@article {Gr{\~A}{\textonequarter}nwald2012131, title = {Emergence of the sudden oak death pathogen Phytophthora ramorum}, journal = {Trends in Microbiology}, volume = {20}, number = {3}, year = {2012}, pages = {131 - 138}, abstract = {

The recently emerged plant pathogen Phytophthora ramorum is responsible for causing the sudden oak death epidemic. This review documents the emergence of P. ramorum based on evolutionary and population genetic analyses. Currently infection by P. ramorum occurs only in Europe and North America and three clonal lineages are distinguished: EU1, NA1 and NA2. Ancient divergence of these lineages supports a scenario in which P. ramorum originated from reproductively isolated populations and underwent at least four global migration events. This recent work sheds new light on mechanisms of emergence of exotic pathogens and provides crucial insights into migration pathways.

}, issn = {0966-842X}, doi = {10.1016/j.tim.2011.12.006}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0966842X11002277}, author = {Gr{\"u}nwald, Niklaus J. and Garbelotto, Matteo and Goss, Erica M. and Heungens, Kurt and Prospero, Simone} } @article {doi:10.1094/PHYTO-99-7-0792, title = {Standardizing the nomenclature for clonal lineages of the sudden oak death pathogen, Phytophthora ramorum}, journal = {Phytopathology}, volume = {99}, number = {7}, year = {2009}, note = {PMID: 19522576}, pages = {792-795}, abstract = {

{Phytophthora ramorum, the causal agent of sudden oak death and ramorum blight, is known to exist as three distinct clonal lineages which can only be distinguished by performing molecular marker-based analyses. However, in the recent literature there exists no consensus on naming of these lineages. Here we propose a system for naming clonal lineages of P. ramorum based on a consensus established by the P. ramorum research community. Clonal lineages are named with a two letter identifier for the continent on which they were first found (e.g.

}, doi = {10.1094/PHYTO-99-7-0792}, url = {http://apsjournals.apsnet.org/doi/abs/10.1094/PHYTO-99-7-0792}, author = {Gr{\"u}nwald, Niklaus J. and Goss, Erica M. and Ivors, Kelly and Garbelotto, Matteo and Martin, Frank N. and Prospero, Simone and Everett Hansen and Peter J.M. Bonants and Hamelin, Richard C. and Chastagner, Gary and Werres, Sabine and Rizzo, David M. and Abad, Gloria and Beales, Paul and Bilodeau, Guillaume J. and Cheryl L. Blomquist and Brasier,Clive and Bri{\`e}re, Stephan C. and Chandelier, Anne and Davidson, Jennifer M. and Denman,Sandra and Elliott, Marianne and Susan J. Frankel and Goheen, Ellen M. and de Gruyter, Hans and Heungens, Kurt and James, Delano and Kanaskie, Alan and Michael G McWilliams and Man in {\textquoteleft}t Veld, Willem and Moralejo, Eduardo and Osterbauer, Nancy K. and Palm, Mary E. and Parke, Jennifer L. and Sierra, Ana Maria Perez and Shamoun, Simon F. and Shishkoff, Nina and Tooley, Paul W. and Vettraino, Anna Maria and Webber,Joan and Timothy L. Widmer} } @article {MPP:MPP500, title = {Phytophthora ramorum: a pathogen with a remarkably wide host range causing sudden oak death on oaks and ramorum blight on woody ornamentals}, journal = {Molecular Plant Pathology}, volume = {9}, number = {6}, year = {2008}, pages = {729{\textendash}740}, publisher = {Blackwell Publishing Ltd}, abstract = {

Phytophthora ramorum is an oomycete plant pathogen classified in the kingdom Stramenopila. P.\ ramorum is the causal agent of sudden oak death on coast live oak and tanoak as well as ramorum blight on woody ornamental and forest understorey plants. It causes stem cankers on trees, and leaf blight or stem dieback on ornamentals and understorey forest species. This pathogen is managed in the USA and Europe by eradication where feasible, by containment elsewhere and by quarantine in many parts of the world. Genomic resources provide information on genes of interest to disease management and have improved tremendously since sequencing the genome in 2004. This review provides a current overview of the pathogenicity, population genetics, evolution and genomics of P.\ ramorum. Taxonomy: Phytophthora ramorum (Werres, De Cock \& Man in{\textquoteright}t Veld): kingdom Stramenopila; phylum Oomycota; class Peronosporomycetidae; order Pythiales; family Pythiaceae; genus Phytophthora.Host range: The host range is very large and the list of known hosts continues to expand at the time of writing. Coast live oak and tanoak are ecologically, economically and culturally important forest hosts in the USA. Rhododendron, Viburnum, Pieris, Syringa and Camellia are key ornamental hosts on which P.\ ramorum has been found repeatedly, some of which have been involved in moving the pathogen via nursery shipments. Disease symptoms: P.\ ramorum causes two different diseases with differing symptoms: sudden oak death (bleeding lesions, stem cankers) on oaks and ramorum blight (twig dieback and/or foliar lesions) on tree and woody ornamental hosts.Useful websites: http://nature.berkeley.edu/comtf/, http://rapra.csl.gov.uk/, http://www.aphis.usda.gov/plant_health/plant_pest_info/pram/index.shtml, http://genome.jgi-psf.org/Phyra1_1/Phyra1_1.home.html, http://pamgo.vbi.vt.edu/, http://pmgn.vbi.vt.edu/, http://vmd.vbi.vt.edu./, http://web.science.oregonstate.edu/bpp/labs/grunwald/resources.htm, http://www.defra.gov.uk/planth/pramorum.htm, http://www.invasive.org/browse/subject.cfm?sub=4603, http://www.forestry.gov.uk/forestry/WCAS-4Z5JLL

}, issn = {1364-3703}, doi = {10.1111/j.1364-3703.2008.00500.x}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1364-3703.2008.00500.x}, author = {Gr{\"u}nwald, Niklaus J. and Goss, Erica M. and Press, Caroline M.} } @article {doi:10.1094/PDIS-08-10-0609, title = {Phytophthora-ID.org: a sequence-based Phytophthora identification tool}, journal = {Plant Disease}, volume = {95}, number = {3}, year = {2011}, pages = {337-342}, doi = {10.1094/PDIS-08-10-0609}, url = {http://apsjournals.apsnet.org/doi/abs/10.1094/PDIS-08-10-0609}, author = {Gr{\"u}nwald, Niklaus J. and Martin, Frank N. and Larsen, Meredith M. and Sullivan, Christopher M. and Press, Caroline M. and Michael D. Coffey and Hansen, Everett M. and Parke, Jennifer L.} } @article {doi:10.1080/07060661.2012.664568, title = {Genome sequences of Phytophthora enable translational plant disease management and accelerate research}, journal = {Canadian Journal of Plant Pathology}, volume = {34}, number = {1}, year = {2012}, pages = {13-19}, abstract = {

Whole and partial genome sequences are becoming available at an ever-increasing pace. For many plant pathogen systems, we are moving into the era of genome resequencing. The first Phytophthora genomes, P. ramorum and P. sojae, became available in 2004, followed shortly by P. infestans in 2006. Availability of whole genome sequences has provided rapid and immediate advances in several areas also resulting in many practical applications and critical new insights. Availability of comparative genome data facilitated discovery of new classes of effectors, such as the RxLR-dEER and crinkler effector families. Genome data also enabled development of molecular markers for population genomic approaches that provided critical new insights into the evolutionary history of species and clades of Phytophthora. Several select examples of advances resulting from comparative genomic approaches in a concerted effort of the Oomycete research community are reviewed.

}, doi = {10.1080/07060661.2012.664568}, url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/07060661.2012.664568}, author = {Gr{\"u}nwald, Niklaus J.} }