots and rhizosphere soils were collected in September 2020 and April 2021. Using the baiting method, a homothallic Phytophthora sp. was recovered consistently from diseased roots and soil samples of Chinese redwood. All the isolates of this Phytophthora sp. formed similar colonies on V8 agar and corn meal agar (Fig. 2), and then three representative isolates (L4-5-4, L4-5-5 and L4-5-6) were randomly selected for morphological and molecular identification. In distilled water, semipapillate persistent sporangia were borne in simple sympodial branched sporangiophores. Sporangia were predominantly ovoid (Fig. 3a, d and f), but other shapes were observed including subglobose (Fig. 3b), limoniform (Fig. 3c) or distorted shapes (Fig. 3e), averaging 44.1 {\textpm} 7.7 {\textmu}m (n=102) in length and 32.8 {\textpm} 5.2 {\textmu}m (n=102) in width, with narrow exit pores of 8.0 {\textpm} 1.4 {\textmu}m (n=93) and a length/breadth ratio of 1.3 {\textpm} 0.10 (n=102). Chlamydospores were not observed. Oogonia were globose or subglobose, 20.51 to 40.15 {\textmu}m (av. 33.1 {\textpm} 3.9 {\textmu}m) (n=119) in diameter, with smooth walls and paragynous antheridium (Fig. 3g-i). Oospores were globose or subglobose in elongated oogonia with medium wall thickness of 1.9 {\textpm} 0.5 {\textmu}m (n=36), aplerotic or plerotic and 16.9 to 32.6 {\textmu}m in diameter (av. 26.6 {\textpm} 3.8 {\textmu}m) (n=40). According to the above morphological characteristics, this Phytophthora sp. was placed in Waterhouse{\textquoteright}s (1963) group III. The sequences of the internal transcribed spacers (ITS) region of nuclear ribosomal DNA of each isolate (GenBank Accession No. OK087320, OK087321 and OK087322) was 760 bp and had identity of 99.84\% with three P. acerina isolates (JX951285, JX951291 and JX951296), while the 800 bp β-tubulin (BTUB) sequences (OK140540, OK140541 and OK140542) showed 99.97\% homology to the sequence of P. acerina (KC201283) (Ginetti, Moricca and Squires 2014) (Table 1). The ML phylogenetic trees were established by comparing ITS and BTUB sequences of three Phytophthora strains (L4-5-4, L4-5-5 and L4-5-6) with reference sequences of isolates of Phytophthora in ITS and BTUB in GenBank (Fig. 4-5). Based on the morphological and molecular characteristics, the strains were identified as namely P. acerina. In addition, pathogenicity assays were performed with one of the three strains (L4-5-4) on M. glyptostroboides using both one year old and three years old seedlings. Inoculum was prepared by subculturing agar plugs from edges of CMA cultures into V8 medium plates, incubating at 20 {\textcelsius} in darkness for 10 days. Six seedlings planted in pots filled with sterilized soil were inoculated by mycelium plug at root collar and stem wounded by a 8 mm diameter puncher. Six control seedlings were inoculated in the same manner as above, and sterile agar plugs were used. After 35 days, inoculated seedlings all had necrotic lesions at the inoculation sites, and some seedlings had the symptoms of foliage blight and dieback, whereas control seedlings remained healthy (Fig. 6). The number of fibrous roots after inoculation was significantly less than the control, and the roots of inoculated seedlings blackened or even rotted, while there were no obvious symptoms in the control (Fig. 7). Phytophthora isolates recovered from the symptomatic tissues of artificially inoculated plants were identical to isolate L4-5-4 in morphological characters and ITS sequencing. This is the first report of P. acerina causing root rot on the Chinese redwood in China. As only the seedlings were inoculated, further research is needed to address the epidemiology and pathogenicity of P. acerina to adult trees of Chinese red wood. References: Ginetti, B. et al. 2014. Plant Pathology, 63(4): 858-876. Ma, J. S. 2007. Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History, 48(2): 235-253. Waterhouse, G. M. 1963. Mycological Papers 92:1-22

}, issn = {0191-2917}, doi = {10.1094/PDIS-12-21-2722-PDN}, url = {https://apsjournals.apsnet.org/doi/pdf/10.1094/PDIS-12-21-2722-PDN}, author = {Liu, Duanchong and Zhao, Wenxia and Huai, Wen-Xia and Xia, Jianping and Cai, Sanshan and Zhang, Ru-bin and Li, Bin} } @article {PPA:PPA627, title = {Phytophthora katsurae from cocoa}, journal = {Plant Pathology}, volume = {38}, number = {4}, year = {1989}, pages = {627{\textendash}629}, publisher = {Blackwell Publishing Ltd}, abstract = {Phytophthora katsurae is reported for the first time from cocoa.}, issn = {1365-3059}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-3059.1989.tb01463.x}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3059.1989.tb01463.x}, author = {Liyanage, NIS and Wheeler, BEJ} } @article {springerlink:10.1007/s10530-008-9321-3, title = {Ecological impacts of non-indigenous invasive fungi as forest pathogens}, journal = {Biological Invasions}, volume = {11}, year = {2009}, note = {10.1007/s10530-008-9321-3}, pages = {81-96}, publisher = {Springer Netherlands}, issn = {1387-3547}, doi = {10.1007/s10530-008-9321-3}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10530-008-9321-3}, author = {Loo, Judy} }