@proceedings {955, title = {Detection and eradication of Phytophthora ramorum from Oregon forests, 2001{\textendash}2008}, volume = {Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-GTR-229}, year = {2010}, pages = {3-5}, publisher = {U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station}, address = {Santa Cruz, California}, url = {http://www.fs.fed.us/psw/publications/documents/psw_gtr229/}, author = {Kanaskie, A. and Hansen, E.M. and Goheen, E. M. and Osterbauer, N. and McWilliams, M. and J. Laine and M. Thompson and S. Savona and H. Timeus and B. Woosley and Sutton, W. and P. Reeser and R. Schultz and D. Hilburn}, editor = {Frankel, S.J. and T. Kliejunas and K. M. Palmieri} } @article {4468, title = {Phytophthora {\texttimes}alni and Phytophthora lacustris associated with common alder decline in Central Portugal}, journal = {Forest Pathology}, volume = {46}, year = {2016}, month = {Jan-04-2016}, pages = {174 - 176}, abstract = {

Since the early 1990s, an emerging disease induced by the highly aggressive oomycete Phytophthora {\texttimes}alni has caused widespread alder decline across Europe. In parallel, P.\ lacustris, a recently described species associated with riparian habitats, has been subject of increasing interest. A field survey conducted in 2014 showed high mortality rates in alder stands located in the riparian gallery along two rivers in Central Portugal. The pathogens isolated from necrotic alder stem base during this study were identified as P.\ {\texttimes}alni and P.\ lacustris. This paper is the first to report the occurrence of P.\ lacustris in Portugal and presents the first finding of P.\ {\texttimes}alni affecting mature trees in natural ecosystems located in Central Portugal.

}, doi = {10.1111/efp.2016.46.issue-210.1111/efp.12273}, url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/efp.2016.46.issue-2http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/efp.12273}, author = {Kanoun-Boul{\'e}, M. and Vasconcelos, T. and Gaspar, J. and Vieira, S. and Dias-Ferreira, C. and Husson, C.}, editor = {Woodward, S.} } @article {10.1371/journal.pone.0034728, title = {Phenotypic diversification Is associated with host-induced transposon derepression in the sudden oak death pathogen Phytophthora ramorum}, journal = {PLoS ONE}, volume = {7}, number = {4}, year = {2012}, month = {04/2012}, pages = {e34728}, publisher = {Public Library of Science}, abstract = {

The oomycete pathogen Phytophthora ramorum is responsible for sudden oak death (SOD) in California coastal forests. P. ramorum is a generalist pathogen with over 100 known host species. Three or four closely related genotypes of P. ramorum (from a single lineage) were originally introduced in California forests and the pathogen reproduces clonally. Because of this the genetic diversity of P. ramorum is extremely low in Californian forests. However, P. ramorum shows diverse phenotypic variation in colony morphology, colony senescence, and virulence. In this study, we show that phenotypic variation among isolates is associated with the host species from which the microbe was originally cultured. Microarray global mRNA profiling detected derepression of transposable elements (TEs) and down-regulation of crinkler effector homologs (CRNs) in the majority of isolates originating from coast live oak (Quercus agrifolia), but this expression pattern was not observed in isolates from California bay laurel (Umbellularia californica). In some instances, oak and bay laurel isolates originating from the same geographic location had identical genotypes based on multilocus simples sequence repeat (SSR) marker analysis but had different phenotypes. Expression levels of the two marker genes analyzed by quantitative reverse transcription PCR were correlated with originating host species, but not with multilocus genotypes. Because oak is a nontransmissive dead-end host for P. ramorum, our observations are congruent with an epi-transposon hypothesis; that is, physiological stress is triggered on P. ramorum while colonizing oak stems and disrupts epigenetic silencing of TEs. This then results in TE reactivation and possibly genome diversification without significant epidemiological consequences. We propose the P. ramorum-oak host system in California forests as an ad hoc model for epi-transposon mediated diversification.

}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0034728}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1371\%2Fjournal.pone.0034728}, author = {Kasuga, , Takao and Kozanitas, , Melina and Bui, , Mai and H{\"u}berli, , Daniel and Rizzo, David M. and Garbelotto, Matteo} } @article {doi:10.1890/05-0211, title = {Heterogeneity shapes invasion: host size and environment influence susceptibility to a nonnative pathogen}, journal = {Ecological Applications}, volume = {16}, number = {1}, year = {2006}, pages = {166-175}, doi = {10.1890/05-0211}, url = {http://www.esajournals.org/doi/abs/10.1890/05-0211}, author = {Kauffman, Matthew J. and Jules, Erik S.} } @article {kegley_family_2009, title = {Family variation in Phytophthora lateralis resistance in Port-Orford-cedar: Greenhouse and raised bed testing}, journal = {PHYTOPATHOLOGY}, volume = {99}, number = {6}, year = {2009}, pages = {S122}, issn = {0031-949X}, author = {A. Kegley and S. Kolpak and P. Reeser and E. Hansen and R. A. Sniezko} } @article {700, title = {Chestnut cultivation and breeding in Korea}, journal = {Journal of The American Chestnut Foundation}, volume = {20}, year = {2006}, pages = {31 - 37}, author = {Mahn-Jo Kim} } @article {701, title = {Chestnut cultivation and breeding in Korea: Part II}, journal = {Journal of The American Chestnut Foundation}, volume = {20}, year = {2006}, pages = {26-34}, author = {Mahn-Jo Kim} } @article {4445, title = {In planta detection used to define the distribution of the European lineages of Phytophthora ramorum on larch (Larix ) in the UK}, journal = {Plant Pathology}, volume = {64}, year = {2015}, month = {Jan-10-2015}, pages = {1168 - 1175}, abstract = {

Two genetically distinct evolutionary lineages of the oomycete pathogen Phytophthora ramorum are responsible for the major epidemic on larch (Larix spp.) in the UK: EU1 (historically widespread) and the recently identified EU2 (reported only from Northern Ireland and a small area in southwest Scotland). Methods for lineage discrimination have required pure cultures of P.\ ramorum but, as the pathogen is challenging to isolate from infected larch tissue, only limited data have been available on the distribution of EU2. In this study a protocol was developed to determine the lineage of P.\ ramorum in infected larch tissue without the need for isolation. The protocol was applied to 134 UK samples collected during 2013{\textendash}14. In addition, lineage testing was applied to over 300 P.\ ramorum isolates cultured from a wide range of hosts between 2002 and 2012. Combined data confirmed that EU2 is restricted to Northern Ireland and a small area of southwest Scotland where it is the dominant lineage. There was no evidence of EU2 spread into England and Wales where only EU1 was found. However, EU2 was more widely distributed in southern and eastern parts of Scotland than previously reported. Furthermore, EU1 and EU2 were detected \<10\ km apart in larch plantations. This study provides the first reports of natural EU2 infection on European larch (Larix decidua), hybrid larch (Larix\ {\texttimes} eurolepis), beech (Fagus sylvatica), noble fir (Abies procera) and western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla).

}, doi = {10.1111/ppa.2015.64.issue-510.1111/ppa.12345}, url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/ppa.2015.64.issue-5http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/ppa.12345http://api.wiley.com/onlinelibrary/tdm/v1/articles/10.1111\%2Fppa.12345}, author = {King, K. M. and Harris, A. R. and Webber, J. F.} } @article {600, title = {Sudden oak death and Phytophthora ramorum: a summary of the literature}, year = {2010}, pages = {181 p.}, publisher = {U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station.}, address = {Albany, CA, USA}, url = {http://www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/36591}, author = {John T. Kliejunas} } @article {1241, title = {A risk assessment of climate change and the impact of forest diseases on forest ecosystems in the Western United States and Canada.}, year = {2011}, pages = {70 p.}, publisher = {U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station, Albany, CA}, keywords = {Armillaria, canker diseases, Climate change, dwarf mistletoe, environmental risk assessment, foliar diseases, forest pathogens, Phytophthora, root diseases, stem rusts, yellow-cedar decline}, issn = {Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-GTR-236}, url = {http://www.fs.fed.us/psw/publications/documents/psw_gtr236/}, author = {John T. Kliejunas} } @article {kliejunas_phytophthora_1981, title = {Phytophthora root rot of Port-Orford-cedar in California.}, journal = {Plant disease}, volume = {65}, number = {5}, year = {1981}, pages = {446{\textendash}447}, abstract = {

Phytophthora Root Rot of {Port-Orford-Cedar} in California. John T. Kliejunas, Plant Pathologist, Forest Pest Management, Forest Service, {U.S.} Department of Agriculture, San Francisco, {CA} 94111. David H. Adams, Forest Pathologist, Department of Forestry, State of California, Sacramento 95814. Plant Dis. 65:446-447. . This article is in the public domain and not copyrightable. It may be freely reprinted with customary crediting of the source. The American Phytopathological Society, 1981. {DOI:} {10.1094/PD-65-446.} The {Port-Orford-cedar} stands on federal, state, and private lands in northern California were surveyed in the spring of 1980 for Phytophthora root rot caused by Phytophthora lateralis. The disease was present at six sites on the Gasquet Ranger District, Six Rivers National Forest, and Jedediah Smith Redwoods State Park, Del Norte County, and on six ornamental cedars at a residence in Eureka, Humboldt County.

}, keywords = {California, Chamaecyparis lawsoniana}, issn = {01912917}, author = {J.T. Kliejunas and D.H. Adams} } @article {kliejunas1979phytophthora, title = {Phytophthora cinnamomi in Hawaiian forest soils: seasonal variations in population levels}, journal = {Phytopathology}, volume = {69}, year = {1979}, pages = {1268{\textendash}1272}, abstract = {

Soils from three ohia forest sites with trees showing varying degrees of decline, and from adjacent healthy and declining sites, were sampled biweekly for population levels of Phytophthora cinnamomi over an 8- to 13-mo period. Population levels varied considerably among sites and within the same site throughout the course of the study. At the three sites, the fungus generally was undetectable or its population levels were lowest in the winter months when minimum soil temperatures were near 10 C and then they increased as soil temperatures increased. Population levels decreased after extended periods of heavy rain and measurements at six of the eight monthly sampling times were significantly higher at the decline site than at the adjacent healthy site. Significant correlations between P. cinnamomi population levels and maximum soil temperature, minimum soil temperature, and rainfall were found at some sites but not at others. Soil matric potentials at all sites ranged from 0 to {\textendash}30 mb and were seldom less than {\textendash}25 mb. High water holding capacity of the soils combined with rainfall averages ranging 2,984{\textendash}3,489 mm/yr apparently were favorable for sporangium formation. Zoospores were prevalent at certain times of the year.

}, doi = {10.1094/Phyto-69-1268}, url = {http://www.apsnet.org/publications/phytopathology/backissues/Documents/1979Abstracts/Phyto69_1268.htm}, author = {J.T. Kliejunas and Nagata, JT} } @article {4723, title = {Preventing Phytophthora infestations in restoration nurseries: a key to protecting wildland plant communities.}, journal = {Oregon State University Extension Service}, year = {2022}, url = { https://catalog.extension.oregonstate.edu/sites/catalog/files/project/pdf/em9330.pdf}, author = {Kline, N. and Elliott, M. and Parke, J. and Stark, D. and Shaw, D. and Christiansen, A.} } @article {ko2006possible, title = {The possible origin and relation of Phytophthora katsurae and P. heveae, discovered in a protected natural forest in Taiwan}, journal = {Botanical Studies}, volume = {47}, number = {3}, year = {2006}, pages = {273{\textendash}277}, author = {Ko, W. H. and Wang, SY and Ann, PJ} } @article {1979, title = {Phytophthora katsurae, a new name for P. castaneae}, journal = {Mycologia}, volume = {71}, number = {4}, year = {1979}, pages = {pp. 840-844}, publisher = {Mycological Society of America}, abstract = {

P. katsurae is proposed to replace P. castaneae Katsura \& Uchida from chestnut [RPP 57, 2024] which is illegitimate, being a later homonym of P. castaneae (Mangin) Clements \& Shear.

}, issn = {00275514}, url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/3759198}, author = {Ko, W. H. and Chang, H. S.} } @article {FML:FML2574, title = {Survival of Phytophthora alni, Phytophthora kernoviae, and Phytophthora ramorum in a simulated aquatic environment at different levels of pH}, journal = {FEMS Microbiology Letters}, volume = {332}, year = {2012}, month = {07/2012}, pages = {54{\textendash}60}, abstract = {

Phytophthora ramorum, Phytophthora alni, and Phytophthora kernoviae present significant threats to biosecurity. As zoosporic oomycetes, these plant pathogens may spread through natural waterways and irrigation systems. However, survival of these pathogens in aquatic systems in response to water quality is not well understood. In this study, we investigated their zoospore survival at pH 3{\textendash}11 in a 10\% Hoagland{\textquoteright}s solution over a 14-day period. The results showed that all three pathogens were most stable at pH 7, although the populations declined overnight irrespective of pH. Extended survival of these species depended on the tolerance of pH of their germinants. Germinants of P.\ alni ssp.\ alni and P.\ ramorum were more basic tolerant (pH 5{\textendash}11), while those of P.\ kernoviae were more acidic tolerant (pH 3{\textendash}9). These tolerant germinants formed compact hyphae or secondary sporangia to allow longer survival of these pathogens. Long-term survival at a broad pH range suggests that these pathogens, especially P.\ ramorum, are adapted to an aquatic environment and pose a threat to new production areas through water dispersal.

}, keywords = {quarantine Phytophthora species, water pH, zoospore survival}, issn = {1574-6968}, doi = {10.1111/j.1574-6968.2012.02574.x}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6968.2012.02574.x}, author = {Kong, Ping and Lea-Cox, John D. and Moorman, Gary W. and Hong, Chuanxue} } @article {PPA:PPA2614, title = {Effect of electrical conductivity on survival of Phytophthora alni, P.~kernoviae and P.~ramorum in a simulated aquatic environment}, journal = {Plant Pathology}, volume = {61}, year = {2012}, pages = {1179{\textendash}1186}, publisher = {Blackwell Publishing Ltd}, abstract = {

This study investigated survival of the pathogens Phytophthora ramorum, P.\ alni and P.\ kernoviae as zoospores or sporangia in response to an important water quality parameter, electrical conductivity (EC), at its range in irrigation water reservoirs and irrigated cropping systems. Experiments with different strengths of Hoagland{\textquoteright}s solution showed that all three pathogens survived at a broad range of EC levels for at least 3\ days and were stimulated to grow and sporulate at ECs\ \>\ 1{\textperiodcentered}89\ dS\ m-1. Recovery of initial populations after a 14-day exposure was over 20\% for P.\ alni subsp. alni and P.\ kernoviae, and 61{\textperiodcentered}3\% and 130\% for zoospores and sporangia of P.\ ramorum, respectively. Zoospore survival of these pathogens at ECs\ \<\ 0{\textperiodcentered}41\ dS\ m-1 was poor, barely beyond 3\ days in pure water; only 0{\textperiodcentered}3\% (P.\ alni), 2{\textperiodcentered}9\% (P.\ kernoviae) and 15{\textperiodcentered}1\% (P.\ ramorum) of the initial population survived after 14\ days at EC\ =\ 0{\textperiodcentered}21\ dS\ m-1. The variation in rates of survival at different EC levels suggests that these pathogens survive better in cropping systems than in irrigation water. Containment of run-off and reduction in EC levels may therefore be non-chemical control options to reduce the risk of pathogen spread through natural waterways and irrigation systems.

}, keywords = {aquatic biology, electrical conductivity, quarantine pathogen, zoospores}, issn = {1365-3059}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-3059.2012.02614.x}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3059.2012.02614.x}, author = {Kong, P. and Lea-Cox, J. D. and Hong, C. X.} } @article {4446, title = {Potential of Ypt1 and ITS gene regions for the detection of Phytophthora species in a lab-on-a-chip DNA hybridization array}, journal = {Plant Pathology}, volume = {64}, year = {2015}, month = {Jan-10-2015}, pages = {1176 - 1189}, abstract = {

A novel DNA-chip hybridization assay that uses the ras-related GTP-binding protein 1 gene (Ypt1) was developed for the identification of several devastating Phytophthora species. The hybridization was conducted in a portable microfluidic lab-on-a-chip device for fast and accurate detection of 40 Phytophthora, two Pythium and one Phytopythium species. Moreover, the functionality of the Ypt1 region was examined in comparison to an array for the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region by in silico modelling. The difference in species-specific capture probe sequences was lower for the ITS than for the Ypt1 region. While ITS-probes of Phytophthora ramorum, Phytophthora fragariae and Phytophthora lateralis cross-reacted with up to 11 non-target species, Ypt1-probes were specific except for P.\ fragariae/Phytophthora rubi. First analyses of artificially inoculated Rhododendron leaves successfully demonstrated the usability of the respective capture probes for the Ypt1 and the ras-related plant protein Rab1a gene region. The on-chip hybridization enabled the detection of up to 1\ pg\ μL-1 target DNA depending on the species examined. Due to the complementarity of ITS and Ypt1 genetic features, the use of multiple loci is recommended to identify targets of different taxonomic rank.

}, doi = {10.1111/ppa.2015.64.issue-510.1111/ppa.12357}, url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/ppa.2015.64.issue-5http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/ppa.12357http://api.wiley.com/onlinelibrary/tdm/v1/articles/10.1111\%2Fppa.12357}, author = {K{\"o}nig, S. and Schwenkbier, L. and Pollok, S. and Riedel, M. and Wagner, S. and Popp, J. and Weber, K. and Werres, S.} } @article {4486, title = {Multiplex detection and identification of Phytophthora spp.~using target-specific primer extension and Luminex xTAG technology}, journal = {Plant Pathology}, volume = {65}, year = {2016}, month = {Jan-08-2016}, pages = {1008 - 1021}, abstract = {

There are more than 100 species that belong to the fungus-like genus Phytophthora, many of which can cause severe damage to plants in both natural and agricultural ecosystems. The availability of techniques for detection and identification are crucial for monitoring and control of these pathogens. In recent years, new methods using molecular approaches have been developed. However, the majority of them are designed to detect single Phytophthora species. Techniques that are able to target multiple species in one sample would offer advantages, especially for the assessment of Phytophthora diversity in the environment. This paper describes a multiplex assay for simultaneous detection and identification of 26 members of Phytophthora down to species level and another 22 to clade or subclade level through target-specific primer extension (TSPE) and the Luminex xTAG array detection system. The assay starts with PCR amplification of two genomic regions, ITS and coxI, followed by a multiplex TSPE reaction with clade-, subclade- and species-specific probes. As a result, biotin-dCTP labelled products are generated and subsequently detected through hybridization with a set of anti-TAG coupled, colour-coded paramagnetic beads. The specificity of the method has been tested using DNA extracts from over 400 isolates representing 110 Phytophthora species and subspecies. The sensitivity and robustness have been determined by the use of DNA mixtures, dilution series and environmental samples. Thus the developed technique allows simultaneous identification of multiple Phytophthora species, particularly useful for the detection of these pathogens in environmental samples such as soil, water and plant tissue.

}, doi = {10.1111/ppa.2016.65.issue-610.1111/ppa.12481}, url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/ppa.2016.65.issue-6http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/ppa.12481http://api.wiley.com/onlinelibrary/tdm/v1/articles/10.1111\%2Fppa.12481}, author = {Kostov, K. and Verstappen, E. C. P. and Bergervoet, J. H. W. and De Weerdt, M. and Schoen, C. D. and Slavov, S. and Bonants, P. J. M.} } @article {4701, title = {Interspecific interactions between the Sudden Oak Death pathogen Phytophthora ramorum and two sympatric Phytophthora species in varying ecological conditions}, journal = {Fungal Ecology}, volume = {28}, year = {2017}, month = {Aug-08-2017}, pages = {86 - 96}, abstract = {

Even when introduced invasive pathogens lack their natural predators or competitors, they must still interact with other organisms in their introduced range. Sudden Oak Death (SOD), caused by Phytophthora ramorum (Oomycota), is an introduced disease causing large-scale tree mortality. Two additional Phytophthora species, Phytophthora\ nemorosa and Phytophthora\ pseudosyringae, cause significantly lower oak mortality, yet they also commonly colonize leaves of Umbellularia californica, the major transmissive host of SOD in California. We combined field surveys and inoculation experiments to understand disease prevalence dynamics and competitive interactions among these pathogen species. Despite the broader geographic distribution of P.\ nemorosa with respect to that of P.\ ramorum, our results suggest that P.\ nemorosa exhibits a narrower ecological amplitude and, in any given region, occupies fewer sites than P.\ ramorum. Our results additionally suggest that, perhaps due to priority effects, P.\ nemorosa can persist at levels comparable to those of P.\ ramorum in ecologically suitable plots when climate favors P.\ ramorum dormancy. However, P.\ ramorum prevalence increases to levels higher than those of the competing species when abundant rainfall triggers its sporulation. Understanding the determinants and outcomes of competition between these species has important implications for understanding the epidemiology and possible control strategies for Sudden Oak Death.

}, issn = {17545048}, doi = {10.1016/j.funeco.2017.04.006}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1754504817300600?via\%3Dihub}, author = {Kozanitas, Melina and Osmundson, Todd W. and Linzer, Rachel and Garbelotto, Matteo} } @article {4379, title = {Phytophthora tentaculata sp. nov. und Phytophthora cinnamomi var. parvispora var. nov., zwei neue Pilze von Zierpflanzen in Deutschland}, journal = {Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection }, volume = {100}, year = {1993}, pages = {250-258}, abstract = {

W{\"a}hrend der letzten beiden Jahre sind in Deutschland in einigen stark gesch{\"a}digten Gew{\"a}chshausbest{\"a}nden von Zierpflanzen wiederholt zwei Vertreter der Gattung Phytophthora isoliert worden, die bisher noch nicht bekannt waren. Sie werden hier als P. tentaculata und als P. cinnamomi vai. parvispora beschrieben.

From severely damaged ornamental plants found in greenhouses in Germany, two representatives of the genus Phytophthora were isolated. Because these fungi are unknown until now they are described in this treatise as new fungi, namely P. tentaculata and P. cinnamomi var. parvispora.

}, url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/43386173}, author = {Krober, K and Marwitz, RZ} } @article {kroeber1993phytophthora, title = {Phytophthora tentaculata sp. nov. and Phytophthora cinnamomi var. parvispora var. nov., two new fungi from ornamental plants in Germany}, journal = {Zeitschrift fuer Pflanzenkrankheiten und Pflanzenschutz (Germany)}, volume = {v. 100(3)}, year = {1993}, pages = {p. 250-258}, issn = {0340-8159}, author = {Kroeber, H. and Marwitz, R.} } @article {4252, title = {Phylogenetic analysis of Phytophthora species based on mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequences}, journal = {Fungal Genetics and Biology}, volume = {41}, year = {2004}, month = {Jan-08-2004}, pages = {766 - 782}, abstract = {

A molecular phylogenetic analysis of the genus Phytophthora was performed, 113 isolates from 48 Phytophthora species were included in this analysis. Phylogenetic analyses were performed on regions of mitochondrial (cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1; NADH dehydrogenase subunit 1) and nuclear gene sequences (translation elongation factor 1α; β-tubulin) and comparisons made to test for incongruence between the mitochondrial and nuclear data sets. The genus Phytophthora was confirmed to be monophyletic. In addition, results confirm that the classical taxonomic grouping as described by [Waterhouse (1963)] does not reflect true phylogenetic relations. Phytophthora species were redistributed into 8 clades, providing a more accurate representation of phylogenetic relationships within the genus Phytophthora. The evolution and transition of morphological, pathogenic, and reproductive traits was inferred from the cladogram generated in this study. Mating system was inferred to be a homoplasious trait, with at least eight independent transitions from homothallism to heterothallism observed.

}, issn = {10871845}, doi = {10.1016/j.fgb.2004.03.007}, url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1087184504000611}, author = {Kroon, L.P.N.M and Bakker, F.T and van den Bosch, G.B.M and Bonants, P.J.M and Flier, W.G} } @article {3991, title = {The genus Phytophthora anno 2012}, journal = {Phytopathology}, volume = {102}, year = {2012}, month = {04/2012}, pages = {348 - 364}, abstract = {

Plant diseases caused by Phytophthora species will remain an ever increasing threat to agriculture and natural ecosystems. Phytophthora literally means plant destroyer, a name coined in the 19th century by Anton de Bary when he investigated the potato disease that set the stage for the Great Irish Famine. Phytophthora infestans, the causal agent of potato late blight, was the first species in a genus that at present has over 100 recognized members. In the last decade, the number of recognized Phytophthora species has nearly doubled and new species are added almost on a monthly basis. Here we present an overview of the 10 clades that are currently distinguished within the genus Phytophthora with special emphasis on new species that have been described since 1996 when Erwin and Ribeiro published the valuable monograph {\textquoteleft}Phytophthora diseases worldwide{\textquoteright} (35).

}, issn = {0031-949X}, doi = {10.1094/PHYTO-01-11-0025}, url = {http://apsjournals.apsnet.org/doi/abs/10.1094/PHYTO-01-11-0025}, author = {Kroon, Laurens P. N. M. and Brouwer, Henk and de Cock, Arthur W. A. M. and Govers, Francine} } @article {4360, title = {Absence of evidence is not evidence of absence: Feral pigs as vectors of soil-borne pathogens}, journal = {Austral Ecology}, volume = {38}, year = {2013}, month = {Jan-08-2013}, pages = {534 - 542}, abstract = {

Invasive soil-borne pathogens are a major threat to forest ecosystems worldwide. The newly discovered soil pathogen, Phytophthora {\textquoteleft}taxon Agathis{\textquoteright} (PTA), is a serious threat to endemic kauri (Agathis australis: Araucariaceae) in New Zealand. This study examined the potential for feral pigs to act as vectors of PTA. We investigated whether snouts and trotters of feral pigs carry soil contaminated with PTA, and using these results determined the probability that feral pigs act as a vector. We screened the soil on trotters and snouts from 457 pigs for PTA using various baiting techniques and molecular testing. This study detected 19 species of plant pathogens in the soil on pig trotters and snouts, including a different Phytophthora species (Phytophthora cinnamomi). However, no PTA was isolated from the samples. A positive control experiment showed a test sensitivity of 0{\textendash}3\% for the baiting methods and the data obtained were used in a Bayesian probability modelling approach. This showed a posterior probability of 35{\textendash}90\% (dependent on test sensitivity scores and design prevalence) that pigs do vector PTA and estimated that a sample size of over 1000 trotters would be required to prove a negative result. We conclude that feral pigs cannot be ruled out as a vector of soil-based plant pathogens and that there is still a high probability that feral pigs do vector PTA, despite our negative results. We also highlight the need to develop a more sensitive test for PTA in small soil samples associated with pigs due to unreliable detection rates using the current method.

}, doi = {10.1111/aec.2013.38.issue-510.1111/j.1442-9993.2012.02444.x}, url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/aec.2013.38.issue-5http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/j.1442-9993.2012.02444.xhttp://api.wiley.com/onlinelibrary/tdm/v1/articles/10.1111\%2Fj.1442-9993.2012.02444.x}, author = {Krull, C. R. and Waipara, N. W. and Choquenot, D. and Burns, B. R. and Gormley, A. M. and Stanley, M. C.} } @article {PPA:PPA2593, title = {Response of selected South Australian native plant species to Phytophthora cinnamomi}, journal = {Plant Pathology}, volume = {61}, year = {2012}, month = {12/2012}, pages = {1165{\textendash}1178}, publisher = {Blackwell Publishing Ltd}, abstract = {

Thirty-seven South Australian native plant species from 11 families, including 15 threatened species in the state (of which six are listed as threatened under the federal Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999) were assessed for response to infection by Phytophthora cinnamomi. Seedlings, 3-6 months old and grown in a greenhouse, were inoculated by placing infested pine wood plugs in the potting mix, maintained in moist conditions and assessed for mortality and disease symptoms for between 3 and 10 months. Thirty species were found to be susceptible, of which nine were highly susceptible, 15 moderately susceptible and six slightly susceptible. Three species were found to be resistant and results for four species were inconclusive. Six of the 15 threatened, rare or locally endangered species tested (Eucalyptus viminalis var. viminalis, Correa aemula, C. calycina, Olearia pannosa ssp. pannosa, Pomaderris halmaturina ssp. halmaturina and Prostanthera eurybioides) were moderately susceptible, while two (Allocasuarina robusta and Pultenaea graveolens) were highly susceptible.Significant populations of at least five of the threatened species susceptible to the disease are located close to confirmed or suspected Phytophthora-infested areas or growing in areas conducive for P.cinnamomi. An effective management strategy is therefore required to avoid extinction of such species due to infection by the phytophthora dieback pathogen.

}, keywords = {native vegetation, phytophthora dieback, survival, susceptibility, threatened species}, issn = {1365-3059}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-3059.2012.02593.x}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3059.2012.02593.x}, author = {Kueh, K. H. and McKay, S. F. and Facelli, E. and Facelli, J. M. and Velzeboer, R. M. A. and Able, A. J. and Scott, E. S.} } @article {4666, title = {A qPCR Assay for the Detection of Phytophthora cinnamomi Including an mRNA Protocol Designed to Establish Propagule Viability in Environmental Samples}, journal = {Plant Disease}, volume = {103}, year = {2019}, month = {Jan-09-2019}, pages = {2443 - 2450}, abstract = {

Phytophthora cinnamomi causes root and collar rot in many plant species in natural ecosystems and horticulture. A species-specific primer and probe PCIN5 were designed based on a mitochondrial locus encoding subunit 2 of cytochrome c oxidase (cox2). Eight PCR primers, including three forward and five reverse, were designed and tested in all possible combinations. Annealing temperatures were optimized for each primer pair set to maximize both specificity and sensitivity. Each set was tested against P. cinnamomi and two closely related clade 7 species, P. parvispora and P. niederhauseri. From these tests, five primer pairs were selected based on specificity and, with a species-specific P. cinnamomi probe, used to develop quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) assays. The specificity of the two most sensitive qPCR assays was confirmed using the genomic DNA of 29 Phytophthora isolates, including 17 isolates of 11 species from clade 7, and representative species from nine other clades (all except clade 3). The assay was able to detect as little as 150 ag of P. cinnamomi DNA and showed no cross-reaction with other Phytophthora species, except for P. parvispora, a very closely related species to P. cinnamomi, which showed late amplification at high DNA concentrations. The efficiency of the qPCR protocol was evaluated with environmental samples including roots and associated soil from plants artificially infected with P. cinnamomi. Different RNA isolation kits were tested and evaluated for their performance in the isolation of RNA from environmental samples, followed by cDNA synthesis, and qPCR assay. Finally, a protocol was recommended for determining the presence of P. cinnamomi in recalcitrant environmental samples.

}, issn = {0191-2917}, doi = {10.1094/PDIS-09-18-1641-RE}, url = {https://apsjournals.apsnet.org/doi/10.1094/PDIS-09-18-1641-RE}, author = {Kunadiya, Manisha B. and Dunstan, William D. and White, Diane and Hardy, Giles E. St. J. and Grigg, Andrew H. and Burgess, Treena I.} } @article {4634, title = {Phytophthora chlamydospora and P. megasperma associated with root and crown rot of sour cherry in Turkey}, journal = {Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection}, volume = {124}, year = {2017}, month = {Jan-08-2017}, pages = {403 - 406}, abstract = {

Sour cherry is a very important commercial crop of Turkey. In a newly established orchard in Ankara province of Turkey, some of young sour cherry trees did not leaf out or collapsed after a while turning green in spring, 2014. Lateral and hairy roots of symptomatic trees showed poor growth. Occurrence of necrotic and decay tissues girdling the whole roots resulted in tree mortality. Two Phytophthora spp. were isolated from necrotic tissues on taproots and crowns. The pathogens were identified as Phytophthora chlamydospora and P. megasperma based on morphological characteristics and DNA sequences of the internal transcribed spacer region. Pathogenicity of the isolates was tested by stem inoculation to sour cherry seedlings. P. chlamydospora caused canker lesions and killed the seedlings within 4\ weeks, while no cankers occurred on stem of the plants inoculated with P. megasperma and on control plants. Also P. megasperma was found as pathogen on roots of sour cherry seedlings in soil infestation test. This is the first report of P. chlamydospora and P. megasperma causing crown and root rot of sour cherry in Turkey. In addition, P. chlamydospora is a new pathogen of sour cherry grafted on Prunus mahaleb.

}, issn = {1861-3829}, doi = {10.1007/s41348-017-0075-y}, url = {http://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s41348-017-0075-y.pdf}, author = {Kurbetli, {\.I}lker and Aydo{\u g}du, Mehmet and S{\"u}l{\"u}, G{\"o}rkem} }